Mon, 13 Jul 2020 17:30
Positive (meta)
Early, Late Raoult et al. (Preprint) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)Hydroxych loroquine and Azithromycin as a Treatment of COVID-19: Results of an Open-Label Non-Randomized Clinical Trial: Response to David Spencer (Elsevier)Updated meta analysis showing significant reductions in mortality and viral shedding. Mortality OR 0.53 [0.4-0.71] for clinical studies, 0.92 big data studies, 18,211 patients. Persistent viral shedding OR 0.47 [0.28-0.79], 4,540 patients.Positive (meta)
Early, Late
Early, Late
Raoult et al. (Preprint) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)Hydroxych loroquine and Azithromycin as a Treatment of COVID-19: Results of an Open-Label Non-Randomized Clinical Trial: Response to David Spencer (Elsevier)Updated meta analysis showing significant reductions in mortality and viral shedding. Mortality OR 0.53 [0.4-0.71] for clinical studies, 0.92 big data studies, 18,211 patients. Persistent viral shedding OR 0.47 [0.28-0.79], 4,540 patients.Meta studies are not included in the percentages or study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative
Late An et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.20146548 (Preprint)Treatment Response to Hydroxych loroquine and Antibiotics for mild to moderate COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from South KoreaRetrospective of hospitalized patients with 31 HC Q patients and 195 standard treatment patients, not showing a significant difference in terms of viral clearance or recovery. There was no mortality in either group. "It is notable that HQ plus antibiotics group had worse baseline clinical profiles (i.e. higher percentage of moderate severity patients, more patients with fever >=37.5C, higher average body temperature) and prognostic indicators such as age, LDH, lymphocyte count, and CRP". We note that propensity score matching removed almost all of the male patients in the control group (40% -> 5%) but increased the percentage of male patients in the treatment group. This provides a large advantage to the control group because there is a very large difference in severity and mortality based on gender [1]. In terms of viral RNA clearance we note that other research has found that "active viral replication drops quickly after the first week, and viable virus was not found after the second week of illness despite the persistence of PCR detection of RNA'' [2].Negative
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
An et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.20146548 (Preprint)Treatment Response to Hydroxych loroquine and Antibiotics for mild to moderate COVID-19: a retrospective cohort study from South KoreaRetrospective of hospitalized patients with 31 HC Q patients and 195 standard treatment patients, not showing a significant difference in terms of viral clearance or recovery. There was no mortality in either group. "It is notable that HQ plus antibiotics group had worse baseline clinical profiles (i.e. higher percentage of moderate severity patients, more patients with fever >=37.5C, higher average body temperature) and prognostic indicators such as age, LDH, lymphocyte count, and CRP". We note that propensity score matching removed almost all of the male patients in the control group (40% -> 5%) but increased the percentage of male patients in the treatment group. This provides a large advantage to the control group because there is a very large difference in severity and mortality based on gender [1]. In terms of viral RNA clearance we note that other research has found that "active viral replication drops quickly after the first week, and viable virus was not found after the second week of illness despite the persistence of PCR detection of RNA'' [2].Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
PrEP Zhong et al. Lancent Rheumatology, 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30227-7 (Peer Reviewed)COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic disease in Hubei province, China: a multicentre retrospective observational studyRheumatic disease patients on HC Q had a lower risk of COVID-19 than those on other disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, OR 0.09 (0.01''0.94), p=0.044 after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, systemic lupus erythematosus, infection in other family members, and comorbidities. 43 patients with rheumatic disease and COVID-19 exposure.Positive
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study (treated before exposed to the virus)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Zhong et al. Lancent Rheumatology, 10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30227-7 (Peer Reviewed)COVID-19 in patients with rheumatic disease in Hubei province, China: a multicentre retrospective observational studyRheumatic disease patients on HC Q had a lower risk of COVID-19 than those on other disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, OR 0.09 (0.01''0.94), p=0.044 after adjusting for age, sex, smoking, systemic lupus erythematosus, infection in other family members, and comorbidities. 43 patients with rheumatic disease and COVID-19 exposure.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Scholz et al., Preprints 2020, 2020070025, doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0025.v1 (Preprint)COVID-19 Outpatients '' Early Risk-Stratified Treatment with Zinc Plus Low Dose Hydroxych loroquine and Azithromycin: A Retrospective Case Series StudyEarly treatment with HC Q+AZ+Z results in 84% lower hospitalization and 80% lower death - hospitalization OR 0.16 (pPositive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Scholz et al., Preprints 2020, 2020070025, doi:10.20944/preprints202007.0025.v1 (Preprint)COVID-19 Outpatients '' Early Risk-Stratified Treatment with Zinc Plus Low Dose Hydroxych loroquine and Azithromycin: A Retrospective Case Series StudyEarly treatment with HC Q+AZ+Z results in 84% lower hospitalization and 80% lower death - hospitalization OR 0.16 (pSource Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Arshad et al. Int. J. Infect. Dis., July 1 2020, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099 (Peer Reviewed)Treatment with Hydroxych loroquine, Azithromycin, and Combination in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19HC Q decreases mortality from 26.4% to 13.5% (HC Q) or 20.1% (HC Q+AZ). Propensity matched HC Q HR 0.487, p=0.009. Michigan 2,541 patients retrospective. Before propensity matching the HC Q group average age is 5 years younger and the percentage of male patients is 4% higher which is likely to favor the treatment and the control respectively in the before-propensity matching results.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Arshad et al. Int. J. Infect. Dis., July 1 2020, doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099 (Peer Reviewed)Treatment with Hydroxych loroquine, Azithromycin, and Combination in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19HC Q decreases mortality from 26.4% to 13.5% (HC Q) or 20.1% (HC Q+AZ). Propensity matched HC Q HR 0.487, p=0.009. Michigan 2,541 patients retrospective. Before propensity matching the HC Q group average age is 5 years younger and the percentage of male patients is 4% higher which is likely to favor the treatment and the control respectively in the before-propensity matching results.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Mikami et al. J. Gen. Intern. Med., doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05983-z (Peer Reviewed)Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in New York CityHC Q decreases mortality, HR 0.53 (CI 0.41''0.67). IPTW adjustment does not significantly change HR 0.53 (0.41-0.68). Retrospective 6,000 patients in New York City.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Mikami et al. J. Gen. Intern. Med., doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05983-z (Peer Reviewed)Risk Factors for Mortality in Patients with COVID-19 in New York CityHC Q decreases mortality, HR 0.53 (CI 0.41''0.67). IPTW adjustment does not significantly change HR 0.53 (0.41-0.68). Retrospective 6,000 patients in New York City.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
PrEP Ferreira et al., J. Medical Virology, July 9, 2020, doi:10.1002/jmv.26286 (preprint 6/29) (Peer Reviewed)Chronic treatment with hydroxych loroquine and SARS-CoV-2 infectionChronic treatment with HC Q provides protection against COVID, odds ratio 0.51 (0.37-0.70). Note that patients with SLE, RA, and other autoimmune conditions have a significantly increased susceptibility to and incidence of infections, so the actual benefit may be significantly higher [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].Positive
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study (treated before exposed to the virus)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Ferreira et al., J. Medical Virology, July 9, 2020, doi:10.1002/jmv.26286 (preprint 6/29) (Peer Reviewed)Chronic treatment with hydroxych loroquine and SARS-CoV-2 infectionChronic treatment with HC Q provides protection against COVID, odds ratio 0.51 (0.37-0.70). Note that patients with SLE, RA, and other autoimmune conditions have a significantly increased susceptibility to and incidence of infections, so the actual benefit may be significantly higher [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7].Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Lagier et al. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 101791, Jun 25, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101791 (Peer Reviewed)Outcomes of 3,737 COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxych loroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: A retrospective analysisEarly treatment leads to significantly better clinical outcome and faster viral load reduction. Matched sample mortality HR 0.41 p-value 0.048. Retrospective 3,737 patients.Positive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Lagier et al. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 101791, Jun 25, 2020, doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101791 (Peer Reviewed)Outcomes of 3,737 COVID-19 patients treated with hydroxych loroquine/azithromycin and other regimens in Marseille, France: A retrospective analysisEarly treatment leads to significantly better clinical outcome and faster viral load reduction. Matched sample mortality HR 0.41 p-value 0.048. Retrospective 3,737 patients.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsIn Vitro
