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I am in Rochester NY and it smells like a campfire and there is smoke everywhere. We need rain in Canada and here to get the particulates on to the ground and out of the air. This is an emergency. I think we may need two or three full rotations, obviously leaving it to you as you're the professional. I would donate for this but I had a disaster of my own this weekend that cost me a few thousands so I just can't. Calling in Knight privilege which I have never done and understand should only be used in emergencies. PLEASE HELP.

Love you guys,

Sir Jonny B.

Hi Adam,

I’m you have heard about the smoke over New York, just want to give you a BOTG from Brooklyn.

The sky is orange, like in a Dune movie, and the city smells like a big campfire. The sirens are playing non-stop.

The government, our iPhones and the media are telling us to stay home. And if we do need to leave use a Proper mask.

I live across the street from a middle school, all students were wearing masks and there was no outside recess.

It feels like the end of the days.

Much respect.

Sandra

Sissification

White women with black men

Cuckold

Anal psyop

A group of dominatrix women in Ca/nv have been enslaving men with blackmail and chastity and have been building a "gynarchy" movement to overcome patriarchy. Wacky stuff very culty. It's houses of people all throughout the USA with one or two dominants leading "sissified" male slaves who do housework and sex work to fund the higher ups. It's definitely being spread through sissy hypno porn. And no end in sight.

Hi Adam,

I was listening to the show from last Thursday and I wanted to correct you on something. The "Wachowski Siblings" do not refer to themselves as this anymore. They instead prefer to be called "Starship Wachowski". Or, that's what you would believe if you take the promotion below for the film, Cloud Atlas, at face value.

https://deadline.com/2012/09/andy-lana-renamed-wachowski-starship-no-longer-press-shy-345405/

I work in the film industry. Please do not mention my name if it comes up, but I wanted to share the connection I know of between Trans Maoism and the roots of The Matrix.

A teacher I had in Chicago where the Wachowskis are from is old friends with them. The then brothers were obsessed with the book "Neuromancer" by William Gibson. It is Gibson's first science fiction novel from ~1984 and is about a Cyber Jockey who jacks into the Matrix to run virtual heists. He gets coopted in the plot to steal an AI from an offworld mansion.

The key thing in this book, which I have read, is the main character works with a female assassin who has a brain implant that allows him to jack into her sensory perception from cyberspace (In the plot they are also in a sexual relationship in the real world). There are vivid first hand descriptions of what he experiences from inside her body, especially the first time he "jacks in". For example, she runs her finger around her nipple because she knows he can feel it while he's inside her body.

I would point to this moment in this book as what is likely the main inspiration for the Starship Wakowski's obsession with transexuality. I know one of the "sisters" has the story about porn, and I'm sure that's true, but I would guess it began earlier with reading this novel. It is a strangely erotic scene in a way that I've never really encountered. And maybe that's what's being accessed when the young men today are watching their "sissy hypno" porn. I will also mention that it's one of my favorite books, although it's never made me want to cut my dick off or mutilate children.

The book is supposedly the first instance of the term "Cyber Space" as well as defined the genre of "Cyber Punk". It is the blueprint for The Matrix franchise, which even take the term "matrix" directly from this book. The Wachowskis were pitching this book for years to studios trying to get it made. They eventually abandoned the book and made their own version, hence The Matrix.

Incidentally, Johnny Mnemonic is also a short story by William Gibson from the collection, Burning Chrome, which was made into a film prior to The Matrix, starring Keanu Reeves as basically the prototype for Neo from The Matrix.

So, in my opinion, there is a direct link between transexuality and transhumanism, which is also being promoted by the work of Ray Kurzweil. Kurzweil's "The Singularity is Near" is another book which pushes this idea of a "post human" reality, however it does so through nonfiction. I read this book around the same time as I read Neuromancer. If you read it, it makes a startling argument for the end of biological humans through the merging with Artificial General Intelligence. You may come away from this book thinking it is inevitable, as I did as a young man for many years. It was actually a paralyzing thing to read because the world at the time (around 2011) was gripped in the smartphone revolution and it seemed like things were changing way too rapidly for the culture to handle. In this context, I figured Kurzweil must be right.

After a decade, and after listening to the No Agenda show, I've become disillusioned with this technological religion and it seems that it is being promoted more as a way to enslave people than to liberate them. Anywaze, thanks for reporting on the Trans Maoism movement. I hope that reality prevails and our society can settle down a bit as I do not want to see the fulfillment of Trans Maoism in a true cultural revolution.

Brett

ITM, Adam and John.

I've been using pocket casts app for almost 10 years, maybe more actually... it's been so long. Ive logged since 2016 (changed phones and lost old data) 273 DAYS and 20 HOURS straight of podcast listening on the app.. it keeps track.. kinda cool actually! (Maybe an implimentation idea??) I started listening to NA around episode 200... so I think its been longer, lol. I paid for the app. I LOVE the app. That's why I've had a hard time leaving them fully. I've had Podcerse on my phone for a while and NA is the only show I've had on it. 2 days ago, when the Pocket casts app started up, I noticed that the red and white app symbol during start up had changed to RAINBOW colors. I have a "theme" on my apps so it doesn't show me on my phones page, but when it starts up I noticed it. ALSO on my smart watch (I know, I'm sorry) the app is there in the audio player CLEAR AS DAY, RAINBOW back ground colored. That was it. Dropped my rating in Google play and told them why, downloaded all my current shows to podverse and I'm done with Pocket Casts. Just said I'm not interested in activism, just my favorite podcasts. Love you guys. Thanks for Podcasting 2.0, I'm now MAN OVER BOARD from pro-activist podcasting apps! Toe officially dipped into new waters. If you like another app better than podverse, PLEASE let me know. I value your opinion. For now, this is where I start. Kenneth S.

ITM Adam,

Over 10 years ago my wife was diagnosed PCOS. PCOS has some similarity to Type 2 diabetes and many women with PCOS develop Type 2 diabetes by age 40 (which my wife just turned). She has always struggled with her weight because of it. She exercises regularly and eats extremely well, but has been frustrated that short of starving herself she can not achieve her desired weight.

Tik Tok and her sister suggested Ozempic. She asked me what I thought and thanks to the No Agenda show I told her to look up Ozempic face, and butt before she does anything... And of course consult a physician. Thankfully our family physician expressed caution about using these drugs for weight loss due to some studies showing increased risk of Thyroid cancer after 1-3 years of taking Semaglutides(Ozempic & Wegovy) and Liraglutides(Victoza).

This was enough for her to reconsider these "weight loss" drugs and just accept that weight loss will never be easy for her, but not to give up on her healthy life style just because weight loss will harder for her than most.

Based on my superficial research, I've included some links of the articles and studies about the link between Thyroid Cancer and Sema/Liraglutides.

https://nyulangone.org/news/common-diabetes-treatment-leads-diagnosis-rare-thyroid-cancer

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36356111/

Article with video clip (58% increased risk of Thyroid Cancer)

https://www.wxyz.com/news/health/ask-dr-nandi/doctors-emphasize-potential-risks-as-new-weight-loss-drugs-grow-in-popularity

Thank you for your courage,

Casey

Heeey Adam,

Lange tijd geleden dat ik je gemaild heb. Alweer sinds de Corona periode.

Vandaag weer een nieuwigheid meegemaakt en dit keer met Netflix.

Netflix rolt hun strengere beleid uit over Nederland om meekijkende, niet betalende profielen te stoppen.

Vanavond wilden wij kijken, hoofdadres en hoofdaccount, en alle profielen waren geblokkeerd. We kregen het scherm om een verificatie proces te doorlopen. Echter kwamen we er online niet aan uit dus belden we met de helpdesk.

We zaten vast op een standaard scherm waar 3 opties waren te zien. 1. Nieuw account aanmaken, 2 huishouden managen en instellen 3. Uitloggen

De medewerkster vroeg ons om op de afstandsbediening op commando de volgende toetsen in te drukken;

Up up, down down, left, right, left, right, up up up

Zodoende kwamen we in het service menu van Netflix.

De medewerkster aan de lijn stelde daarna vragen als;

- hoe zijn de tv’s verbonden met het internet?

- waar staan er tv’s en welke WiFi of Lan aansluiting hebben ze (wij hebben 2 WiFi netwerken in huis)

- toen ging men alle profielen af, en vroeg ze wie die personen zijn in het gezin

Toen moesten we 15 min wachten want ze gingen een aantal zaken checken. Ze kwam terug in het gesprek en meldde dat ze met haar supervisor aan de lijn zat om de opties te bekijken voor ons. Mogelijk moeten we periodiek ons hoofdadres bevestigen.

De conclusie; de tv die met de lan kabel zit aangesloten op de router, moet via de WiFi verbonden zijn om Netflix te kijken. Netflix gebruikt de WiFi om te controleren of alle apparaten in 1 huishouden staat. Het is niet voldoende dat ze het ip adres van de provider hebben om te verifiëren maar ze willen de wifi gebruiken voor verificatie…

Bizar….

Groet, Rolf

At the end of the 4-season show, the old man (based on Rupert Murdoch) dies and the 3 kids who have been fighting over the TV show's version of Fox News all lose. The tech guy who owns a social media platform ends up taking over 'Fox News', with a brown-nosing will-do-anything-to-win sycophant as his puppet to run the organization.

Three months before saboteurs bombed the Nord Stream natural gas pipeline, the Biden administration learned from a close ally that the Ukrainian military had planned a covert attack on the undersea network, using a small team of divers who reported directly to the commander in chief of the Ukrainian armed forces.

Details about the plan, which have not been previously reported, were collected by a European intelligence service and shared with the CIA in June 2022. They provide some of the most specific evidence to date linking the government of Ukraine to the eventual attack in the Baltic Sea, which U.S. and Western officials have called a brazen and dangerous act of sabotage on Europe’s energy infrastructure.

The European intelligence report was shared on the chat platform Discord, allegedly by Air National Guard member Jack Teixeira. The Washington Post obtained a copy from one of Teixeira’s online friends.

The intelligence report was based on information obtained from an individual in Ukraine. The source’s information could not immediately be corroborated, but the CIA shared the report with Germany and other European countries last June, according to multiple officials familiar with the matter, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive intelligence operations and diplomatic discussions.

I’ve been flying FPV quadcopters here in Texas since 2016. The technology I see them using seems to be from that time. If they are all flying analog video transmission and receiving, this will be incredibly easy to jam. All the goggles i see them using are analog goggles. Jamming is as easy as buying about 20 2w video transmitters, set one to each channel along the video spectrum these all follow, set to high power and done. Now pilots will go “blind” as soon as they cross into this arrays broadcast radius. This doesn’t eliminate the completely autonomous units you can create with the addition of gps unit, but the “FPV startup” seems easily squashed by mass arrays around any areas they want to protect. The Russians could even broadcast a video message over this array for pilots that encounter it to see.

Hope this helps!

Will

ArtilleryFPV on YouTube.

Just got to your Thursday show and you raised but slightly skated by a topic that I have been waiting to have someone put together.

In the 1990s in the Balkan conflict NATO decided it was going to "clean up" the conflict in Bosnia the failures were fairly epic but are not critical to the narrative. NATO and more specifically Madeline Albright decided the "evil" party in the conflict was Serbia so they demonized Slobodan Milosevich and began bombing Belgrade. Russia, Serbia's natural ally was warned that it better not get anywhere near the conflict if it didn't want NATO to turn its ire on them. Yeltsin was president and Russian never publicly defended their ally. Putin became president the next year. Milosevich was dragged off to the Hague to be tried and NATO decided to remove the Kosovo province from Serbia and set it up a separate country under NATO protection because much of its population is ethnically Albanian. This caused much consternation in Serbia as they consider Kosovo a key part of their country going back at least to 1371 when the Serbs fought an epic battle there with the Ottoman Turks. They lost this battle and the Turks took the territory but the Serbs have told stories of the lives of soldiers lost in trying to protect their land. A key part of their historical legends.

I have never heard an interview about this with Putin but I would bet a considerable amount of money that this was an influential lesson for him about the motives and tactics of NATO toward the Slavs. I did hear Biden make the statement that Putin's assertion that NATO was an aggressive force was ridiculous. NATO he said was simply defensive. I have no doubt that Putin's mind, like mine went immediately to Serbia.

The West said they only did what they did because the Albanians were being mistreated. Russia said they only did what they did because Russians were being mistreated in Ukraine. The West said they only took Kosovo from Serbia to make sure the residents were not mistreated in the future. Russia annexed Donetsk and Luhansk because they wanted to make sure the Russians there were not mistreated in the future.

Why is this not a part of every fair analysis? Unfortunately, I think the response would be that NATO's action in Serbia was different because we are the good guys. When we do things it is for noble reasons.

Regards,

Rod

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Archived Version

Thu, 08 Jun 2023 15:51

Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an air pollutant that is a concern for people's health when levels in air are high. PM2.5 are tiny particles in the air that reduce visibility and cause the air to appear hazy when levels are elevated. Outdoor PM2.5 levels are most likely to be elevated on days with little or no wind or air mixing. The New York State Departments of Health (DOH) and Environmental Conservation (DEC) alert the public by issuing a PM2.5 Health Advisory when PM2.5 concentrations in outdoor air are expected to be unhealthy for sensitive groups.

What is Particulate Matter 2.5 (PM2.5)?The term fine particles, or particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), refers to tiny particles or droplets in the air that are two and one half microns or less in width. Like inches, meters and miles, a micron is a unit of measurement for distance. There are about 25,000 microns in an inch. The widths of the larger particles in the PM2.5 size range would be about thirty times smaller than that of a human hair. The smaller particles are so small that several thousand of them could fit on the period at the end of this sentence.

How can PM2.5 affect my health?Particles in the PM2.5 size range are able to travel deeply into the respiratory tract, reaching the lungs. Exposure to fine particles can cause short-term health effects such as eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, coughing, sneezing, runny nose and shortness of breath. Exposure to fine particles can also affect lung function and worsen medical conditions such as asthma and heart disease. Scientific studies have linked increases in daily PM2.5 exposure with increased respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions, emergency department visits and deaths. Studies also suggest that long term exposure to fine particulate matter may be associated with increased rates of chronic bronchitis, reduced lung function and increased mortality from lung cancer and heart disease. People with breathing and heart problems, children and the elderly may be particularly sensitive to PM2.5.

Where does PM2.5 come from?There are outdoor and indoor sources of fine particles. Outside, fine particles primarily come from car, truck, bus and off-road vehicle (e.g., construction equipment, snowmobile, locomotive) exhausts, other operations that involve the burning of fuels such as wood, heating oil or coal and natural sources such as forest and grass fires. Fine particles also form from the reaction of gases or droplets in the atmosphere from sources such as power plants. These chemical reactions can occur miles from the original source of the emissions. In New York State, some of the fine particles measured in the air are carried by wind from out-of-state sources. Because fine particles can be carried long distances from their source, events such as wildfires or volcanic eruptions can raise fine particle concentrations hundreds of miles from the event.

PM2.5 is also produced by common indoor activities. Some indoor sources of fine particles are tobacco smoke, cooking (e.g., frying, saut(C)ing, and broiling), burning candles or oil lamps, and operating fireplaces and fuel-burning space heaters (e.g., kerosene heaters).

Is there an air quality standard for PM2.5 in outdoor air?Yes, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) established National Ambient Air Quality Standards for PM2.5 in 1997 and revised them in 2006 and 2012. National Ambient Air Standards are established to be protective of public health. The short-term standard (24-hour or daily average) is 35 micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3) and the long-term standard (annual average) is 12 µg/m3. A microgram is a unit of weight. There are a million micrograms in a gram, and a pound is equal to about 450 grams.

How will I know when PM2.5 levels are, or will be, elevated outside?Outdoor air levels of fine particles increase during periods of stagnant air (very little wind and air mixing), when the particles are not carried away by wind, or when winds bring polluted air into the state from sources outside the state. In general, as the levels of PM2.5 in outdoor air increase, the air appears hazy and visibility is reduced. These conditions are similar in appearance to high humidity or fog. The New York State Department Environmental Conservation informs the public whenever fine particle concentrations in outdoor air are expected to be elevated. Every weekday morning the Department of Environmental Conservation will review weather conditions and data from their air monitoring stations to determine if, for that day or the following day, fine particle levels are expected to exceed levels considered unhealthy for sensitive groups. If it is likely that this level will be exceeded, the agency will contact the media so that a Particulate Matter Health Advisory can be carried on afternoon and evening broadcasts. The Department of Environmental Conservation also provides PM2.5 monitoring data and PM2.5 forecasts on its web site.

Are there ways to reduce my exposure to PM2.5?When outdoor levels of PM2.5 are elevated, going indoors may reduce your exposure, although some outdoor particles will come indoors. If there are significant indoor sources of PM2.5, levels inside may not be lower than outside. Some ways to reduce exposure are to limit indoor and outdoor activities that produce fine particles (for example, burning candles indoors or open burning outdoors) and avoid strenuous activity in areas where fine particle levels are high.

Who can I contact if I have more questions?If you would like additional information about the health effects of fine particles, you can call the NYS Department of Health at 518-402-7800 or 800-458-1158. To find out if an advisory has been issued or to learn more about air quality, you can call the Department of Environmental Conservation's toll-free air quality hotline: 1-800-535-1345 or visit their Air Quality Index (AQI) website where you can also view state PM2.5 maps and real-time monitoring data for PM2.5.

Link to Article

Archived Version

Thu, 08 Jun 2023 15:39

Nobody knows how much money the fraudsters have managed to grab by impersonating enrollees.June 2, 2023Updated: June 4, 2023 9:34 a.m.

Dr. Richard Valicenti, a radiation oncologist at UC Davis, got a check from the government for a fraudulent education grant taken out in his name. He asked for his face not to be identifiable in the photograph.

Lea Suzuki/The ChronicleMonths after a mysterious check for $1,400 landed in Richard Valicenti's mailbox last summer, the U.S. Department of Education notified him that the money was a mistake '-- an overpayment of the $3,000 Pell grant he had used to attend Saddleback College in Orange County.

''I told them I never applied for a Pell,'' said Valicenti, a 64-year-old radiation oncologist at UC Davis who had never even heard of Saddleback.

Valicenti's name is among the stolen identities used in thousands of fraudulent attempts to enroll in community colleges in California and across the country since classes shifted online during the pandemic. The aim is to steal financial aid.

Fake enrollments also crowd out legitimate students and create hours of work for colleges trying to eliminate ''ghost students.'' Colleges that disburse grants to fraudsters are on the hook to repay the feds.

Today, about 20% of California's community college applications are scams: more than 460,000 of the 2.3 million requests to the state's online application system since July alone, says the state Chancellor's Office, which oversees the 116 campuses. Community colleges are required to accept any student in the state with a high school diploma, and a Social Security number is not required to apply.

The system's screening software blocked just half of the fraudsters, while the rest slipped through to try to enroll in online classes, then use their bogus student status to seek financial aid '-- at which point they must submit a Social Security number.

Enrollment fraud surged during the COVID crisis, alongside new opportunities for anyone in possession of a stolen identity and a criminal mind. Students no longer had to show up in person, and often still don't.

Pell grants, the federal college subsidies for needy students, have long tempted fraudsters. But the money became easier to steal when the U.S. Department of Education stopped verifying family income during the pandemic, a waiver expected to remain in place until the next award cycle.

Although the state's software has caught more than half of the fraudulent admissions applications since July, that still left about 200,000 sham applications.

''We've worked really hard to close obvious '-- and less than obvious '-- routes for people to pretend to be from the United States and pretend to be from California,'' said John Hetts, an executive vice chancellor with the state. But because so many phony applications make it through, ''all colleges have to deal with this.''

The fraudsters are human, Hetts said. But it's their bots '-- software algorithms '-- that mimic enrolled students. So officials find themselves in a cat and mouse game to stay ahead of the criminals, and they won't give details about how they do it lest they tip anyone off.

Kim Rich, a criminal justice instructor at L.A. Pierce College near Los Angeles, has become an expert at identifying faux students in her online classes. Among the clues she looks for: consecutive ID numbers, similar email patterns that don't match student names, and birth dates from the 1960s or '70s that indicate students far older than usual.

Kim Rich, a criminal justice instructor at L.A. Pierce College near Los Angeles, has become an expert at identifying faux students in her online classes.

Allison Zaucha/For The San Francisco ChronicleThe U.S. Department of Education's Office of Inspector General says it has 48 active investigations into college fraud rings, including in California.

Impersonating students is crucial to the scam. Once a college requires an in-person appearance, the crime falls apart. For remote classes, instructors are now told to drop anyone who doesn't appear on Day 1.

''Our colleges have put in a lot of effort to make sure students are real,'' Hetts said.

Rikki Hall, admissions director at Los Medanos College in Pittsburg, says crime-fighting now takes up 25% of her time.

Often, that means connecting personally with applicants flagged as suspicious by the state's CCCApply system. Hall already has uncovered 59 phony enrollments in this year's summer session. ''It's the most that we've ever had,'' she said.

At least one fraudster received a $3,000 Pell grant, said Tammy Oranje, the financial aid director.

Rikki Hall (left), admissions director at Los Medanos College in Pittsburg, says crime-fighting now takes up 25% of her time. Tammy Oranje (right), the school's financial aid director, says at least one fraudster received a $3,000 Pell grant through the school.

Paul Kuroda/Special to The ChronicleThe chancellor's office now requires colleges to send monthly reports of fake students. At City College of San Francisco, 29 bogus students have received $22,418 in Pell Grants, said officials, who reported 59 fraud attempts this spring alone. Administrators also just blocked 505 ghost students from this summer's classes, according to an internal memo shared with The Chronicle. Of more than 4,300 suspicious enrollments since 2020, college officials said they prevented 10% from enrolling. What isn't clear is whether any of the rest were ghosts.

''This fraud is preventing real students from getting into the classes they need,'' Darlene Alioto, department chair council president, told the college's Board of Trustees in April, noting that some employees work day and night to fend off fraudsters.

One department eliminated 80 ghost students, only to have 80 more show up within an hour, she told the trustees in February.

Fraud has changed how instructors handle classes. For example, they used to allow multiple absences before dropping students, Alioto told The Chronicle. Now, ''we hope to drop the students before the first financial aid check is sent out. It's all very time-consuming.''

State officials were so alarmed that they added $100 million to the state budget last summer for improved cyber-barriers to fight false registrations and protect sensitive data.

It has helped, but colleges can still be fooled into adding courses to accommodate a perceived higher need.

That happened this spring at Pierce College, where Rich's two eight-week classes were to begin April 10. Each had filled with 40 students by early March, so she was asked to teach another. It filled in a week.

''I was kind of shocked,'' Rich said, a former deputy sheriff and ''fraudulent student consultant'' who teaches other instructors to recognize ghost enrollments.

After Rich analyzed her three rosters, enrollment in one class dropped from 40 to 29, another to 22, and the last to just two students.