In Vitro Wang et al. BioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.164665 (Preprint) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)Ch loroquine and hydroxych loroquine as ACE2 blockers to inhibit viropexis of COVID-19 Spike pseudotype virusIn vitro study, not included in the study count or percentages. C Q and HC Q inhibit the entry of COVID-19 spike pseudotype virus using ACE2 high expressed HEK293T cells.In Vitro
In Vitro
In Vitro
Wang et al. BioRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.22.164665 (Preprint) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)Ch loroquine and hydroxych loroquine as ACE2 blockers to inhibit viropexis of COVID-19 Spike pseudotype virusIn vitro study, not included in the study count or percentages. C Q and HC Q inhibit the entry of COVID-19 spike pseudotype virus using ACE2 high expressed HEK293T cells.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Chen et al. medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.20136093 (Preprint)Efficacy and safety of ch loroquine or hydroxych loroquine in moderate type of COVID-19: a prospective open-label randomized controlled studySignificantly faster clinical recovery and shorter time to RNA negative (from 7.0 days to 2.0 days (HC Q), p=0.01. 67 patients with mild/moderate cases.Positive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Chen et al. medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.19.20136093 (Preprint)Efficacy and safety of ch loroquine or hydroxych loroquine in moderate type of COVID-19: a prospective open-label randomized controlled studySignificantly faster clinical recovery and shorter time to RNA negative (from 7.0 days to 2.0 days (HC Q), p=0.01. 67 patients with mild/moderate cases.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (news)
PrEP SMSH Sawai Man Singh Hospital, India (News) (not included in the study count)HC Q beneficial as preventive drug: SMS doctors told ICMRPrEP with 4,300 very high risk healthcare workers in a hospital with up to 500+ COVID patients at a time, only 1% cases, all recovered.Positive (news)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study (treated before exposed to the virus)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
SMSH Sawai Man Singh Hospital, India (News) (not included in the study count)HC Q beneficial as preventive drug: SMS doctors told ICMRPrEP with 4,300 very high risk healthcare workers in a hospital with up to 500+ COVID patients at a time, only 1% cases, all recovered.Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative (news)
Late NIH , study not available yet (News) (not included in the study count)NIH halts clinical trial of hydroxych loroquineNIH halts late stage trial reporting no harm and no benefit. 470 patients.Negative (news)
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
NIH , study not available yet (News) (not included in the study count)NIH halts clinical trial of hydroxych loroquineNIH halts late stage trial reporting no harm and no benefit. 470 patients.Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Sbidian et al. medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.20132597 (Preprint)Hydroxych loroquine with or without azithromycin and in-hospital mortality or discharge in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection: a cohort study of 4,642 in-patients in FranceRetrospective of 4,642 hospitalized patients in France showing significantly faster discharge with HC Q and HC Q+AZ. No significant effect is seen on 28-day mortality, however many more control patients are still in hospital at 28 days suggesting there will be a significant improvement when extending past 28 days. Note that the median age is higher in the group not treated with HC Q or AZ. For other issues with the adjustments see [1]. Also see the analysis here [2]. We received feedback from one person that thinks the trial should be considered negative because the control patients still in hospital should be disregarded. However, based on other studies, it seems very likely that a significant number of deaths in the control group occurred past 28 days whereas no treated patients remained in hospital. This should be simple for the authors to resolve by extending the analysis. Even if we ignore this, it still shows significantly faster discharge for treatment, so we do not see how we can consider it negative. We note that the substantial reduction in hospital time is a very large cost reduction and may lower mortality in general by reducing the chance of exceeding maximum capacity. Additional feedback is welcome.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Sbidian et al. medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.16.20132597 (Preprint)Hydroxych loroquine with or without azithromycin and in-hospital mortality or discharge in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection: a cohort study of 4,642 in-patients in FranceRetrospective of 4,642 hospitalized patients in France showing significantly faster discharge with HC Q and HC Q+AZ. No significant effect is seen on 28-day mortality, however many more control patients are still in hospital at 28 days suggesting there will be a significant improvement when extending past 28 days. Note that the median age is higher in the group not treated with HC Q or AZ. For other issues with the adjustments see [1]. Also see the analysis here [2]. We received feedback from one person that thinks the trial should be considered negative because the control patients still in hospital should be disregarded. However, based on other studies, it seems very likely that a significant number of deaths in the control group occurred past 28 days whereas no treated patients remained in hospital. This should be simple for the authors to resolve by extending the analysis. Even if we ignore this, it still shows significantly faster discharge for treatment, so we do not see how we can consider it negative. We note that the substantial reduction in hospital time is a very large cost reduction and may lower mortality in general by reducing the chance of exceeding maximum capacity. Additional feedback is welcome.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsInconc.
Late Paccoud et al. Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa791 (Peer Reviewed)Compassionate use of hydroxych loroquine in clinical practice for patients with mild to severe Covid-19 in a French university hospitalRetrospective of 89 hospitalized patients, survival HR 0.89 [0.23-3.47], not statistically significant. Authors note that unmeasured confounders may have persisted and the study may be underpowered.Inconc.
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Paccoud et al. Clinical Infectious Diseases, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa791 (Peer Reviewed)Compassionate use of hydroxych loroquine in clinical practice for patients with mild to severe Covid-19 in a French university hospitalRetrospective of 89 hospitalized patients, survival HR 0.89 [0.23-3.47], not statistically significant. Authors note that unmeasured confounders may have persisted and the study may be underpowered.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Xue et al. J. Med. Virology (Peer Reviewed)Hydroxych loroquine treatment in COVID-19: a descriptive observational analysis of 30 cases from a single center in Wuhan, China30 hospitalized patients. Early use of HC Q is more effective, 43% reduction in progression from moderate to severe. "Early" is relative here, within 7 days of hospitalization.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Xue et al. J. Med. Virology (Peer Reviewed)Hydroxych loroquine treatment in COVID-19: a descriptive observational analysis of 30 cases from a single center in Wuhan, China30 hospitalized patients. Early use of HC Q is more effective, 43% reduction in progression from moderate to severe. "Early" is relative here, within 7 days of hospitalization.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative (news)
Late World Health Organization (News) (not included in the study count)''Solidarity'' clinical trial for COVID-19 treatmentsWHO stopped the Solidarity late stage trial of HC Q reporting no benefit. Later news reported "little or no reduction in mortality" [1]. The study has not been released yet and few details are available. This trial used an extremely high dose which may be related to the relatively poor results [2].Negative (news)
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
World Health Organization (News) (not included in the study count)''Solidarity'' clinical trial for COVID-19 treatmentsWHO stopped the Solidarity late stage trial of HC Q reporting no benefit. Later news reported "little or no reduction in mortality" [1]. The study has not been released yet and few details are available. This trial used an extremely high dose which may be related to the relatively poor results [2].Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (news)