''It is a 100% disservice to every single taxpayer,'' she said. ''These criminals wouldn't still be doing this if they weren't getting the money.''

Total enrollment at Pierce stood at 7,658 before the college's eight-week classes began this spring, Rich said. By the time instructors cleared the ghosts, enrollment was down to 4,937.

''We had three classes that were full with waitlists and now they're down to 12 students!'' lamented a philosophy professor on May 9 at a meeting to discuss the problem.

Neither state nor federal officials would say how much money fraudsters have stolen.

Even so, ''fraud rings continue to be a significant part of our investigative activity,'' said Ryan Traher, a spokesperson for the Inspector General.

In 2014, that office had identified 132 college fraud rings '-- up from 16 a decade earlier, when online classes were rare, it told The Chronicle at the time.

Now, it reports about 100 a year to the Federal Student Aid Office, the office said.

Arrests, if they happen, can take years.

At City College of San Francisco, 29 bogus students have received $22,418 in Pell Grants, said officials, who reported 59 fraud attempts this spring alone. Administrators also just blocked 505 ghost students from this summer's classes.

Lea Suzuki/The Chronicle 2017In March, the U.S. Justice Department arrested two Los Angeles women and one from Las Vegas on suspicion of stealing nearly $1 million in financial aid between 2012 and 2017.

The 20-page indictment sheds light on how the alleged scam worked. On 40 occasions, prosecutors said, the women used identities stolen from prisoners to apply for student loans and Pell grants, which the Education Department mostly approved. The U.S. Treasury transferred the funds to the Federal Reserve Bank, which moved the money to an account used by Orange County colleges.

After taking fees, the colleges sent the rest to Bankmobile, an app-based bank with accounts in the fake students' names. Bankmobile transferred those funds to a personal account or mailed a prepaid debit card to an address provided by the fraudsters. In all, the Education Department released $980,000, prosecutors said.

If convicted, each woman could face 30 years in federal prison per count.

Valicenti, the doctor who got the $1,400 in a purported overpayment of his Pell grant, believes his identity was stolen during a 2021 data breach at UC Davis.

His odyssey led him to contact Saddleback College, a consumer credit company, the IRS, the police and the Education Department '-- which confirmed it sent the check.

''They wanted half of it back,'' said Valicenti. ''I said, don't you want the rest? This is not my money. They said no.''

He sent them $700.

Reach Nanette Asimov: nasimov@sfchronicle.com; Twitter: @NanetteAsimov

Link to Article

Archived Version

Thu, 08 Jun 2023 15:28

CNN '--

The Biden administration on Monday announced a goal to produce 50 million metric tons of clean hydrogen fuel by 2050 '' a roadmap that, if successful, would cut around 10% of the country's planet-warming pollution by the same date.

For the US to transition to clean energy, it will take technologies beyond wind and solar to fuel airplanes, generate electricity and power industry. And the Biden administration is increasingly looking towards hydrogen to meet the demand '' a source of energy that burns without pollution and that can be derived from water. But it also could be generated by the fossil fuels it seeks to replace.

Clean hydrogen is the ''Swiss army knife of zero-carbon technologies,'' US Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm told reporters Monday. ''If we get it right, it can do just about everything.''

Granholm and President Joe Biden's top climate adviser, Ali Zaidi, said they would reveal in September the locations of several new ''hydrogen hubs'' around the country. The hubs would serve as pilot projects for a reimagined, hydrogen-fueled economy that Zaidi said would ''fundamentally change the way we build things in America.''

''We believe it could decarbonize some of our hardest to abate sectors, like heavy industry and transportation,'' Granholm said. ''It could also generate clean, dispatchable electricity and provide options for long-duration energy storage.''

But hydrogen has its critics '' namely, those who are concerned about a potential over-reliance on hydrogen that is derived from fossil fuels like methane gas, versus hydrogen that can be created from water.

If hydrogen is made from fossil fuels, ''all it does is keep the fossil fuel industry in business, it does not help with climate,'' said Mark Jacobson, director of Stanford University's atmosphere and energy program, and a hydrogen expert.

A forthcoming academic study for which Jacobson is the lead author finds the US would need about 14 million metric tons of hydrogen per year by 2050 to achieve its decarbonization goals for steel, agriculture and heavy-duty transportation industries '' whereas the administration's figure would result in about 2 million metric tons per year.

''I think that's woefully inadequate for what we need,'' Jacobson said.

And while there's intense work happening on the technology, it is still years from being fully commercially viable.

''When you're creating an entirely new sector, which is really what this hydrogen clean economy will be, you have to do everything everywhere all at once,'' Granholm said.

The electricity sector is already seeing a shift to renewable energy like solar and wind, which are steadily replacing fossil fuels like coal and natural gas. But solar and wind energy aren't going to be helpful for the largest, most polluting vehicles and industries where batteries are not an option.

This is where hydrogen has the most potential.

Airplanes, for instance, require so much energy that any battery used to store electricity from solar or wind would likely be too large and heavy. Hydrogen, on the other hand, can come in liquid form and is far lighter.

Hydrogen also has the potential to help decarbonize heavy industry, which can be tough to power with wind and solar.

It factors into the Biden administration's overall strategy to decarbonize the power sector '' which holds the key to then decarbonizing transportation due to the rise of electric cars. Renewables such as wind and solar have a big role to play in zero-emissions power, but because sunlight and wind are intermittent, there is a scramble to find a source of electricity that can be easily turned on with the flick of a switch.

Hydrogen is one of the technologies that could help. The Environmental Protection Agency is factoring it into their proposed rule to cut power plant emissions '' suggesting that natural gas plants could co-fire with clean hydrogen.

''Clean'' hydrogen is a fraught term because hydrogen can be derived from several different sources '' some cleaner than others.

Green hydrogen, the cleanest form, is derived from electrolyzing water '' putting an electric current through water to separate molecules that can then be used as fuel. However, green hydrogen is only truly zero-emissions if the electricity it's created with comes from renewable sources.

Gray hydrogen is commonly used today and is derived from fossil fuels '' including methane gas '' and contributes to planet-warming emissions.

Blue hydrogen is also derived from fossil fuels like methane gas, but unlike gray hydrogen, its emissions are captured '' making it a potentially cleaner source of fuel. But Jacobson said capturing hydrogen emissions can be an expensive boondoggle; blue hydrogen needs to capture both hydrogen and carbon dioxide emissions '' and carbon capture doesn't also get at methane emissions from upstream gas operations.

Gray and blue hydrogen have drawn concern from environmental groups for their ties to fossil fuels. And even green hydrogen has some detractors who worry that using wind and solar to power hydrogen isn't the best use of renewable energy.

Still, Biden administration officials made clear they see the technology as one with huge potential to cut emissions and create new jobs.

Zaidi on Monday spoke of a factory in Minnesota that used to make diesel engines but is now manufacturing electrolyzers to make hydrogen. And Granholm estimated clean hydrogen would create around 100,000 jobs by the end of the decade.

''This is an enormous opportunity,'' Granholm said.

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Thu, 08 Jun 2023 15:27

Below is an adaptation of an internal update on Spotify's Podcast Business from Sahar Elhabashi, VP, Head of Podcast Business.

In early 2019, we saw an opportunity to invest in the small but rapidly growing podcasting space, and since then, we have helped transform the industry'...

Spotify is now the most-used audio podcast platform in most corners of the world and is also the No. 1 podcast publisher in the U.S. There are now more than 100 million Podcast listeners on Spotify (10x growth) Since we entered the space, over half a billion people have listened to a podcast on Spotify Consumption has grown more than 1,400% Podcast content has increased from 200,000 titles to over 5 million shows on Spotify 165 of Spotify's Original and Licensed shows hit #1 on our charts across 99 markets in 2022 Podcast ad revenue experienced high double-digit growth from 2021 to 2022 In addition to fueling a revolution for the medium, this massive group of creators and listeners has also taught us an enormous amount about where podcasting is today and where it is going tomorrow. We know that creators have embraced the global audience on our platform but want improved discovery to help them grow their audience. We also know that they appreciate our tools and creator support programs but want more optionality and flexibility in terms of monetization. Fortunately, Spotify is not a company that ever sits still.

Given these learnings and our leadership position, we recently embarked on the next phase of our podcast strategy, which is focused on delivering even more value for creators (and users!). This begins with maximizing consumption from the massive audience we've established through format innovation and ensuring that more creators in more places achieve success. Simultaneously, in collaboration with the podcasting community, we are broadening our analytics capabilities by expanding Spotify For Podcasters, which will help creators maximize their audience on Spotify and beyond. Underpinning this effort is a continued leveling up of our advertising offerings and the introduction of more business models to help more creators make meaningful money from their work.

We are expanding our partnership efforts with leading podcasters from across the globe with a tailored approach optimized for each show and creator. This fundamental pivot from a more uniform proposition will allow us to support the creator community better. However, doing so requires adapting; over the past few months, our senior leadership team has worked closely with HR to determine the optimal organization for this next chapter. As a result, we have made the difficult but necessary decision to make a strategic realignment of our group and reduce our global podcast vertical and other functions by approximately 200 people, or 2% of Spotify's workforce.

Unfortunately, this means saying goodbye to close colleagues and friends. We know news like this is never easy, especially for those impacted. These decisions are not something we take lightly. I want to express my appreciation for everything those leaving have done for podcasting and Spotify. Those impacted by this change have already received an invite for a 1:1 conversation today with a member of our HR team, and we are focused on ensuring that each step in this process is taken with the utmost empathy and respect. The company will support these individuals with generous severance packages, including extended Healthcare coverage and immediate access to outplacement support.

Looking ahead, as a key component of our focus on creators, we remain committed to original programming. As part of this next phase, we will be combining Parcast and Gimlet into a renewed Spotify Studios operation that will continue to produce a wide range of high-impact originals, including Stolen, The Journal, Science Vs, Heavyweight, Serial Killers, and Conspiracy Theories . The Ringer will continue to build its unrivaled programming slate across Sports, Culture, and Tech. Furthermore, both studios will greenlight new shows with an increased focus on always-on programming that drives strong, loyal audiences and attracts advertisers.

Julie McNamara (VP, Head of Global Podcast Studios) will continue to oversee the Spotify Studios organization, with Liliana Kim in charge of Current Content for Spotify Studios alongside Liz Gateley, who will be Head of Development. Bill Simmons will continue as MD of The Ringer and Head of Podcast Innovation and Monetization, working with Julie and me to enhance our monetization opportunities across all our podcasts. We will continue to expand our teams that support creator partnerships under Bryan Thoensen (Head of Content Partnerships) as we increase our focus on the millions of creators building audiences and businesses on our platform.

Our continued success in growing the podcast ecosystem is predicated on the necessity that the Spotify Machine is always in motion. And with these changes, we will accelerate into the next chapter for podcasts on Spotify with strong discovery and podcast habits for users, thriving monetization and audience growth for creators, and a valuable, high-margin business for Spotify. I want to thank everyone for your continued understanding and collaboration. I firmly believe in this team and that this next phase brings opportunities beyond anything we've seen.

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Thu, 08 Jun 2023 14:33

Pairwise, an agricultural biotechnology company, created Conscious Greens Purple Power Baby Greens Blend, the first CRISPR-edited food available to U.S. consumers.

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Story at a glance:

Pairwise, an agricultural biotechnology company, created Conscious Greens Purple Power Baby Greens Blend, the first CRISPR-edited food available to U.S. consumers.The company used CRISPR, or clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat, to edit mustard greens' DNA, removing a gene that gives them their pungent flavor.The greens are first being rolled out in restaurants in St. Louis, Springfield, Massachusetts, and the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, before heading to U.S. grocery stores '-- beginning in the Pacific Northwest.In 2022, researchers with Boston Children's Hospital revealed that using CRISPR in human cell lines increased the risk of large rearrangements of DNA, which could increase cancer risk.Because regulators don't consider gene-edited foods to be genetically modified organisms (GMOs), they don't have to be labeled.Mustard greens are a nutrient-dense source of vitamins and minerals, but their bitter flavor makes them unpalatable to many. To remedy the problem, Tom Adams, cofounder and CEO of Pairwise, told Wired, ''We basically created a new category of salad.''

The agricultural biotechnology company, founded in 2017, had raised $90 million by 2021, and $115 million total, ''to bring new varieties of fruits and vegetables to market.''

Its first product, Conscious Greens Purple Power Baby Greens Blend, is also the first CRISPR-edited food available to U.S. consumers.

Gene-edited mustard greens coming to U.S. stores

Pairwise scientists used the gene-editing technology known as CRISPR, to edit mustard greens' DNA, removing a gene that gives them their pungent flavor.

The greens are first being rolled out in restaurants and other locations in St. Louis, Springfield, Massachusetts and the Minneapolis-St. Paul area, before heading to U.S. grocery stores '-- beginning in the Pacific Northwest.

Pairwise is careful to describe itself as a ''pioneering food startup,'' trying to distance itself from its true biotechnology roots. It describes the gene-edited greens as:

''A mix of colorful Superfood leafy greens with a unique, fresh flavor and up to double the nutrition of romaine. Using CRISPR technologies to improve taste and nutrition in produce, Conscious Greens are field-grown Superfood greens that eat like lettuce, offering a versatile new option for chefs and salad lovers alike.''

The company has also built a glossy PR campaign to make its motives seem altruistic and necessary to improve Americans' diets.

In a news release, Haven Baker, Pairwise co-founder, and chief business officer, stated:

''We're proud to be bringing the first CRISPR food product to the U.S. We set out to solve an important problem '-- that most lettuce isn't very nutritious, and other types of greens are too bitter or too hard to eat.

''Using CRISPR, we've been able to improve new types of nutritious greens to make them more desirable for consumers, and we did it in a quarter of the time of traditional breeding methods. Launching Conscious Greens through this exciting partnership with PFG [Performance Food Group] is a major milestone in achieving our mission to build a healthier world through better fruits and vegetables.''

But are CRISPR foods really better '-- or do they pose unknown, and potentially serious, risks to the environment and the people who eat them? Further, it's not going to stop here. Pairwise is already working on using CRISPR to create blackberries with no seeds and cherries without pits.

The idea that genetic modification is going to compel people to eat mustard greens when they otherwise wouldn't is also highly questionable. So the company's claims that its gene-edited products will boost Americans' nutritional intake are likely to fall flat.

Is CRISPR really an exact science?

CRISPR is being increasingly used to tinker with natural foods. In addition to altering taste, CRISPR is being used to extend shelf life and create foods that resist certain bacteria and viruses.

Whereas genetic engineering involves the introduction of foreign genes, CRISPR involves manipulating or editing existing DNA. It's said to be ''exceptionally precise.''

In an interview with Yale Insights, Dr. Gregory Licholai, a biotech entrepreneur, explained CRISPR this way:

''So as you probably know, our book of life is made of DNA. DNA itself is many millions of base-pairs, which is like a language. And within that language, there are certain regions which code for genes, and those genes are incredibly important because those genes go on to make up everything about us.

''There's 40,000 proteins that become outputs of those genes and they are involved in our health, our wellbeing, and any defect in those genes becomes problematic and causes disease.

''What was previously attempted with gene editing was to manipulate genetic information in blocks, basically in big pieces. It's kind of like trying to edit a book by only being able to rip out a page at a time and transfer a page at a time, without really being able to control the actual words. The power of this technology: it literally comes down to the individual letters.

''So the precision is far better than anything that has happened before. The excitement in the scientific community is being able to go in and very precisely make changes in DNA of actual genes that you can actually turn off bad genes or you can potentially repair genes that have got mutations in them where the code is written incorrectly.''

But CRISPR isn't always an exact science. As is often the case when it comes to tinkering with genetics, gene editing has led to unexpected side effects, including enlarged tongues and extra vertebrae in animals.

Further, when researchers at the U.K.'s Wellcome Sanger Institute systematically studied mutations from CRISPR-Cas9 in mouse and human cells, large genetic rearrangements were observed, including DNA deletions and insertions, near the target site.

The DNA deletions could end up activating genes that should stay ''off,'' such as cancer-causing genes, as well as silencing those that should be ''on.''

Risks of humans manipulating the genetic code

In 2022, researchers with Boston Children's Hospital revealed that using CRISPR in human cell lines increased the risk of large rearrangements of DNA, which could increase cancer risk. Such rearrangements occurred up to 6% of the time.

In a news release, Boston Children's Hospital explained:

''CRISPR seems to exacerbate a natural process known as retrotransposition, in which DNA sequences known as ''mobile elements'' or ''jumping genes'' replicate themselves and move from one location in the genome to another. Similar to CRISPR, these mobile elements use enzymes to create a double-stranded break in DNA where they insert themselves.

''Retrotransposition is often harmless '-- in fact, over the course of evolution, mobile elements have come to make up approximately a third of our genome. (Some scientists believe they are actually ancient viruses.) But mobile elements have also been linked to disease, including cancer. When the breaks they create in DNA aren't repaired, mismatched ends of DNA can join, leading to rearrangements.''

In another warning, researchers attempted to use CRISPR-Cas9 to repair a mutation linked to hereditary blindness in human embryos.

But when they did, it led to ''genetic havoc'' in about half of the cells, triggering them to lose entire chromosomes.

''We're often used to hearing about papers where CRISPR is very successful,'' Nicole Kaplan, a geneticist at New York University, told The New York Times.

''But with the amount of power we hold '... [it is crucial] '... to understand consequences we didn't intend.''

What's more, Licholai said, is that genes edited with CRISPR may be transferred to other organisms and become part of the environment:

''One of the biggest risks of CRISPR is what's called gene drive, or genetic drive. What that means is that because you're actually manipulating genes and those genes get incorporated into the genome, into the encyclopedia, basically, that sits within cells, potentially those genes can then be transferred on to other organisms.

''And once they're transferred on to other organisms, once they become part of the cycle, then those genes are in the environment.

''That's probably the biggest fear of CRISPR. Humans manipulating the genetic code, and those manipulations get passed on generation to generation to generation.

''We think we know what we're doing, we think we're measuring exactly what changes we're doing to the genes, but there's always the possibility that either we miss something or our technology can't pick up on other changes that have been made that haven't been directed by us.

''And the fear then is that those changes lead to antibiotic resistance or other mutations that go out into the population and would be very difficult to control. Basically creating incurable diseases or other potential mutations that we wouldn't really have control over.''

USDA is testing gene-edited insects

Even though the unintended consequences of gene editing are unknown and potentially devastating, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is working with a U.S. company to test gene-edited insects in greenhouses.

The insects, spotted wing drosophila, cause damage to many fruit crops. The project uses CRISPR to add genes to kill female drosophila while sterilizing males.

Glassy-winged sharpshooters, which spread bacteria that devastate vineyards, are also being targeted with CRISPR.

A carbohydrate in the insects' mouth allows the targeted bacteria to stick. Researchers intend to insert genes into sharpshooters' mouths to make them a nonstick surface, causing bacteria to slide off.

''Chemicals can only travel so far before they degrade in the environment,'' Jason Delborne, North Carolina State University professor of science, policy and society, told MIT Technology Review.

''If you introduce a gene-edited organism that can move through the environment, you have the potential to change or transform environments across a huge spatial and temporal scale.''

And therein lies the problem. Once released into the environment, there's no turning back '-- and no way of knowing what other changes could occur from this genetic manipulation, at a worldwide scale.

FDA says gene-edited beef Is 'low risk'

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced in March 2022 that Recombinetics' gene-edited cattle received a low-risk determination for marketing products, including food, made from their meat.

''This is the FDA's first low-risk determination for enforcement discretion for an IGA [intentional genomic alteration] in an animal for food use,'' the FDA reported.

The animals' genes were modified to make their coats shorter and slicker. The genetic modification to their coats is intended to help them better withstand heat stress, allowing them to gain more weight and increase the efficiency of meat production '-- but at what cost?

While a lengthy approval process is typically necessary for gene-edited animals to enter the food market, the FDA streamlined the process for gene-edited cattle, allowing them to skirt the regular approval process.

The agency stated the gene-edited beef cattle do not raise any safety concerns because the gene modifications result in the same genetic makeup seen in so-called ''slick coat'' cattle, which are conventionally bred.

But in 2019, Brazil stopped its plans to allow a herd of Recombinetics' gene-edited cattle after unexpected DNA changes were uncovered.

As with the FDA, Brazilian regulators had determined that Recombinetics could proceed without any special oversight since their gene-editing involved modifying cattle with a naturally occurring trait.

In this case, instead of altering the cattle's coats, Recombinetics was editing the cattle to be hornless '-- until something went wrong. A piece of bacterial DNA used to deliver the desired gene had become pasted into a cow's genome, essentially rendering it ''part bacteria.''

Regardless, in 2022, Recombinetics stated its gene-edited meat products would be available to ''select customers in the global market soon'' while general consumers would be able to purchase gene-edited meat in as few as two years.

Gene-edited foods aren't labeled

Because regulators don't consider gene-edited foods to be GMOs, they don't have to be labeled. However, 75% of Americans want gene-edited foods to carry a label.

As gene-edited foods become more common in the marketplace if you'd like to avoid them, choose organic foods, which cannot be gene-edited at this time.

You can also get to know a local farmer who has no intention of using this technology and grow as much of your own food as possible. This way, you'll have full control over what is, and isn't, in your food supply.

Originally published by Mercola.

The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of Children's Health Defense.

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Thu, 08 Jun 2023 13:31

MOSCOW, June 7. /TASS/. Moscow will make efforts to find out the circumstances of the explosion of the Togliatti-Odessa ammonia pipeline, but it is already obvious that it was never Kiev that was interested in resuming its operation, Russian Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Maria Zakharova said.

"We will, of course, make efforts to find out the circumstances of the accident, but we can already say that the only country that was never interested in reviving the pipeline was, of course, [Ukraine and] the Kiev regime," she said.

According to the diplomat, the restoration of the damaged ammonia pipeline will take one to three months. "According to preliminary estimates, the repair and restoration work [on the ammonia pipeline] will take about one to three months, provided that the site is accessible," Zakharova said.

The diplomat pointed out that the ammonia pipeline was key to global food security, with 2 million tons of raw material pumped through it annually and used to produce fertilizer "enough to feed 45 million people."

"Thus, the Kiev regime has not only eliminated the physical possibility of supplying ammonia to world markets, but it has also dealt a blow to the overall efforts to combat hunger and help needy countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, as well as to the personal efforts of UN Secretary-General [Antonio] Guterres, who has put forward a separate initiative on the ammonia pipeline and, more generally, proposed the Istanbul grain deal, whose humanitarian significance is unfortunately diminishing before our eyes," she added.

Ammonia pipeline depressurizationOn Monday, the head of the regional administration Oleg Sinegubov announced the depressurization of an ammonia pipeline in the Kupyansk district of the Kharkov Region. Headquarters were deployed to eliminate the consequences of the incident; specialists are taking air samples.