PrEP WHIP COVID-19 (News) (not included in the study count)Henry Ford Health System still moving forward with hydroxych loroquine studyOngoing WHIP COVID-19 HC Q PrEP study reports analyzing their data and seeing a significantly improved outcome in a group of COVID-19 patients who received HC Q. For more details on the study see [1].Positive (news)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study (treated before exposed to the virus)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
WHIP COVID-19 (News) (not included in the study count)Henry Ford Health System still moving forward with hydroxych loroquine studyOngoing WHIP COVID-19 HC Q PrEP study reports analyzing their data and seeing a significantly improved outcome in a group of COVID-19 patients who received HC Q. For more details on the study see [1].Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsTheory
Theory Scherrmann , AAPS J 22, 86 (2020). doi:10.1208/s12248-020-00465-w (Peer Reviewed) (Theory) (not included in the study count)Intracellular ABCB1 as a Possible Mechanism to Explain the Synergistic Effect of Hydroxych loroquine-Azithromycin Combination in COVID-19 TherapyTheory paper, not included in the study count or percentages. Proposes a new mechanism supporting the synergistic interaction between HC Q+AZ.Theory
Theory
Theory
Scherrmann , AAPS J 22, 86 (2020). doi:10.1208/s12248-020-00465-w (Peer Reviewed) (Theory) (not included in the study count)Intracellular ABCB1 as a Possible Mechanism to Explain the Synergistic Effect of Hydroxych loroquine-Azithromycin Combination in COVID-19 TherapyTheory paper, not included in the study count or percentages. Proposes a new mechanism supporting the synergistic interaction between HC Q+AZ.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative
Late Giacomelli et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.20123299 (Preprint)Early administration of lopinavir/ritonavir plus hydroxych loroquine does not alter the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort studyLate stage study of hospitalized patients comparing treatment starting within 5 days versus later. Note that "early" here is only relative - all patients are hospitalized so this is "late" and "very late". The "early" treatment group is significantly older. Severe adverse events attributed by authors to concurrent administration of LPV, making it difficult to make conclusions about HC Q.Negative
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Giacomelli et al., medRxiv, doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.20123299 (Preprint)Early administration of lopinavir/ritonavir plus hydroxych loroquine does not alter the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective cohort studyLate stage study of hospitalized patients comparing treatment starting within 5 days versus later. Note that "early" here is only relative - all patients are hospitalized so this is "late" and "very late". The "early" treatment group is significantly older. Severe adverse events attributed by authors to concurrent administration of LPV, making it difficult to make conclusions about HC Q.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Otea et al. medRxiv doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.20101105 (Preprint)A short therapeutic regimen based on hydroxych loroquine plus azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with non-severe disease. A strategy associated with a reduction in hospital admissions and complications.80 moderate cases, HC Q+AZ appears to reduce serious complications and death. Moderate treated cases resulted in hospitalization at the same rate as mild untreated cases suggesting efficacy.Positive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Otea et al. medRxiv doi:10.1101/2020.06.10.20101105 (Preprint)A short therapeutic regimen based on hydroxych loroquine plus azithromycin for the treatment of COVID-19 in patients with non-severe disease. A strategy associated with a reduction in hospital admissions and complications.80 moderate cases, HC Q+AZ appears to reduce serious complications and death. Moderate treated cases resulted in hospitalization at the same rate as mild untreated cases suggesting efficacy.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Pirnay et al. Hosp. Pharm. and Clinician, doi:10.1016/j.phclin.2020.06.001 (Peer Reviewed)Beneficial effect of Hydroxych loroquine-Azithromycin combination in the treatment of elderly patients with Covid-19: results of an observational study68 very high risk nursing home residents, median age 86, HC Q+AZ early treatment within 2.5 days onset, 2 stopped due to QTc. Only 7 died, significantly less than other nursing homes in France and the same as the median death for the same period in 2019/2018.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Pirnay et al. Hosp. Pharm. and Clinician, doi:10.1016/j.phclin.2020.06.001 (Peer Reviewed)Beneficial effect of Hydroxych loroquine-Azithromycin combination in the treatment of elderly patients with Covid-19: results of an observational study68 very high risk nursing home residents, median age 86, HC Q+AZ early treatment within 2.5 days onset, 2 stopped due to QTc. Only 7 died, significantly less than other nursing homes in France and the same as the median death for the same period in 2019/2018.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
PrEP Bhattacharya et al. medRxix doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.20116806 (Preprint)Pre exposure Hydroxych loroquine use is associated with reduced COVID19 risk in healthcare workersHC Q reduced cases from 38% to 7%. 106 people. No serious adverse effects.Positive
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study (treated before exposed to the virus)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Bhattacharya et al. medRxix doi:10.1101/2020.06.09.20116806 (Preprint)Pre exposure Hydroxych loroquine use is associated with reduced COVID19 risk in healthcare workersHC Q reduced cases from 38% to 7%. 106 people. No serious adverse effects.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (meta)
Early, Late Million et al. New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100709 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)Clinical Efficacy of Ch loroquine derivatives in COVID-19 Infection: Comparative metaanalysis between the Big data and the real world[H]C Q effective and reduces mortality by a factor 3. Meta analysis of 20 studies.Positive (meta)
Early, Late
Early, Late
Million et al. New Microbes and New Infections, doi:10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100709 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)Clinical Efficacy of Ch loroquine derivatives in COVID-19 Infection: Comparative metaanalysis between the Big data and the real world[H]C Q effective and reduces mortality by a factor 3. Meta analysis of 20 studies.Meta studies are not included in the percentages or study count.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative (news)
Late RECOVERY , study not available yet (News) (not included in the study count)No clinical benefit from use of hydroxych loroquine in hospitalised patients with COVID-19RECOVERY trial reports no significant benefit seen for very late stage very sick patients. Extremely high dosage [1, 2]. Extremely sick patients (average of 9 days post symptoms, 60% requiring oxygen and an additional 17% requiring ventilation/ECMO) and unusually high death rate in both arms.Negative (news)
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
RECOVERY , study not available yet (News) (not included in the study count)No clinical benefit from use of hydroxych loroquine in hospitalised patients with COVID-19RECOVERY trial reports no significant benefit seen for very late stage very sick patients. Extremely high dosage [1, 2]. Extremely sick patients (average of 9 days post symptoms, 60% requiring oxygen and an additional 17% requiring ventilation/ECMO) and unusually high death rate in both arms.Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (see notes)
PEP Boulware et al., NEJM, June 3 2020, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2016638 (Peer Reviewed)A Randomized Trial of Hydroxych loroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19COVID reduced by [49%, 29%, 16%] when taken within [2+, 3+, 4+] days of exposure. Very unlikely that the observed benefit and treatment delay-response relationship is due to chance, see [1]. PEP 2+ day delay RCT.Positive (see notes)
Post Exposure Prophylaxis study (treated after exposure to the virus)
Post Exposure Prophylaxis study