The resumption of operation of the ammonia pipeline between Togliatti and Odessa is part of the package deal that envisaged the export of Ukrainian grain via the Black Sea. The grain deal was extended for two months from May 18. The Russian Foreign Ministry had earlier pointed out that the part of the agreement concerning obligations to Moscow had not been fulfilled. Moscow insists on reconnecting Russian Agricultural Bank (Rosselkhozbank) back to the SWIFT system; resuming supplies of agricultural machinery, spare parts and service, lifting restrictions on insurance and reinsurance; lifting the ban on access to ports; resuming operation of the Togliatti-Odessa ammonia pipeline and unblocking foreign assets and accounts of Russian companies involved in the production and transportation of food and fertilizers. In connection with the extension of the deal, Moscow said it hoped that its conditions would be met, otherwise the deal would not be extended.

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Thu, 08 Jun 2023 13:29

The Russian military during the fighting near the village of Novaya Tavolzhanka captured a valuable and rare trophy - a British reconnaissance drone PD-100 Black Hornet Nano. The incident occurred during an ambush set up by a special forces group on the militants of the Kraken battalion (banned on the territory of the Russian Federation). It is reported that the militants were completely destroyed during the battle.

The British PD-100 Black Hornet Nano drone, also known as the "Black Hornet", is a unique piece of military equipment that is of great interest to Russian experts for further study. The PD-100 Black Hornet Nano is a miniature helicopter type drone designed for covert reconnaissance. Its dimensions are so small that it fits in the palm of your hand: the length is only 100 mm, the diameter of the rotor is 120 mm, and the weight is 16 g. At the same time, the weight of a complete set with a remote control and a display is about 1 kg.

The drone is equipped with almost silent propellers, so it can be used for reconnaissance inside buildings. He is able to quietly penetrate a window or a hole in the wall, which makes him extremely useful in combat operations in urban areas. The only drawback of the drone is the relatively short battery life of only 25 minutes.

At the moment, there are no such drones in the arsenal of the Russian army, so the captured trophy will be transferred to a specialized institute for detailed study.

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Thu, 08 Jun 2023 13:26

Child porn peddlers use codes like ''cheese pizza'' and exploit the features of Meta's platform, researchers say

Buyers and sellers of underage-sex content have developed a thriving network thanks to the discovery algorithms in Instagram, the photo-sharing platform owned by the Silicon Valley giant Meta, the Wall Street Journal reported on Wednesday.

''Instagram connects pedophiles and guides them to content sellers via recommendation systems that excel at linking those who share niche interests,'' the Journal reported, based on investigations it conducted jointly with Stanford University and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Sexualized accounts on the platform are ''brazen'' about their interests, but don't post illegal materials openly, choosing to offer ''menus'' of content instead, according to the researchers. They also use certain emojis as code, in which a map stands for ''minor-attracted person'' '' a euphemism for pedophile '' and cheese pizza is shorthand for ''child pornography,'' said Brian Levine, director of the UMass Rescue Lab at Amherst. Many users describe themselves as ''lovers of the little things in life,'' he said.

Even a passing contact with a pedophile account can trigger Instagram's algorithm to begin recommending it to other users. One example quoted by the Journal involves Sarah Adams, a Canadian mother who combats child exploitation. In February, one of her followers messaged her with an account promoting ''incest toddlers,'' and Adams viewed its profile briefly in order to report it as inappropriate. Over the next few days, Adams said, she received messages from horrified parents who visited her profile only to receive recommendations to view the pedophile one.

''Instagram's problem comes down to content-discovery features, the ways topics are recommended and how much the platform relies on search and links between accounts,'' David Thiel, chief technologist at the Stanford Internet Observatory who previously worked at Meta, told the Journal.

Researchers said that the platform also allows searches that Meta acknowledges are illegal. Users get a pop-up that notifies them that the content may feature ''child sexual abuse'' and offers them two options: ''Get resources'' and ''See results anyway.''

The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children, a nonprofit that works with US law enforcement, received 31.9 million reports of child pornography in 2022. Meta-owned platforms accounted for 85% of the reports, with some five million coming from Instagram alone.

Stanford researchers found some child-sex accounts on Twitter as well, but less than a third than they found on Instagram, which has a far larger user base estimated at 1.3 billion. Twitter also did not recommend such accounts as much, and took them down far faster.

''Child exploitation is a horrific crime,'' a Meta spokesperson told the Journal when the company was contacted about the findings. Mark Zuckerberg's company acknowledged it has had ''problems within its enforcement operations'' and said it had set up an internal task force to address the situation.

Meta actively tries to remove child pornography, banning 490,000 accounts in January alone and taking down 27 pedophile networks over the past two years. The company also said it had cracked down on sexualized hashtags and adjusted its recommendation system since receiving the Journal's inquiry.

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Archived Version

Thu, 08 Jun 2023 13:02

Parents jailed for killing morbidly obese teenage daughter

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According to the latest Health Survey for England, 64 percent of the adults in the country are either overweight or obese.

Obesity is one of the leading causes of severe health conditions such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and cancer. In this way, it is estimated to cost the NHS £6.5billion each year.

In the past three decades, the proportion of people who are obese - defined as having a body mass index of 30 or above - has almost doubled from 14.9 to 28 percent, equivalent to some 12 million people today.

On Wednesday, the Government announced a £40million two-year pilot programme to give people living with the condition access to the newest breakthrough weight-loss drugs, in a drive hailed as a "game-changer" by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak.

Behind the national crisis, new data analysis by Express.co.uk has found obesity affects the lives of people in some areas of England far more than others.

READ MORE: 'Healthy people living longer to blame for rising healthcare costs not obesity'

If you have high cholesterol it means you have too much of a fatty substance called cholesterol in your blood. A major risk factor for having high cholesterol is diet, with foods high in saturated fats the biggest contributor.

However, diet can also help lower cholesterol levels. An expert spoke with Express.co.uk about how to do so.

Fenland in Cambridgeshire reported the highest percentage of obese adults in the country last year, at 40.1 percent. This means, in the largely rural area surrounding the market town of Wisbech, two in every five people are critically overweight.

The district struggles with persistently poor health indicators. Back in 2018, the council published a four-year Health and Wellbeing Strategy to tackle this. Its report found that Cambridgeshire had 16 neighbourhoods among the 20 percent most deprived nationally.

Of these, 12 were in Fenland. Four of these were among the ten percent most deprived in the country, all of which were in Wisbech. Research has consistently shown that poverty is a primary driver of poor health.

Previous analysis by Express.co.uk found Fenland was also home to the highest ratio of smokers per capita in England (27.8 percent), and is one of only two remaining areas where over a quarter of the population smoke, alongside Hastings.

No other local authority in England breaks the 40 percent obesity threshold, but a handful come close. In Kingston upon Hull, 39.4 percent of residents are obese, followed by Great Yarmouth (39.1 percent) and Barnsley (38.3 percent).

The Government has now thrown its full support behind Semaglutide - a new drug that targets the area of the brain that regulates a person's appetite, with the potential to reduce bodyweight by 15 percent in a year.

Earlier this year, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) recommended its use for adults with a BMI of at least 35 and one comorbidity such as diabetes or high blood pressure.

Health and Social Care Secretary Steve Barclay said on Wednesday: "This next generation of obesity drugs have the potential to help people lose significant amounts of weight, when prescribed with exercise, diet and behavioural support.

"Tackling obesity will help to reduce pressure on the NHS and cut waiting times, one of the government's five priorities, and this pilot will help people live longer, healthier lives."

The drug, however, manufactured by Danish pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk, is not yet available in the UK due to supply constraints.

(C) GETTY Ozempic drug New research has also linked increased rates of obesity to lower productivity levels, suggesting the condition represents an economic obstacle as well as a health crisis.

Commenting on the report, its author Richard Sloggett - a former Government special adviser on health - said: "The most deprived parts of England have obesity rates 1.5 times higher than the least deprived areas. Hospital admissions related to obesity are three times higher in the most deprived areas than the least deprived.

"You cannot credibly talk about economic growth and 'levelling up' without a plan for tackling obesity."

(C) GETTY, Express Obesity map

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Thu, 08 Jun 2023 13:01

House Oversight Chairman James Comer (R-KY) announced late Wednesday that the FBI agreed to allow every member of his committee to see a document containing bribery allegations against President Joe Biden.

This concession by the bureau led the oversight panel to remove a business meeting to vote on holding FBI Director Christopher Wray in contempt of Congress for defying a subpoena from the schedule for Thursday, according to Comer's team.

''After weeks of refusing to even admit the FD-1023 record exists, the FBI has caved and is now allowing all members of the Oversight and Accountability Committee to review this unclassified record that memorializes a confidential human source's conversations with a foreign national who claimed to have bribed then-Vice President Joe Biden,'' Comer said in a statement.

''Americans have lost trust in the FBI's ability to enforce the law impartially and demand answers, transparency, and accountability. Allowing all Oversight Committee members to review this record is an important step toward conducting oversight of the FBI and holding it accountable to the American people,'' Comer added.

The announcement is the latest twist in a weeks-long standoff in which Comer has sought to gain custody of a particular FBI FD-1023 form, going off whistleblower disclosures. Such forms are used by the FBI to record information from a confidential human source.

After allowing Comer and Rep. Jamie Raskin (D-MD), the ranking member of the committee, to view a redacted copy of the document on Monday in a secure room in the U.S. Capitol, the FBI insisted that an ''escalation to a contempt vote under these circumstances is unwarranted.''

A statement from the bureau said the FBI ''demonstrated'' a commitment to accommodate the Oversight Committee's request while also taking precautions ''often employed in response to congressional requests and in court proceedings to protect important concerns, such as the physical safety of sources and the integrity of investigations.''

Now, in addition to all Oversight Committee members being able to review the document, they will receive a briefing while the FBI will make two additional documents referenced in the FD-1023 form available for Comer and Raskin to review, the chairman's team announced.

It remains unclear if such allowances by the FBI will be sufficient to ward off a contempt vote in the future, as Comer has up until now seemed adamant about getting custody of the unclassified document, not just reviewing it.

''In the spirit of good faith, the FBI has offered Chairman Comer yet further accommodations in response to his subpoena, including to allow all Oversight Committee Members to review in camera the second-hand allegations by Ukrainian individuals reported in the tip sheet,'' Raskin said in a statement on Wednesday evening. ''Chairman Comer's acceptance of these further accommodations comes after he has spent weeks attacking the FBI despite its extraordinary efforts to provide Committee Republicans the information they claim to seek.''

The Biden team has been openly dismissive of Comer's investigative efforts. ''This silly charade by Chairman Comer is yet another reminder that his so-called 'investigations' are political stunts not meant to get information but to spread thin innuendo and falsehoods to attack the President,'' White House spokesperson Ian Sams said in a recent statement.

Comer says the document pertains to Ukraine with the allegations that fit a pattern seen with other countries, such as Romania, regarding suspicious transactions involving millions of dollars funneled through banks and shell companies linked to members of Biden's family.

Without the FD-1023 record sought by Comer, the committee cannot determine whether or not the allegations it contains pose a national security risk, and the panel is hindered in its ability to gather more evidence that could inform future legislation that could strengthen disclosure requirements, said a report that accompanied a contempt resolution released earlier on Wednesday.

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The 17-page report, which explained the background of the month-long standoff over the subpoena and the committee's rationale for moving forward with contempt, also divulged that Biden's son Hunter is tied to the allegations.