Boulware et al., NEJM, June 3 2020, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2016638 (Peer Reviewed)A Randomized Trial of Hydroxych loroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19COVID reduced by [49%, 29%, 16%] when taken within [2+, 3+, 4+] days of exposure. Very unlikely that the observed benefit and treatment delay-response relationship is due to chance, see [1]. PEP 2+ day delay RCT.Currently this is the only study where we have evaluated the result as positive while the authors indicate it is negative, however note that author comments also differ from the published conclusion - see detailed analysis.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Gu(C)rin et al. Preprints 2020, 2020050486 doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0486.v1 (Preprint)Azithromycin and Hydroxych loroquine Accelerate Recovery of Outpatients with Mild/Moderate COVID-19Mean recovery time reduced from 26 days to 9 days (HC Q+AZ) or 13 days (AZ). 88 patients. No cardiac toxicity.Positive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Gu(C)rin et al. Preprints 2020, 2020050486 doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0486.v1 (Preprint)Azithromycin and Hydroxych loroquine Accelerate Recovery of Outpatients with Mild/Moderate COVID-19Mean recovery time reduced from 26 days to 9 days (HC Q+AZ) or 13 days (AZ). 88 patients. No cardiac toxicity.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Ayerbe et al. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis doi: 10.1007/s11239-020-02162-z (Peer Reviewed)The association between treatment with heparin and survival in patients with Covid-192075 hospital patients in Spain. HC Q reduces mortality from 30% to 13%. Not adjusted for age and gender. HC Q group 10% more males and 6 years younger. Study primarily interested in Heparin.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Ayerbe et al. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis doi: 10.1007/s11239-020-02162-z (Peer Reviewed)The association between treatment with heparin and survival in patients with Covid-192075 hospital patients in Spain. HC Q reduces mortality from 30% to 13%. Not adjusted for age and gender. HC Q group 10% more males and 6 years younger. Study primarily interested in Heparin.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Chamieh et al., medRxiv 2020.05.28.20114835; doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.20114835 (Preprint)Viral Dynamics Matter in COVID-19 Pneumonia: the success of early treatment with hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin in LebanonHC Q+AZ potentially explains 94.7% success in treating a fairly complex cohort.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Chamieh et al., medRxiv 2020.05.28.20114835; doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.20114835 (Preprint)Viral Dynamics Matter in COVID-19 Pneumonia: the success of early treatment with hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin in LebanonHC Q+AZ potentially explains 94.7% success in treating a fairly complex cohort.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
PrEP Chatterjee et al. Indian J. Med. Res. (Peer Reviewed)Healthcare workers & SARS-CoV-2 infection in India: A case-control investigation in the time of COVID-194+ doses of HC Q associated with a significant decline in the odds of getting infected, dose-response relationship exists.Positive
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study (treated before exposed to the virus)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Chatterjee et al. Indian J. Med. Res. (Peer Reviewed)Healthcare workers & SARS-CoV-2 infection in India: A case-control investigation in the time of COVID-194+ doses of HC Q associated with a significant decline in the odds of getting infected, dose-response relationship exists.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Huang et al. National Science Review, nwaa113, doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa113 (Peer Reviewed)Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study of the safety and efficacy of ch loroquine for the treatment of COVID-19197 C Q patients, 176 control. Mean time to undetectable viral RNA and duration of fever significantly reduced. No serious adverse events.Positive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Huang et al. National Science Review, nwaa113, doi:10.1093/nsr/nwaa113 (Peer Reviewed)Preliminary evidence from a multicenter prospective observational study of the safety and efficacy of ch loroquine for the treatment of COVID-19197 C Q patients, 176 control. Mean time to undetectable viral RNA and duration of fever significantly reduced. No serious adverse events.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (meta)
Early Risch , American Journal of Epidemiology, kwaa093, 27 May 2020 doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa093 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients that Should be Ramped-Up Immediately as Key to the Pandemic CrisisFive studies, including two controlled clinical trials, have demonstrated significant outpatient treatment efficacy.Positive (meta)
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Risch , American Journal of Epidemiology, kwaa093, 27 May 2020 doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa093 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)Early Outpatient Treatment of Symptomatic, High-Risk Covid-19 Patients that Should be Ramped-Up Immediately as Key to the Pandemic CrisisFive studies, including two controlled clinical trials, have demonstrated significant outpatient treatment efficacy.Meta studies are not included in the percentages or study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (advisory)
PEP, PrEP ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research (Advisory) (not included in the study count)Revised advisory on the use of Hydroxych loroquine (HC Q) as prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infectionHealthcare workers on HC Q prophylaxis less likely to get COVID. Significant dose-response relationship. Extends recommended HC Q prophylaxis to asymptomatic household contacts of cases and frontline workers. Degree of benefit not quantified.Positive (advisory)
PEP, PrEP
PEP, PrEP
ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research (Advisory) (not included in the study count)Revised advisory on the use of Hydroxych loroquine (HC Q) as prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infectionHealthcare workers on HC Q prophylaxis less likely to get COVID. Significant dose-response relationship. Extends recommended HC Q prophylaxis to asymptomatic household contacts of cases and frontline workers. Degree of benefit not quantified.Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsRetracted
Late Mehra et al. The Lancet, May 22, 2020 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6 (Peer Reviewed)Hydroxych loroquine or ch loroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysisIncorrect at first read (implausible death, ventilation, and population numbers). This paper was retracted.Retracted
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Mehra et al. The Lancet, May 22, 2020 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31180-6 (Peer Reviewed)Hydroxych loroquine or ch loroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysisIncorrect at first read (implausible death, ventilation, and population numbers). This paper was retracted.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative (meta)
Late Chacko et al. medRxiv 2020.05.14.20101774; doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.20101774 (Preprint) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)Hydroxych loroquine in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysisMeta analysis of Chen, Tang, Zhaowei, Barbosa, Guatret, Geleris, Magagnoli, Mahevas, Mallat, Rosenberg, Yu et al. studies not seeing a significant effect other than time to resolution of chest CT. Limited by heterogeneous nature of studies, baseline severity varied, most studies have a small sample size, endpoints reported at varying times, dosage varied, and AZ, Zinc are not considered.Negative (meta)
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Chacko et al. medRxiv 2020.05.14.20101774; doi:10.1101/2020.05.14.20101774 (Preprint) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)Hydroxych loroquine in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysisMeta analysis of Chen, Tang, Zhaowei, Barbosa, Guatret, Geleris, Magagnoli, Mahevas, Mallat, Rosenberg, Yu et al. studies not seeing a significant effect other than time to resolution of chest CT. Limited by heterogeneous nature of studies, baseline severity varied, most studies have a small sample size, endpoints reported at varying times, dosage varied, and AZ, Zinc are not considered.Meta studies are not included in the percentages or study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Kim et al. medRxiv 2020.05.13.20094193; doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.20094193 (Preprint)Treatment Response to Hydroxych loroquine, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, and Antibiotics for Moderate COVID 19: A First Report on the Pharmacological Outcomes from South KoreaRetrospective of 97 moderate cases. Time to viral clearance significantly shorter for HC Q+antibiotic. Preprint withdrawn pending peer review.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Kim et al. medRxiv 2020.05.13.20094193; doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.20094193 (Preprint)Treatment Response to Hydroxych loroquine, Lopinavir/Ritonavir, and Antibiotics for Moderate COVID 19: A First Report on the Pharmacological Outcomes from South KoreaRetrospective of 97 moderate cases. Time to viral clearance significantly shorter for HC Q+antibiotic. Preprint withdrawn pending peer review.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Ahmad et al. doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.20066902 (Preprint)Doxycycline and Hydroxych loroquine as Treatment for High-Risk COVID-19 Patients: Experience from Case Series of 54 Patients in Long-Term Care Facilities54 patients in long term care facilities. 6% death with HC Q+AZ compared to 22% using a naive indirect comparison.Positive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Ahmad et al. doi:10.1101/2020.05.18.20066902 (Preprint)Doxycycline and Hydroxych loroquine as Treatment for High-Risk COVID-19 Patients: Experience from Case Series of 54 Patients in Long-Term Care Facilities54 patients in long term care facilities. 6% death with HC Q+AZ compared to 22% using a naive indirect comparison.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsInconc.