''The details of the allegations span meetings and conversations that occurred over several years,'' the report says. ''The allegations in the FD-1023 form are complex; detail business ventures; reference large payment amounts and the reasons why the foreign national is financially involved with Joe Biden and Hunter Biden; and discuss the financial complexity of the alleged scheme.''

The younger Biden's tax affairs are under investigation by U.S. Attorney David Weiss in Delaware, where former Attorney General William Barr told The Federalist he relayed an inquiry into the allegations. Comer says FBI officials have conveyed to Congress the FD-1023 form is ''currently being used in an ongoing investigation.''

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Archived Version

Thu, 08 Jun 2023 13:00

Less than half of people in Great Britain agree that transgender teenagers should be allowed to receive counselling and hormone treatment, polling suggests.

Britain placed 28th out of 30 countries for the proportion of people agreeing that teenagers with parental consent should be able to access ''gender-affirming'' care. Only Hungary, which banned transgender people from legally changing their gender in 2020, and the US recorded lower levels of support than Britain's 47%.

Britain was also in the bottom half of the countries polled on the question of whether transgender people should be protected from discrimination in employment, housing and access to restaurants and shops, with almost one in four saying they disagreed with protections or were not sure.

Only 40% of people in Britain believe transgender people should be allowed to use single-sex facilities such as public toilets that correspond to the gender they identify with, compared with 55% across the 30-country average, 70% in Italy, 65% in Spain and the Netherlands and 79% in Thailand, which was consistently the most pro-transgender nation in the Ipsos survey.

It found nearly two in three people in Britain believe transgender people face a great deal or fair amount of discrimination.

Teenagers chartThe figures, gathered between February and March this year, follow a high-profile controversy over the NHS Gender Identity Development Service at the Tavistock and Portman NHS foundation trust in London, which offered therapy and hormone blockers for children. Inspections found it ''inadequate'' and it is due to close next year.

An independent review of the service by the paediatrician Dr Hilary Cass highlighted the lack of agreement ''and in many instances a lack of open discussion'' on the nature of ''gender incongruence'' in young people, and whether it was ''an inherent and immutable phenomenon for which transition is the best option for the individual, or a more fluid and temporal response to a range of developmental, social, and psychological factors.''

Facilities chartThe 2021 census of England and Wales found 262,000 people identified as a gender different to their sex registered at birth '' 0.5% of the population that responded.

Responding to the polling, the LGBT+ anti-abuse charity Galop said hostility towards trans and non-binary people in the UK was growing.

''We have trans, non-binary and gender non-conforming people in our services who are deliberately dehydrating themselves to avoid using public toilets for fear of attack or harassment, as well as seeing butch cis women experiencing higher levels of hostility in single-sex public spaces,'' said Leni Morris, the chief executive. ''In the last six months, our services have seen a 74% increase in trans and non-binary people seeking support after experiencing transphobic hate crimes compared with the previous six months.''

Discrimination chartAn Ipsos spokesperson said: ''Britons' support for gender-affirming measures is mixed and falls in the bottom six of the 30 countries surveyed across a range of measures. Among the 30 countries covered, support for various pro-transgender measures is consistently high in Thailand, Italy, Spain and throughout Latin America; it tends to be lowest in South Korea, throughout eastern Europe, in Great Britain and in the United States, where transgender rights and protections have become polarising political issues.''

The LGBT Foundation, a charity, said: ''Support for gender-affirming measures, which are transformative and life-saving, is at alarmingly low levels.''

It noted that the polling also showed a small reduction in support for same-sex marriage since 2021, although it was still a majority. ''This seems to indicate a situation where the public is largely supportive of our communities but not always supportive of the measures that bring us equality,'' it said.

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Archived Version

Thu, 08 Jun 2023 02:14

Mel Gibson is trending on social media over reports he's making a docuseries exposing a multi-billion-dollar global child sex trafficking market

Thousands have weighed in, with the rumor's validity supported by Gibson's previous backing for the anti-sex-trafficking charity Operation Underground Railroad (O.U.R.).

Gibson's place in the film industry has been shaky over the past few decades, as he's been accused of making several racist, antisemitic and sexist comments. While he has appeared to have left Hollywood behind at times, he's then come back with movies like Hacksaw Ridge, Daddy's Home 2 and Father Stu.

Mel Gibson arrives at the UK Premiere of 'Daddy's Home 2' at the Vue West End on November 16, 2017, in London, England. He's trending online after news broke that he's allegedly creating a four-part docuseries exposing a child sex trafficking ring.Despite the founder of O.U.R., Tim Ballard suggesting in January 2023 that Gibson was involved in his upcoming four-part docuseries, Gibson's representative has told Newsweek that none of the reports are accurate.

Still, high-profile political influencers on social media have offered Gibson their support for the reports of his upcoming documentary. With that in mind, what do we know about the child sex trafficking documentary series?

What Is the Documentary About?On Tuesday, the Twitter page Leading Report tweeted what it claimed to be breaking news.

"Mel Gibson is allegedly making a 4-part docuseries on the $34 billion global child sex trafficking market involving countries like Ukraine," it wrote. The tweet was viewed over 4 million times with tens of thousands of people liking, commenting and retweeting the news.

BREAKING: Mel Gibson is allegedly making a 4-part docu-series on the $34 billion global child sex trafficking market involving countries like Ukraine.

'-- Leading Report (@LeadingReport) June 6, 2023The site wasn't the only one to confirm the news, with social media influencer Matt Wallace also sharing his "inside scoop" with his 1 million Twitter followers. Repeating Leading Report's statement, Wallace said: "It's time to expose the truth."

Several links are being made between Gibson and the nonprofit O.U.R., which was founded and run by former CIA member Ballard. A picture of Gibson wearing an O.U.R. branded hat was shared online, suggesting an announcement was coming soon from Ballard, but the picture was originally posted online in July 2022 as evidenced by a Reddit thread.

Journalist Katherine Brodsky questioned the validity of the initial claims made by Leading Report, suggesting that they have no source for this "breaking news."

Newsweek found the original footage where the claim was made by Ballard.

Links to Operation Underground RailroadBallard, the founder of O.U.R., spoke at a conference in Utah in January 2023 and detailed his relationship with Gibson, revealing the actor's passion for his charity.

Though he's not credited on IMDb, Ballard claims Gibson did the final edit for his movie Sound of Freedom. Through this relationship, Ballard claims Gibson rang him at the start of the war in Ukraine in 2022, and asked him to help rescue children from the country.

"I told Mel, 'You gotta help me. This is gonna be expensive. I won't ask you for direct donation but can you help me film this? Let's film what's happening so we can get people to understand and they can support us,'" Ballard said onstage in Utah, confirming that Gibson had agreed to help him.

Mel Gibson at the "Father Stu" photo call in California in 2022, and (R) Tim Ballard, founder of the charity Operation Underground Railroad, pictured in 2016. Ballard said in January 2023 that Gibson had asked him to help save children in Ukraine after the war with Russia broke out. Jon Kopaloff / Robin Marchant/Getty Images"Four months later, what I thought was going to be maybe a documentary about Ukraine, ends up being a four-part docuseries, that's almost done." Ballard goes on to reveal that Ukrainians gave him over 10,000 names of children who'd been displaced by the war with Russia. "I know that human trafficking is a $32 billion-a-year business. It's the fastest growing criminal enterprise in the world."

While Leading Report claimed to have a "breaking" news story that Gibson is behind an alleged four-part docuseries, this information has actually been online since January 2023.

What Has Mel Gibson Said About a Docuseries?Nothing'--to put it bluntly.

The reports of him taking part in this, or other O.U.R. projects haven't been confirmed. O.U.R. previously released documentary movies, and has an upcoming action movie called Sound of Freedom, based on Ballard's real-life experiences. The movie will star Jim Caviezel, Gibson's friend and former collaborator from 2004's The Passion of the Christ.

According to former Republican nominee for Arizona governor Kari Lake, making a docuseries about preventing child sex trafficking would be something in keeping with Gibson's motives.

We talked about the tragedy at our border and the horrific child trafficking that's happening the day this photo was taken.Mel Gibson's heart and soul are in the right place.

We are praying for you and rooting for you. God bless you Mel! https://t.co/GLO8GcOEte pic.twitter.com/jIaYEmur2M

'-- Kari Lake (@KariLake) June 7, 2023"We talked about the tragedy at our border and the horrific child trafficking that's happening the day this photo was taken," Lake wrote, sharing a picture of herself with Gibson. "Mel Gibson's heart and soul are in the right place. We are praying for you and rooting for you. God bless you Mel!"

Mel Gibson's Past CommentsGibson has certainly caused controversy with some of his quotes over the years.

In 2006, he said: "Jews are responsible for all the wars in the world." The antisemitic rhetoric that has followed Gibson's career meant it was surprising to hear earlier this year that he was attached to direct a movie about the Rothschilds, the wealthy German Jewish family that has been the subject of many antisemitic conspiracy theories.

In January, Gibson's representatives told Newsweek the reports weren't true.

While also sharing the alleged news that Gibson would release a four-part docuseries exposing "billionaires, Hollywood and countries like Ukraine," the popular Twitter user @Resist_05 resurfaced a 2002 clip of Gibson on the British talk show Parkinson.

"It's a very strange place Hollyweird'--wood. It's an odd place. And you imagine all these horror stories and you think 'boy, it seems as if, I'm being sacrificed over here? No that couldn't be true.' And then you realize that it is true."

Mel Gibson is going to release a 4 part documentary exposing the 34 billion dollar child sex trafficking business. It's reported he will expose billionaires, Hollywood and countries like the Ukraine'...ðŸ--¥ðŸ--¥ðŸ--¥ pic.twitter.com/C4BKrgaObd

'-- Pelham (@Resist_05) June 7, 2023Gibson has been accused of making even more extreme claims about Hollywood's elite. Quotes attributed to Gibson read: "Worldwide, children are stolen and sold to pedophile rings. They're tortured, raped, and murdered as part of satanic ritual ceremonies. The murderers then drink the children's blood and they eat their flesh."

The quotes went viral in March this year, but a Newsweek fact check found them to be falsely attributed to him. Gibson's spokesperson denied claims he'd ever made such comments.

After news of his unconfirmed docuseries was announced online, several social media users, including the aforementioned Wallace on his YouTube channel, resurfaced another old quote supposedly from Gibson.

The quote, which was fact-checked and proven to be false in 2020 by Reuters, suggests Gibson claimed Hollywood had its own set of "sacred texts" that "couldn't be more at odds with what America stands for."

Update 06/07/23, 11:05 a.m. ET: This article was updated with comment from Gibson's representative.

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Archived Version

Wed, 07 Jun 2023 21:34

The US has been urged to disclose evidence of UFOs after a whistleblower former intelligence official said the government has possession of ''intact and partially intact'' alien vehicles.

The former intelligence official David Grusch, who led analysis of unexplained anomalous phenomena (UAP) within a US Department of Defense agency, has alleged that the US has craft of non-human origin.

Information on these vehicles is being illegally withheld from Congress, Grusch told the Debrief. Grusch said when he turned over classified information about the vehicles to Congress he suffered retaliation from government officials. He left the government in April after a 14-year career in US intelligence.

Jonathan Grey, a current US intelligence official at the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (Nasic), confirmed the existence of ''exotic materials'' to the Debrief, adding: ''We are not alone.''

The disclosures come after a swell of credible sightings and reports have revived attention in alien ships, and potentially visits, in recent years.

In 2021, the Pentagon released a report on UAP '' the term is preferred to UFO by much of the extraterrestrial community '' which found more than 140 instances of UAP encounters that could not be explained.

The report followed a leak of military footage that showed apparently inexplicable happenings in the sky, while navy pilots testified that they had frequently had encounters with strange craft off the US coast.

In an interview with the Debrief journalists Leslie Kean and Ralph Blumenthal, who previously exposed the existence of a secret Pentagon program that investigated UFOs, Grusch said the US government and defense contractors had been recovering fragments of non-human craft, and in some cases entire craft, for decades.

''We are not talking about prosaic origins or identities,'' Grusch said. ''The material includes intact and partially intact vehicles.''

Grusch told the Debrief that analysis determined that this material is ''of exotic origin'' '' meaning ''non-human intelligence, whether extraterrestrial or unknown origin''.

''[This assessment is] based on the vehicle morphologies and material science testing and the possession of unique atomic arrangements and radiological signatures,'' Grusch said.

Grey, who, according to the Debrief, analyzes unexplained anomalous phenomena within the Nasic, confirmed Grusch's account.

''The non-human intelligence phenomenon is real. We are not alone,'' Grey said. ''Retrievals of this kind are not limited to the United States. This is a global phenomenon, and yet a global solution continues to elude us.''

The Debrief spoke to several of Grusch's former colleagues, each of whom vouched for his character. Karl E Nell, a retired army colonel, said Grusch was ''beyond reproach''. In a 2022 performance review seen by the Debrief, Grusch was described as ''an officer with the strongest possible moral compass''.

Nick Pope, who spent the early 1990s investigating UFOs for the British Ministry of Defence (MoD), said Grusch and Grey's account of alien materials was ''very significant''.

''It's one thing to have stories on the conspiracy blogs, but this takes it to the next level, with genuine insiders coming forward,'' Pope said.

''When these people make these formal complaints, they do so on the understanding that if they've knowingly made a false statement, they are liable to a fairly hefty fine, and/or prison.

''People say: 'Oh, people make up stories all the time.' But I think it's very different to go before Congress and go to the intelligence community inspector general and do that. Because there will be consequences if it emerges that this is not true.''

The Debrief reported that Grusch's knowledge of non-human materials and vehicles was based on ''extensive interviews with high-level intelligence officials''. He said he had reported the existence of a UFO material ''recovery program'' to Congress.

''Grusch said that the craft recovery operations are ongoing at various levels of activity and that he knows the specific individuals, current and former, who are involved,'' the Debrief reported.

In the Debrief article, Grusch does not say he has personally seen alien vehicles, nor does he say where they may be being stored. He asked the Debrief to withhold details of retaliation by government officials due to an ongoing investigation.

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He also does not specify how he believes the government retaliated against him.

In June 2021, a report from the Office of the Director of National Intelligence said that from 2004 to 2021 there were 144 encounters between military pilots and UAP, 80 of which were captured on multiple sensors. Only one of the 144 encounters could be explained with ''high confidence'' '' it was a large, deflating balloon.

Following increased interest from the public and some US senators, the Pentagon established the All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office, charged with tracking UAP, in July 2022.

In December last year, the office said it had received ''several hundred'' new reports, but no evidence so far of alien life.

The publication of Grusch and Grey's claims comes after a panel that the US space agency Nasa charged with investigating unexplained anomalous phenomena said stigma around reporting encounters '' and harassment of those who do report encounters '' was hindering its work.

The navy pilots who in 2021 shared their experiences of encountering unexplained objects while conducting military flights said they, and others, had decided against reporting the encounters internally, because of fears it could hinder their careers.

''Harassment only leads to further stigmatization of the UAP field, significantly hindering the scientific progress and discouraging others to study this important subject matter,'' Nasa's science chief, Nicola Fox, said in a public meeting on 31 May.

Dr David Spergel, the independent chair of Nasa's UAP independent study team, told the Guardian he did not know Grusch and had no knowledge of his claims.

The Department of Defense did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

In a statement, a Nasa spokesperson said: ''One of Nasa's key priorities is the search for life elsewhere in the universe, but so far, NASA has not found any credible evidence of extraterrestrial life and there is no evidence that UAPs are extraterrestrial. However, Nasa is exploring the solar system and beyond to help us answer fundamental questions, including whether we are alone in the universe.''

Pope said in his work investigating UFOs for the MoD he had seen no hard evidence of non-human craft or materials.

''Some of our cases were intriguing,'' Pope said. ''But we didn't have a spaceship in a hangar anywhere. And if we did, they didn't tell me.''

Still, Pope said, Grusch's claims should be seen as part of an increasing flow of information '' and hopefully disclosures '' about UFOs.

He said: ''It's part of a wider puzzle. And I think, assuming this is all true, it takes us closer than we've ever been before to the very heart of all this.''

Richard Luscombe contributed reporting

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Archived Version

Wed, 07 Jun 2023 21:21

The Latest U.S. intelligence agencies learned from a European ally that the Ukrainian military had planned an attack on the Nord Stream pipelines, three months before saboteurs bombed the underwater network, The Washington Post reported on Tuesday.

American officials had previously told The New York Times that they believed pro-Ukrainian groups were responsible for the Nord Stream attack. More recently, American officials have said that groups loosely directed by Ukraine's government were responsible for a series of covert attacks, including on the Nord Stream pipelines.

But an intelligence summary posted on a Discord server and obtained by The Washington Post showed that U.S. and European allies had reason to believe even before the September attacks that Ukraine viewed the pipelines as a tempting sabotage target '-- and had specific details about a planned operation using divers and deepwater equipment.

The C.I.A. shared the European intelligence report with Germany and other countries last June, The Post reported. When warning Germany, officials said, nothing was held back from what the U.S. government knew.

Image An intelligence summary showed that the United States and European allies had reason to believe even before the attack that Ukraine viewed the pipelines as a target. Credit... Michael Sohn/Associated Press Why It Matters: Support for Ukraine could be at risk. While some U.S. officials are becoming more comfortable with Ukraine's covert attacks on Russia, concerns remain about the possibility of miscalculation by Ukraine while conducting such operations. Sabotaging the Nord Stream pipelines was exactly the kind of operation that would concern the United States '-- a symbolic attack with little military value that carries a high risk of fracturing the alliance supporting Ukraine.

So far, that has not happened. Even as Germany and other European countries have learned of Ukrainian involvement in the pipeline attack, they have nevertheless increased their military aid.

American officials insisted on Tuesday there has been no determination about who within the Ukrainian government may have planned or authorized the attack. If it is eventually pinned on senior officials, European attitudes about support for Ukraine could change.

Background: Ukraine's control over covert action groups is murky. The Post withheld some details of the intelligence, including the name of the European country giving the report to the United States, to protect the sources of the information.

U.S. officials have long acknowledged they were aware of a warning that came from a European ally about a potential attack on the pipelines, but for months after the attack they maintained they were unsure who conducted it.

While officials acknowledged there was some early intelligence pointing to Ukraine, they said it was contradicted by other material, in essence saying they did not believe the European warning was a smoking gun.

As the investigation continued, U.S. and allied officials became more convinced that pro-Ukrainian groups carried out the attack and parts of the Ukrainian government were somehow involved.

The Post reported that the European intelligence report said the Ukrainian operatives involved in the plot to destroy the pipelines reported to Gen. Valeriy Zaluzhnyi, Ukraine's senior military officer.

American officials have still not confirmed General Zaluzhnyi's involvement. But they said again on Tuesday that they do not believe President Volodymyr Zelensky knew about it. Officials have previously described a system created by Ukraine's government that insulates Mr. Zelensky from covert action programs.

That allows parts of the Ukrainian government to use pro-Ukrainian groups or sympathizers in Russia to conduct covert attacks, and for Mr. Zelensky to deny responsibility for such actions.

What's Next: Europe is still investigating. The C.I.A. declined to discuss the document or the attack investigation. John F. Kirby, a spokesman for the National Security Council, said he would not discuss intelligence matters, highlighting that the document was ''one that The Washington Post even said was not corroborated by U.S. intelligence agencies.''

Mr. Kirby said the United States was still awaiting the results of three ongoing investigations of the Nord Stream sabotage.

Officials say the United States is unlikely to place any public blame for the destruction of the pipelines on Ukraine until after those investigations are done.

Aishvarya Kavi contributed reporting.

Julian E. Barnes is a national security reporter based in Washington, covering the intelligence agencies. Before joining The Times in 2018, he wrote about security matters for The Wall Street Journal. @ julianbarnes ' Facebook

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Archived Version

Wed, 07 Jun 2023 21:03

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Executive Vice president for talent and content development for CNN Worldwide

Amy Entelis is the Executive Vice President for Talent and Content Development for CNN Worldwide.[1] She leads the development, production, and acquisition of original, long-form premium content for the network.[2] Entelis is the senior talent executive at CNN and is responsible for the recruitment and development of all on-air correspondents, anchors, and contributors for CNN programming and global platforms.[1][3]

She became the interim head of CNN with the departure of Chris Licht in June 2023.[4]

Biography [ edit ] Entelis was born Amy Lynn Radwell, the daughter of Jeanne and Louis Radwell, on Long Island, NY.[5][6] Entelis graduated from Vassar College, where she majored in psychology, and later attended Columbia University, where she earned a Master of Science in Journalism.[1][5]

Entelis began her career in television journalism at ABC News as a producer for the weekly news magazine 20/20 and then as a producer at World News Tonight with Peter Jennings.[7] During her thirty-year tenure, Entelis worked in various roles of increasing responsibility, ultimately serving as senior vice president for talent strategy, development, and research. She recruited and managed talent for the network's most high-profile news programs including Good Morning America, World News Tonight, Nightline, and 20/20.[3] While at ABC News, Entelis received several journalism honors, including a National News Emmy, a DuPont-Columbia Award, a Planned Parenthood Media Excellence Award, the Headliner Award from the Association for Women in Communications, and a Front Page Award from the Newswomen's Club of New York for Distinguished Journalism.[7][3]

In 2012, Entelis joined CNN.[8] Under her leadership, CNN Originals for the network's global platforms, which includes the following premium content brands: CNN Original Series, for which Entelis and her team develop nonfiction programming; CNN Films, for which Entelis produces and acquires documentary films for festival, theatrical, broadcast, and streaming distribution; and CNN Presents, for which Entelis acquires encore runs of notable unscripted series and films for broadcast on CNN.[1][9][8]

Entelis is credited with building the CNN Original Series brand, bringing to audiences the 13-time Primetime Emmy Award winner Parts Unknown with Anthony Bourdain;[10] Stanley Tucci: Searching for Italy, winner of the 2021 & 2022 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Hosted Nonfiction Series;[11][12] This is Life with Lisa Ling;[13] the five-time Primetime Emmy Award-winning, United Shades of America with W. Kamau Bell;[14] the Primetime Emmy Award-nominated "Decades Series": The Sixties, The Seventies, The Eighties, The Nineties, The 2000s, and The 2010s, executive produced by Tom Hanks, Gary Goetzman, and Mark Herzog;[15] Eva Longoria: Searching for Mexico;[16] and many others.