PrEP Macias et al., medRxiv, 10.1101/2020.05.16.20104141 (Preprint)Similar incidence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with rheumatic diseases with and without hydroxych loroquine therapyVery small retrospective study of rheumatic disease patients, sample size is too small for statistical significance (HC Q 0.5-4.0%, no-HC Q 0.4-2.7%). Confirmed cases were 1 HC Q and 2 no-HC Q, confimed+likely cases were 1 HC Q and 3 no-HC Q. 1 HC Q and 2 no-HC Q patients were admitted to hospital. We do not think a conclusion can be drawn based on these sample sizes. Further, there are very significant differences between the groups, for example 30% of the HC Q group have SLE vs. 2.5% of the no-HC Q group. SLE patients have a 5.7 times relative risk of pneumonia according to [1], whereas the relative risk with glucocorticoids and TNF-α inhibitors is significantly lower [2]. Two more recent studies with rheumatic disease/autoimmune condition patients provide higher confidence.Inconc.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study (treated before exposed to the virus)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Macias et al., medRxiv, 10.1101/2020.05.16.20104141 (Preprint)Similar incidence of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with rheumatic diseases with and without hydroxych loroquine therapyVery small retrospective study of rheumatic disease patients, sample size is too small for statistical significance (HC Q 0.5-4.0%, no-HC Q 0.4-2.7%). Confirmed cases were 1 HC Q and 2 no-HC Q, confimed+likely cases were 1 HC Q and 3 no-HC Q. 1 HC Q and 2 no-HC Q patients were admitted to hospital. We do not think a conclusion can be drawn based on these sample sizes. Further, there are very significant differences between the groups, for example 30% of the HC Q group have SLE vs. 2.5% of the no-HC Q group. SLE patients have a 5.7 times relative risk of pneumonia according to [1], whereas the relative risk with glucocorticoids and TNF-α inhibitors is significantly lower [2]. Two more recent studies with rheumatic disease/autoimmune condition patients provide higher confidence.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Yu et al. Sci China Life Sci. 2020 May 15;1-7. doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1732-2 (Peer Reviewed)Low Dose of Hydroxych loroquine Reduces Fatality of Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19Retrospective, 550 critically ill patients. 19% fatality for HC Q versus 47% for non-HC Q.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Yu et al. Sci China Life Sci. 2020 May 15;1-7. doi: 10.1007/s11427-020-1732-2 (Peer Reviewed)Low Dose of Hydroxych loroquine Reduces Fatality of Critically Ill Patients With COVID-19Retrospective, 550 critically ill patients. 19% fatality for HC Q versus 47% for non-HC Q.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative
Late Mah(C)vas et al., BMJ 2020 369 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1844 (Peer Reviewed)Clinical efficacy of hydroxych loroquine in patients with covid-19 pneumonia who require oxygen: observational comparative study using routine care dataObservational study of 181 patients with advanced disease requiring oxygen showing no benefit for HC Q. Power of study appears too low to support conclusions [1]. None of the 15 patients receiving HC Q+AZ were transferred to intensive care or died compared to 23% overall.Negative
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Mah(C)vas et al., BMJ 2020 369 doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1844 (Peer Reviewed)Clinical efficacy of hydroxych loroquine in patients with covid-19 pneumonia who require oxygen: observational comparative study using routine care dataObservational study of 181 patients with advanced disease requiring oxygen showing no benefit for HC Q. Power of study appears too low to support conclusions [1]. None of the 15 patients receiving HC Q+AZ were transferred to intensive care or died compared to 23% overall.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Davido et al. medRxiv preprint doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.2008875 (Preprint)Hydroxych loroquine plus azithromycin: a potential interest in reducing in2 hospital morbidity due to COVID-19 pneumonia (HI-ZY-COVID)?Retrospective of 132 hospitalized patients. HC Q+AZ significantly reduces death. Note that due to the controversy, authors withdrew this paper from medRxiv pending peer review.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Davido et al. medRxiv preprint doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.2008875 (Preprint)Hydroxych loroquine plus azithromycin: a potential interest in reducing in2 hospital morbidity due to COVID-19 pneumonia (HI-ZY-COVID)?Retrospective of 132 hospitalized patients. HC Q+AZ significantly reduces death. Note that due to the controversy, authors withdrew this paper from medRxiv pending peer review.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative
Late Rosenberg et al. JAMA, May 11, 2020, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8630 (Peer Reviewed)Association of Treatment With Hydroxych loroquine or Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York StateRestrospective observational late stage study showing no significant differences but calling for clinical trials.Negative
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Rosenberg et al. JAMA, May 11, 2020, doi:10.1001/jama.2020.8630 (Peer Reviewed)Association of Treatment With Hydroxych loroquine or Azithromycin With In-Hospital Mortality in Patients With COVID-19 in New York StateRestrospective observational late stage study showing no significant differences but calling for clinical trials.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Carlucci et al. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.02.20080036 (Preprint)Hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin plus zinc vs hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin alone: outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patientsObservational retrospective. Addition of Zinc to HC Q+AZ reduces mortality.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Carlucci et al. doi: 10.1101/2020.05.02.20080036 (Preprint)Hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin plus zinc vs hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin alone: outcomes in hospitalized COVID-19 patientsObservational retrospective. Addition of Zinc to HC Q+AZ reduces mortality.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsTheory
Theory Derendorf , Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents, 7 May 2020, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106007 (Peer Reviewed) (Theory) (not included in the study count)Excessive lysosomal ion-trapping of hydroxych loroquine and azithromycinDiscusses pharmacokinetic properties of HC Q+AZ as a potential underlying mechanism of the observed antiviral effects.Theory
Theory
Theory
Derendorf , Int. J. Antimicrobial Agents, 7 May 2020, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106007 (Peer Reviewed) (Theory) (not included in the study count)Excessive lysosomal ion-trapping of hydroxych loroquine and azithromycinDiscusses pharmacokinetic properties of HC Q+AZ as a potential underlying mechanism of the observed antiviral effects.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative
Late Geleris et al. NEJM, May 7, 2020. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2012410 (Peer Reviewed)Observational Study of Hydroxych loroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19Observational study of 1446 hospitalized patients. No significant effect on a combined intubation/death outcome for late treatment. RCT recommended. No AZ or Zinc. HC Q group much sicker - patients already in mild/moderate ARDS, most of the control group not in ARDS. However, secondary analysis shows the success of HC Q was hidden by combining intubation and death - death / (combined death/intubation) for HC Q was 157 / 262 (60%) vs. control 75 / 84 (89%), for details see: [1]. Control cases received other therapeutics.Negative
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Geleris et al. NEJM, May 7, 2020. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2012410 (Peer Reviewed)Observational Study of Hydroxych loroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19Observational study of 1446 hospitalized patients. No significant effect on a combined intubation/death outcome for late treatment. RCT recommended. No AZ or Zinc. HC Q group much sicker - patients already in mild/moderate ARDS, most of the control group not in ARDS. However, secondary analysis shows the success of HC Q was hidden by combining intubation and death - death / (combined death/intubation) for HC Q was 157 / 262 (60%) vs. control 75 / 84 (89%), for details see: [1]. Control cases received other therapeutics.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (news)
N/A Sermo (News) (not included in the study count)Sermo reports: COVID-19 treatment trends over 6 weeks and 33,700 interviews: Usage, efficacy and safety perceptions of most-used therapiesHC Q used by 55% of physicians worldwide for COVID. Survey of 6,150 physicians.Positive (news)
N/A
N/A
Sermo (News) (not included in the study count)Sermo reports: COVID-19 treatment trends over 6 weeks and 33,700 interviews: Usage, efficacy and safety perceptions of most-used therapiesHC Q used by 55% of physicians worldwide for COVID. Survey of 6,150 physicians.Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Membrillo de Novales et al. Preprints 2020, 2020050057 doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0057.v1 (Preprint)Early Hydroxych loroquine Is Associated with an Increase of Survival in COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study166 patients hospitalised with COVID, HC Q increased survival 1.4 - 1.8 times when patients admitted in early stages. Early is relative to hospital admission here - all patients relatively serious condition.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Membrillo de Novales et al. Preprints 2020, 2020050057 doi:10.20944/preprints202005.0057.v1 (Preprint)Early Hydroxych loroquine Is Associated with an Increase of Survival in COVID-19 Patients: An Observational Study166 patients hospitalised with COVID, HC Q increased survival 1.4 - 1.8 times when patients admitted in early stages. Early is relative to hospital admission here - all patients relatively serious condition.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Million et al. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 May 5;101738. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101738 (Peer Reviewed)Early Treatment of COVID-19 Patients With Hydroxych loroquine and Azithromycin: A Retrospective Analysis of 1061 Cases in Marseille, FranceRetrospective 1061 patients. HC Q+AZ safe and results in a low fatality rate.Positive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Million et al. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 May 5;101738. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101738 (Peer Reviewed)Early Treatment of COVID-19 Patients With Hydroxych loroquine and Azithromycin: A Retrospective Analysis of 1061 Cases in Marseille, FranceRetrospective 1061 patients. HC Q+AZ safe and results in a low fatality rate.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsInconc.
PrEP Gendelman et al. Autoimmunity Reviews, 19:7, July 2020, doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102566 (Peer Reviewed)Continuous Hydroxych loroquine or Colchicine Therapy Does Not Prevent Infection With SARS-CoV-2: Insights From a Large Healthcare Database AnalysisVery small study of rheumatic disease/autoimmune disorder patients showing no significant difference but with only 3 chronic HC Q patient cases. Only considers people tested at a time when primarily symptomatic cases were tested. Note that patients with SLE, RA, and other autoimmune conditions have a significantly increased susceptibility to and incidence of infections [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], with this context the results suggest HC Q is effective, but this is still inconclusive with the small sample size. Two more recent studies with rheumatic disease/autoimmune condition patients provide higher confidence.Inconc.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study (treated before exposed to the virus)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
Gendelman et al. Autoimmunity Reviews, 19:7, July 2020, doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102566 (Peer Reviewed)Continuous Hydroxych loroquine or Colchicine Therapy Does Not Prevent Infection With SARS-CoV-2: Insights From a Large Healthcare Database AnalysisVery small study of rheumatic disease/autoimmune disorder patients showing no significant difference but with only 3 chronic HC Q patient cases. Only considers people tested at a time when primarily symptomatic cases were tested. Note that patients with SLE, RA, and other autoimmune conditions have a significantly increased susceptibility to and incidence of infections [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7], with this context the results suggest HC Q is effective, but this is still inconclusive with the small sample size. Two more recent studies with rheumatic disease/autoimmune condition patients provide higher confidence.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (news)
Late Seydi (News) (not included in the study count)Coronavirus: a study in Senegal confirms the effectiveness of hydroxych loroquinePreliminary results of Senegal trial with 181 patients showing faster recovery with HC Q, and even faster recovery with HC Q+AZ.Positive (news)
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Seydi (News) (not included in the study count)Coronavirus: a study in Senegal confirms the effectiveness of hydroxych loroquinePreliminary results of Senegal trial with 181 patients showing faster recovery with HC Q, and even faster recovery with HC Q+AZ.Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (meta)
Early Meo et al. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24 (8): 4539-4547, doi:10.26355/eurrev_202004_21038 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)Efficacy of ch loroquine and hydroxych loroquine in the treatment of COVID-19Review of 9 articles supporting the efficacy of HC Q and C Q.Positive (meta)
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Meo et al. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2020; 24 (8): 4539-4547, doi:10.26355/eurrev_202004_21038 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)Efficacy of ch loroquine and hydroxych loroquine in the treatment of COVID-19Review of 9 articles supporting the efficacy of HC Q and C Q.Meta studies are not included in the percentages or study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
N/A Saleh et al. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008662 (Peer Reviewed)The Effect of Ch loroquine, Hydroxych loroquine and Azithromycin on the Corrected QT Interval in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection201 hospitalized patients. No serious side effects of HC Q.Positive
N/A
N/A
Saleh et al. Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, doi:10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008662 (Peer Reviewed)The Effect of Ch loroquine, Hydroxych loroquine and Azithromycin on the Corrected QT Interval in Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infection201 hospitalized patients. No serious side effects of HC Q.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsIn Vitro
In Vitro Andreani et al. Microbial Pathogenesis, doi:/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104228 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)In vitro testing of combined hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin on SARS-CoV-2 shows synergistic effectHC Q and AZ has a synergistic effect in vitro on SARS-CoV-2 at concentrations compatible with that obtained in human lung.In Vitro
In Vitro
In Vitro
Andreani et al. Microbial Pathogenesis, doi:/10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104228 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)In vitro testing of combined hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin on SARS-CoV-2 shows synergistic effectHC Q and AZ has a synergistic effect in vitro on SARS-CoV-2 at concentrations compatible with that obtained in human lung.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Ashraf et al. medRxiv doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.20072421.t (Preprint)COVID-19 in Iran, a comprehensive investigation from exposure to treatment outcomes100 patients. HC Q improved clinical outcome.Positive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Ashraf et al. medRxiv doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.20072421.t (Preprint)COVID-19 in Iran, a comprehensive investigation from exposure to treatment outcomes100 patients. HC Q improved clinical outcome.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative
Late Magagnoli et al., Med (2020), doi:10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.001 (preprint 4/21) (Peer Reviewed)Outcomes of hydroxych loroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19Retrospective 368 hospitalized patients, no significant reduction in mortality or the need for mechanical ventilation with HC Q or HC Q+AZ. Study notes HC Q was more likely to be prescribed to patients with more severe disease.Negative
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Magagnoli et al., Med (2020), doi:10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.001 (preprint 4/21) (Peer Reviewed)Outcomes of hydroxych loroquine usage in United States veterans hospitalized with Covid-19Retrospective 368 hospitalized patients, no significant reduction in mortality or the need for mechanical ventilation with HC Q or HC Q+AZ. Study notes HC Q was more likely to be prescribed to patients with more severe disease.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
PEP Lee at al. Int J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2020 Apr 17;105988. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105988 (Peer Reviewed)Can Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 Be Considered as an Outbreak Response Strategy in Long-Term Care Hospitals?Post exposure prophylaxis of 211 people after major exposure event in LTCH, 0 positive for COVID after 14 days.Positive
Post Exposure Prophylaxis study (treated after exposure to the virus)
Post Exposure Prophylaxis study
Lee at al. Int J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2020 Apr 17;105988. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105988 (Peer Reviewed)Can Post-Exposure Prophylaxis for COVID-19 Be Considered as an Outbreak Response Strategy in Long-Term Care Hospitals?Post exposure prophylaxis of 211 people after major exposure event in LTCH, 0 positive for COVID after 14 days.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative
Late Borba et al. JAMA Network Open doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857 (Peer Reviewed)Ch loroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: Preliminary safety results of a randomized, double-blinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 Study)Increased incidence of prolonged QT and death in high dose treatment arm. Patients >75 only enrolled in high dose arm, age of high dose arm significantly higher than low dose arm (p=0.02). Very sick at baseline, 43% in ICU, 88.9% on respiratory therapy prior to treatment.Negative
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Borba et al. JAMA Network Open doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.8857 (Peer Reviewed)Ch loroquine diphosphate in two different dosages as adjunctive therapy of hospitalized patients with severe respiratory syndrome in the context of coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) infection: Preliminary safety results of a randomized, double-blinded, phase IIb clinical trial (CloroCovid-19 Study)Increased incidence of prolonged QT and death in high dose treatment arm. Patients >75 only enrolled in high dose arm, age of high dose arm significantly higher than low dose arm (p=0.02). Very sick at baseline, 43% in ICU, 88.9% on respiratory therapy prior to treatment.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Esper et al. Prevent Senior Institute, S£o Paulo, Brazil (Preprint)Empirical treatment with hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin for suspected cases of COVID-19 followed-up by telemedicine636 patients. HC Q+AZ reduced hospitalization 79% when used within 7 days (65% overall). Non-randomized.Positive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Esper et al. Prevent Senior Institute, S£o Paulo, Brazil (Preprint)Empirical treatment with hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin for suspected cases of COVID-19 followed-up by telemedicine636 patients. HC Q+AZ reduced hospitalization 79% when used within 7 days (65% overall). Non-randomized.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative
Late Tang et al. BMJ 2020, 369 doi:10.1136/bmj.m1849 (Peer Reviewed)Hydroxych loroquine in patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial150 patients very late stage RCT. No significant difference. More symptomatic relief with HC Q. No safety concerns of HC Q. Treatment very late, average 16.6 days after symptom onset. Data favorable to HC Q was deleted in the second version, see analysis [1].Negative
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Tang et al. BMJ 2020, 369 doi:10.1136/bmj.m1849 (Peer Reviewed)Hydroxych loroquine in patients with COVID-19: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial150 patients very late stage RCT. No significant difference. More symptomatic relief with HC Q. No safety concerns of HC Q. Treatment very late, average 16.6 days after symptom onset. Data favorable to HC Q was deleted in the second version, see analysis [1].Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
N/A Gao et al. Biosci Trends, 2020 May 21;14(2):156-158. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.03072. Epub 2020 Apr 13 (Peer Reviewed)Update on Use of Ch loroquine/Hydroxych loroquine to Treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)Increasing evidence from completed clinical studies shows C Q and HC Q effective (HC Q more effective).Positive
N/A
N/A
Gao et al. Biosci Trends, 2020 May 21;14(2):156-158. doi: 10.5582/bst.2020.03072. Epub 2020 Apr 13 (Peer Reviewed)Update on Use of Ch loroquine/Hydroxych loroquine to Treat Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)Increasing evidence from completed clinical studies shows C Q and HC Q effective (HC Q more effective).Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Gautret et al. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101663 (Peer Reviewed)Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: A pilot observational studyPilot study suggesting improvement with HC Q+AZ and recommending further study.Positive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Gautret et al. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease, doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101663 (Peer Reviewed)Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: A pilot observational studyPilot study suggesting improvement with HC Q+AZ and recommending further study.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Huang et al. Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, Volume 12, Issue 4, April 2020, Pages 322''325, doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjaa014 (Peer Reviewed)Treating COVID-19 with Ch loroquine22 patients. All C Q patients discharged by day 14 versus 50% of Lopinavir/Rotinavir patients. Symptom onset to treatment 2.5 days for C Q vs. 6.5 days for Lopinavir/Rotinavir.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Huang et al. Journal of Molecular Cell Biology, Volume 12, Issue 4, April 2020, Pages 322''325, doi:10.1093/jmcb/mjaa014 (Peer Reviewed)Treating COVID-19 with Ch loroquine22 patients. All C Q patients discharged by day 14 versus 50% of Lopinavir/Rotinavir patients. Symptom onset to treatment 2.5 days for C Q vs. 6.5 days for Lopinavir/Rotinavir.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Chen et al. medRxiv doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758 (Preprint)Efficacy of hydroxych loroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial62 patients. RCT showing significantly faster recovery with HC Q. 13% progressed to severe cases in the control group, versus 0% for the treatment group. Significant improvement seen in pneumonia on chest CT for 61% of treated patients and 16% of control patients.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Chen et al. medRxiv doi:10.1101/2020.03.22.20040758 (Preprint)Efficacy of hydroxych loroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial62 patients. RCT showing significantly faster recovery with HC Q. 13% progressed to severe cases in the control group, versus 0% for the treatment group. Significant improvement seen in pneumonia on chest CT for 61% of treated patients and 16% of control patients.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsIn Vitro
In Vitro Clementi et al., Front. Microbiol., 10 July 2020, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01704 (preprint 3/31) (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)Combined Prophylactic and Therapeutic Use Maximizes Hydroxych loroquine Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Effects in vitroIn vitro study, not included in the study count or percentages, showing greater inhibition for combined pre and post-exposure treatment for Vero E6 and Caco-2 cells.In Vitro
In Vitro
In Vitro
Clementi et al., Front. Microbiol., 10 July 2020, doi:10.3389/fmicb.2020.01704 (preprint 3/31) (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)Combined Prophylactic and Therapeutic Use Maximizes Hydroxych loroquine Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Effects in vitroIn vitro study, not included in the study count or percentages, showing greater inhibition for combined pre and post-exposure treatment for Vero E6 and Caco-2 cells.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative (letter)
Late Molina et al. M(C)decine et Maladies Infectieuses, 50:4, June 2020, 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.03.006 (preprint 3/28) (Letter to the editor)No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection11 patients with severe cases. No evidence of benefit for HC Q.Negative (letter)
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Molina et al. M(C)decine et Maladies Infectieuses, 50:4, June 2020, 10.1016/j.medmal.2020.03.006 (preprint 3/28) (Letter to the editor)No evidence of rapid antiviral clearance or clinical benefit with the combination of hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin in patients with severe COVID-19 infection11 patients with severe cases. No evidence of benefit for HC Q.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (news)
Late Zhong Nanshan (News) (not included in the study count)Efficacy and safety of ch loroquine for treatment of COVID-19. An open-label, multi-center, non-randomized trial197 patients. HC Q effective. Viral RNA negative in 95.9% versus 79.6% control. Median time to negative tests 3 days versus 9 days for control.Positive (news)
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Zhong Nanshan (News) (not included in the study count)Efficacy and safety of ch loroquine for treatment of COVID-19. An open-label, multi-center, non-randomized trial197 patients. HC Q effective. Viral RNA negative in 95.9% versus 79.6% control. Median time to negative tests 3 days versus 9 days for control.Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsTheory
Theory Pagliano et al. Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Mar 24; ciaa320. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa320 (Peer Reviewed) (Theory)Is Hydroxych loroquine a Possible Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Drug to Limit the Transmission to Health Care Workers Exposed to COVID19?C Q and HC Q inhibit replication at early stages of infection, no similar effect reported for other drugs which are only able to interfere after cell infection. Large volume of existing data on safety.Theory
Theory
Theory
Pagliano et al. Clin Infect Dis, 2020 Mar 24; ciaa320. doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa320 (Peer Reviewed) (Theory)Is Hydroxych loroquine a Possible Post-Exposure Prophylaxis Drug to Limit the Transmission to Health Care Workers Exposed to COVID19?C Q and HC Q inhibit replication at early stages of infection, no similar effect reported for other drugs which are only able to interfere after cell infection. Large volume of existing data on safety.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsTheory
Theory Hu et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 15, 247''249, 2020, doi:10.1038/s41565-020-0674-9 (Peer Reviewed) (Theory) (not included in the study count)Insights from nanomedicine into ch loroquine efficacy against COVID-19C Q is known in nanomedicine research for the investigation of nanoparticle uptake in cells, and may have potential for the treatment of COVID-19.Theory
Theory
Theory
Hu et al., Nature Nanotechnology, 15, 247''249, 2020, doi:10.1038/s41565-020-0674-9 (Peer Reviewed) (Theory) (not included in the study count)Insights from nanomedicine into ch loroquine efficacy against COVID-19C Q is known in nanomedicine research for the investigation of nanoparticle uptake in cells, and may have potential for the treatment of COVID-19.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (advisory)
PrEP ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research (Advisory) (not included in the study count)Advisory on the use of hydroxy-ch loroquine as prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infectionRecommends HC Q for prophylaxis in asymptomatic healthcare workers as found effective in-vitro and in-vivo.Positive (advisory)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study (treated before exposed to the virus)
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis study
ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research (Advisory) (not included in the study count)Advisory on the use of hydroxy-ch loroquine as prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infectionRecommends HC Q for prophylaxis in asymptomatic healthcare workers as found effective in-vitro and in-vivo.Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (news)
Late Hu et al., Shanghai Combined Task Force on COVID-19 (News) (not included in the study count)Shanghai Experience of COVID-19 ManagementClinical studies of HC Q with 184 cases and 21 hospitals show HC Q is effective.Positive (news)
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Hu et al., Shanghai Combined Task Force on COVID-19 (News) (not included in the study count)Shanghai Experience of COVID-19 ManagementClinical studies of HC Q with 184 cases and 21 hospitals show HC Q is effective.Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsIn Vitro
In Vitro Liu et al. Cell Discovery 6, 16 (2020). doi:10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)Hydroxych loroquine, a less toxic derivative of ch loroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitroHC Q effective in vitro and less toxic than C Q.In Vitro
In Vitro
In Vitro
Liu et al. Cell Discovery 6, 16 (2020). doi:10.1038/s41421-020-0156-0 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)Hydroxych loroquine, a less toxic derivative of ch loroquine, is effective in inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection in vitroHC Q effective in vitro and less toxic than C Q.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Early Gautret et al. Int. J. of Antimicrobial Agents, 17 March 2020, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 (Peer Reviewed)Hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an openlabel non-randomized clinical trialHC Q significantly associated with viral load reduction / elimination, enhanced with AZ.Positive
Early treatment study (treated soon after symptoms appear)
Early treatment study
Gautret et al. Int. J. of Antimicrobial Agents, 17 March 2020, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949 (Peer Reviewed)Hydroxych loroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an openlabel non-randomized clinical trialHC Q significantly associated with viral load reduction / elimination, enhanced with AZ.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
N/A Todaro and Rigano (Preprint)An Effective Treatment for Coronavirus (COVID-19)Discussion of existing research, treatment guidelines, and mechanims of action for C Q and HC Q, recommending use.Positive
N/A
N/A
Todaro and Rigano (Preprint)An Effective Treatment for Coronavirus (COVID-19)Discussion of existing research, treatment guidelines, and mechanims of action for C Q and HC Q, recommending use.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsTheory
Theory Devaux et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938 (Peer Reviewed) (Theory) (not included in the study count)New insights on the antiviral effects of ch loroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?Discusses mechanisms of C Q interference with SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle.Theory
Theory
Theory
Devaux et al., International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938 (Peer Reviewed) (Theory) (not included in the study count)New insights on the antiviral effects of ch loroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?Discusses mechanisms of C Q interference with SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (meta)
N/A Cortegiani et al. J Crit Care, 2020 Jun;57:279-283. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005 Epub 2020 Mar 10 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)A Systematic Review on the Efficacy and Safety of Ch loroquine for the Treatment of COVID-19Review of six articles and 23 ongoing clinical trials in China recommending research and clinical use adhering to MEURI.Positive (meta)
N/A
N/A
Cortegiani et al. J Crit Care, 2020 Jun;57:279-283. doi:10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.03.005 Epub 2020 Mar 10 (Peer Reviewed) (meta analysis - not included in the study count)A Systematic Review on the Efficacy and Safety of Ch loroquine for the Treatment of COVID-19Review of six articles and 23 ongoing clinical trials in China recommending research and clinical use adhering to MEURI.Meta studies are not included in the percentages or study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsIn Vitro
N/A Yao et al., Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020 Mar 9, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237 (Peer Reviewed) (not included in the study count)In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxych loroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)HC Q more potent than C Q in vitro.In Vitro
N/A
N/A
Yao et al., Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020 Mar 9, doi:10.1093/cid/ciaa237 (Peer Reviewed) (not included in the study count)In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxych loroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)HC Q more potent than C Q in vitro.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsNegative
Late Chen et al., J. Zhejiang University (Med Sci), doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.03.03 (Peer Reviewed)A pilot study of hydroxych loroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)30 moderate hospitalized cases, all recovered. Time to RNA negative comparable. Less frequent radiological progression with HC Q but not statistically significant. One HC Q patient developed to a severe case. Treatment group 4 years older and with higher incidence of hypertension.Negative
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Chen et al., J. Zhejiang University (Med Sci), doi:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2020.03.03 (Peer Reviewed)A pilot study of hydroxych loroquine in treatment of patients with common coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)30 moderate hospitalized cases, all recovered. Time to RNA negative comparable. Less frequent radiological progression with HC Q but not statistically significant. One HC Q patient developed to a severe case. Treatment group 4 years older and with higher incidence of hypertension.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
N/A Colson et al., Int J Antimicrob Agents, doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932. Epub 2020 Mar 4. (Peer Reviewed)Ch loroquine and Hydroxych loroquine as Available Weapons to Fight COVID-19Recommending C Q and HC Q for COVID based on 20 clinical studies in China and strong rationale for use.Positive
N/A
N/A
Colson et al., Int J Antimicrob Agents, doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105932. Epub 2020 Mar 4. (Peer Reviewed)Ch loroquine and Hydroxych loroquine as Available Weapons to Fight COVID-19Recommending C Q and HC Q for COVID based on 20 clinical studies in China and strong rationale for use.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
N/A Jiang et al., Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis, 2020,43 doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.0019 (Peer Reviewed)Expert Consensus on Ch loroquine Phosphate for the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus PneumoniaC Q is an effective treatment for COVID.Positive
N/A
N/A
Jiang et al., Chin J Tuberc Respir Dis, 2020,43 doi:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1001-0939.2020.0019 (Peer Reviewed)Expert Consensus on Ch loroquine Phosphate for the Treatment of Novel Coronavirus PneumoniaC Q is an effective treatment for COVID.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive
Late Gao et al. BioScience Trends, 2020, doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01047 (Peer Reviewed)Breakthrough: Ch loroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studiesResults from 15 clinical trials in China show C Q is effective.Positive
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Gao et al. BioScience Trends, 2020, doi:10.5582/bst.2020.01047 (Peer Reviewed)Breakthrough: Ch loroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studiesResults from 15 clinical trials in China show C Q is effective.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (news)
Late Sun Yanrong, deputy head of the China National Center for Biotechnology Development (News) (not included in the study count)Antimalarial drug confirmed effective on COVID-19HC Q under clinical trials in >10 hospitals in China and has shown fairly good efficacy.Positive (news)
Late treatment study (serious condition requiring hospitalization)
Late treatment study
Sun Yanrong, deputy head of the China National Center for Biotechnology Development (News) (not included in the study count)Antimalarial drug confirmed effective on COVID-19HC Q under clinical trials in >10 hospitals in China and has shown fairly good efficacy.Currently no formal study is available so this is not included in the study count.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsIn Vitro
In Vitro Wang et al. Cell Res 30, 269''271. doi:L10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)Remdesivir and ch loroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitroIn vitro study, not included in the study count or percentages. Remdesivir and C Q potently blocked virus infection in vitro.In Vitro
In Vitro
In Vitro
Wang et al. Cell Res 30, 269''271. doi:L10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)Remdesivir and ch loroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitroIn vitro study, not included in the study count or percentages. Remdesivir and C Q potently blocked virus infection in vitro.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsIn Vitro
In Vitro Savarino et al., Lancet Infect. Dis. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70361-9 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)New insights into the antiviral effects of ch loroquineUpdate to 2003 paper, not included in the study count or percentages. Hypothesis of C Q inhibiting SARS replication has been confirmed in two in-vitro studies. C Q affected an early stage of SARS replication.In Vitro
In Vitro
In Vitro
Savarino et al., Lancet Infect. Dis. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70361-9 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)New insights into the antiviral effects of ch loroquineUpdate to 2003 paper, not included in the study count or percentages. Hypothesis of C Q inhibiting SARS replication has been confirmed in two in-vitro studies. C Q affected an early stage of SARS replication.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsIn Vitro
In Vitro Vincent et al. Virol J 2, 69 (2005). doi:10.1186/1743-422X-2-69 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)Ch loroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spreadIn vitro study, SARS-CoV-1, not included in the study count or percentages. C Q has strong antiviral effects on SARS CoV infection when cells treated either before or after exposure, suggesting prophylactic and treatment use. Describes three mechanisms by which the drug might work and suggests it may have both a prophylactic and therapeutic role in Coronavirus infections.In Vitro
In Vitro
In Vitro
Vincent et al. Virol J 2, 69 (2005). doi:10.1186/1743-422X-2-69 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)Ch loroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spreadIn vitro study, SARS-CoV-1, not included in the study count or percentages. C Q has strong antiviral effects on SARS CoV infection when cells treated either before or after exposure, suggesting prophylactic and treatment use. Describes three mechanisms by which the drug might work and suggests it may have both a prophylactic and therapeutic role in Coronavirus infections.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsIn Vitro
In Vitro Keyaerts et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 323:1, 8 October 2004, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by ch loroquineIn vitro study, SARS-CoV-1, not included in the study count or percentages. IC50 of C Q for antiviral activity (8.8) significantly lower than cytostatic activity CC50 (261.3), selectivity index of 30. IC50 for inhibition of SARS-CoV in vitro approximates plasma concentrations of C Q reached during treatment of acute malaria. C Q may be considered for immediate use in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV infections.In Vitro
In Vitro
In Vitro
Keyaerts et al. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 323:1, 8 October 2004, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.08.085 (Peer Reviewed) (In Vitro) (not included in the study count)In vitro inhibition of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by ch loroquineIn vitro study, SARS-CoV-1, not included in the study count or percentages. IC50 of C Q for antiviral activity (8.8) significantly lower than cytostatic activity CC50 (261.3), selectivity index of 30. IC50 for inhibition of SARS-CoV in vitro approximates plasma concentrations of C Q reached during treatment of acute malaria. C Q may be considered for immediate use in the prevention and treatment of SARS-CoV infections.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsTheory
Theory Savarino et al., Lancet Infect. Dis. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5 (Peer Reviewed) (Theory) (not included in the study count)Effects of ch loroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseasesNot included in the study count or percentages. Discussion/review noting that C Q exerts antiviral effects, inhibiting the replication of several viruses including members of the flaviviruses, retroviruses, and coronaviruses. Notes that C Q has immunomodulatory effects, suppressing the production/release of tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 6, which mediate the inflammatory complications of several viral diseases.Theory
Theory
Theory
Savarino et al., Lancet Infect. Dis. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5 (Peer Reviewed) (Theory) (not included in the study count)Effects of ch loroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseasesNot included in the study count or percentages. Discussion/review noting that C Q exerts antiviral effects, inhibiting the replication of several viruses including members of the flaviviruses, retroviruses, and coronaviruses. Notes that C Q has immunomodulatory effects, suppressing the production/release of tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 6, which mediate the inflammatory complications of several viral diseases.Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or CommentsPositive (news)
N/A Edwin Wiley Grove (News) (not included in the study count)Laxative Bromo QuinineQuinine has been used for respiratory infections since 1896. Not included in the study count or percentages, just as an interesting observation.Positive (news)
N/A
N/A
Edwin Wiley Grove (News) (not included in the study count)Laxative Bromo QuinineQuinine has been used for respiratory infections since 1896. Not included in the study count or percentages, just as an interesting observation.
Source Study Page Share Tweet Submit Corrections or Comments