In 2023, Entelis developed and launched The Whole Story with Anderson Cooper, which features character-driven news stories with reporting from CNN's anchors and correspondents.[17]

Notable CNN Films executive produced by Entelis include the Academy Award[18], BAFTA[19], and PGA[20] Award-winning Navalny, directed by Daniel Roher, about the attempted assassination of Russian opposition leader, Alexey Navalny, which won the Audience Award at the 2022 Sundance Film Festival;[21] The Last Movie Stars directed by Ethan Hawke about the lives and careers of actors and humanitarians Joanne Woodward and Paul Newman;[22] Roadrunner: A Film About Anthony Bourdain, directed by Academy Award winner Morgan Neville and distributed in theaters by Focus Features;[23] Apollo 11, directed by Todd Douglas Miller and featured on 2020 Oscars Shortlist in the category of Best Documentary Feature;[24] RBG from Betsy West and Julie Cohen, which earned nominations for Best Documentary Feature and Best Original Song ("I'll Fight") at the 91st Academy Awards;[25] Three Identical Strangers, directed by Tim Wardle, which was a nominee in the Best Documentary category at the 72nd British Academy Film Awards; Linda Ronstadt: The Sound of My Voice, directed by Rob Epstein and Jeffrey Friedman, which won Best Music Film at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards;[26] We Will Rise: Michelle Obama's Mission to Educate Girls Around the World, which features Former First Lady Michelle Obama, Meryl Streep, Freida Pinto, and CNN's Isha Sesay and was honored with a Television Academy Honors Award and a CINE Golden Eagle;[27] and Blackfish, directed by Gabriela Cowperthwaite, which was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary.[28]

Personal life [ edit ] Entelis is married to Charles Franklin Entelis and resides with her family in New York City.[6]

She serves as a member of the Board of Visitors for Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.[29]

References [ edit ] ^ a b c d "Amy Entelis - EVP for Talent and Content Development, CNN Worldwide". CNN . Retrieved November 1, 2018 . ^ White, Abbey (13 September 2022). "CNN Films, Points North Institute Announce 2022 American Stories Doc Fellowship Grantees (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 October 2022 . ^ a b c Ariens, Chris (January 4, 2012). "Amy Entelis Joins CNN". Adweek. ^ "Licht's Out". Puck. 2023-06-07 . Retrieved 2023-06-07 . ^ a b "Vassar Quarterly, Volume LXXV, Number 1, 1 September 1978". Vassar College. p. 66. Amy Radwell Entelis (now in Columbia J-school), ^ a b "Amy Radwell Is a Bride". The New York Times. July 2, 1971. ^ a b Weprin, Alex (March 21, 2011). "Amy Entelis Leaving ABC News". Adweek. ^ a b Lieberman, David (January 4, 2012). "CNN Taps Amy Entelis To Oversee Talent And Content Development". Deadline. ^ Kashty, Meagan (October 25, 2017). "Amy Entelis on five years of storytelling evolution at CNN". Real Screen Summit 2019. ^ "Anthony Bourdain Parts Unknown". Emmys.org . Retrieved November 15, 2019 . ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 12, 2021). " 'Stanley Tucci: Searching For Italy' Tops Oprah's Harry & Meghan Interview, David Letterman To Win Emmy For Hosted Nonfiction Series Or Special". Deadline. ^ White, Peter (September 3, 2022). "Jon Stewart Loses Out To Stanley Tucci For Nonfiction Emmy With Italian Culinary Adventurer Cooking Up Second Consecutive Win". Deadline. ^ "New Season of the CNN Original Series, "This is Life with Lisa Ling," Premieres Sunday, Nov. 29 at 9pm ET/PT". The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 27, 2020 . ^ "United Shades of America with W. Kamau Bell". Emmys.org . Retrieved November 19, 2019 . ^ "The Seventies". Emmys.org . Retrieved May 5, 2022 . ^ White, Peter (May 18, 2022). "HQ Trivia Doc Set At CNN As Eva Longoria Series Moves From CNN+ To Linear Network". Deadline. ^ Hall, Colby (April 14, 2023). " 'The Whole Story': CNN's New Sunday Night Docuseries Opens With Harrowing Episode on Migrant Trek to US". Mediaite. ^ Victor, Daniel (March 13, 2023). " 'Navalny' wins the Oscar for best documentary as the dissident's wife issues a defiant message". The New York Times. ^ Anderson, Justin (February 21, 2023). "Extra: Yesterday commissions tech-fix series; "Navalny" wins best doc BAFTA". Realscreen. ^ Chuba, Kirsten (February 25, 2023). "PGA Awards: 'Everything Everywhere All at Once' Wins Top Prize". The Hollywood Reporter. ^ Debruge, Peter (January 28, 2022). "Sundance 2022 Winners: From 'Nanny' and 'Navalny' to Crowd-Pleaser 'Cha Cha Real Smooth,' Indie Fest Spreads the Wealth". Variety. ^ Bramesco, Charles (July 25, 2022). "The Last Movie Stars: Ethan Hawke pays a complex tribute to his idols". The Guardian. ^ White, Peter (February 12, 2020). "CNN Content Chief Amy Entelis On 'The Windsors', Evolving Its Docuseries Strategy & Expanding Its Universe Via HBO Max". Deadline. ^ "92nd Oscars Shortlists". Oscars.org . Retrieved December 16, 2019 . ^ Ryzik, Melena (January 22, 2019). "Ruth Bader Ginsburg Reacts to Oscar Nomination for 'RBG' ". New York Times. ^ Masley, Ed (March 14, 2021). "How the documentary 'Linda Ronstadt: The Sound of my Voice' did at the 2021 Grammy Awards". Arizona Republic. ^ "Television Academy Honors CNN Films for WE WILL RISE: Michelle Obama's Mission to Educate Girls Around the World". CNNpressroom.com . Retrieved June 9, 2017 . ^ "Documentary in 2014". BAFTA.org . Retrieved February 27, 2017 . ^ "About the School '' Columbia Journalism School". Columbia Journalism School . Retrieved January 1, 2022 .

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Archived Version

Wed, 07 Jun 2023 20:43

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) issued a ground stop at New York's LaGuardia Airport on Wednesday due to low visibility conditions as wildfire smoke from Canada engulfs the area.

This followed major airlines in and around New York and New Jersey warning of potential delays due to the smoke.

"The FAA has taken steps to manage the flow of traffic into the New York City area due to reduced visibility from wildfire smoke," the agency told FOX Business in a statement. "Flights from the Upper Midwest and East Coast bound for LaGuardia International Airport have been paused."

"Flights to Newark Liberty International Airport have been slowed," it added.

LaGuardia and Newark Liberty International Airport in New Jersey both issued advisories on Twitter.

Smoke from Canadian wildfires loom over New York City's Times Square on Wednesday, June 7, 2023. (Julia Bonavita/Fox News Digital)

Smoke from Canadian wildfires loom over New York City's Times Square on Wednesday, June 7, 2023. (Julia Bonavita/Fox News Digital)

Thick haze and smoke is also plaguing the Washington, D.C., area.

Haze blankets over monuments on the National Mall in Washington, Wednesday, June 7, 2023, as seen from Arlington, Va. (AP Photo/Julio Cortez / AP Newsroom)

Fox Weather reported that millions of Americans are under an air quality alert due to the wildfire smoke that is leaving apocalyptic-like scenes across major cities in the Northeast. A haze is blanketing New York City, Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., as the acrid wildfire smoke from multiple blazes burns and invades the northern skies.

LIVE UPDATES: FOX WEATHER

Ticker Security Last Change Change % DAL DELTA AIR LINES INC. 38.23 +0.59 +1.57%AAL AMERICAN AIRLINES GROUP INC. 15.16 +0.23 +1.54%LUV SOUTHWEST AIRLINES CO. 30.80 +0.42 +1.38%JBLU JETBLUE AIRWAYS CORP. 7.42 +0.02 +0.27% Of the 400-plus wildfires burning right now in Canada, the ones in Quebec are affecting New York City the most, according to Fox Weather.

This is a developing story.

FOX Business' Greg Norman contributed to this report.

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Archived Version

Wed, 07 Jun 2023 20:36

Instagram's recommendation algorithms linked and even promoted a ''vast pedophile network'' that advertised the sale of illicit ''child-sex material'' on the platform, according to the findings of an alarming report Wednesday.

Instagram allowed users to search by hashtags related to child-sex abuse, including graphic terms such as #pedowhore, #preteensex, #pedobait and #mnsfw '-- the latter an acronym meaning ''minors not safe for work,'' researchers at Stanford University and the University of Massachusetts Amherst told the Wall Street Journal.

The hashtags directed users to accounts that purportedly offered to sell pedophilic materials via ''menus'' of content, including videos of children harming themselves or committing acts of bestiality, the researchers said.

Some accounts allowed buyers to ''commission specific acts'' or arrange ''meet ups,'' the Journal said.

Sarah Adams, a Canadian social media influencer and activist who calls out online child exploitation, told the Journal she was affected by Instagram's recommendation algorithm.

Adams said one of her followers flagged a distressing Instagram account in February called ''incest toddlers,'' which had an array of ''pro-incest memes.'' The mother of two said she interacted with the page only long enough to report it to Instagram.

After the brief interaction, Adams said she learned from concerned followers that Instagram had begun recommending the ''incest toddlers'' account to users who visited her page.

Meta confirmed to the Journal that the ''incest toddler'' account violated its policies.

When reached for comment by The Post, a spokesperson for Instagram's parent company, Meta, said it has since restricted the use of ''thousands of additional search terms and hashtags on Instagram.''

The company said it disabled more than 490,000 accounts that violated its child safety policies in January. REUTERSThe spokesperson added that Meta is ''continuously exploring ways to actively defend against this behavior'' and has ''set up an internal task force to investigate these claims and immediately address them.''

''Child exploitation is a horrific crime,'' a Meta spokesperson said in a statement. ''We work aggressively to fight it on and off our platforms, and to support law enforcement in its efforts to arrest and prosecute the criminals behind it.''

Meta pointed to its extensive enforcement efforts related to child exploitation.

The company said it disabled more than 490,000 accounts that violated its child safety policies in January and blocked more than 29,000 devices for policy violations between May 27 and June 2.

Meta also took down 27 networks that spread abusive content on its platforms from 2020 to 2022.

The Journal noted that researchers at both Stanford and UMass Amherst discovered ''large-scale communities promoting criminal sex abuse'' on Instagram.

Instagram allowed users to search a number of explicit hashtags related to child-sex content. Getty Images/iStockphotoWhen the researchers set up test accounts to observe the network, they began receiving ''suggested for you'' recommendations to other accounts that purportedly promoted pedophilia or linked to outside websites.

Keep up with today's most important newsStay up on the very latest with Evening Update.

''That a team of three academics with limited access could find such a huge network should set off alarms at Meta,'' Alex Stamos, the head of the Stanford Internet Observatory and Meta's former chief security officer, told the Journal.

Stamos called for Meta to ''reinvest in human investigators.''

Meta said it already hires specialists from law enforcement and collaborates with child safety experts to ensure its methods for combating child exploitation are up to date.

In another bizarre development, the Journal noted that Instagram's algorithm had previously sent users a pop-up notification warning that certain searches on the platform would yield results that ''may contain images of child sexual abuse.''

The screen purportedly directed users to either ''get resources'' on the topic or ''see results anyway.''

The report said Meta disabled the option allowing users to view the results anyway, but has declined to reveal why it was ever offered in the first place.

The Journal's findings came as Meta and other social media platforms face ongoing scrutiny over their efforts to police and prevent the spread of abusive content on their platforms.

In April, a group of law enforcement agencies that included the FBI and Interpol warned that Meta's plans to expand end-to-end encryption on its platforms could effectively ''blindfold'' the company from detecting harmful content related to child sex abuse.

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 19:27

Nazi SS doctor at Auschwitz (1911''1979)

Josef Mengele

Birth nameJosef Rudolf MengeleNickname(s)Angel of Death (German: Todesengel)White Angel (German: der weiŸe Engel or weiŸer Engel )Wolfgang Gerhard (burial name)Born ( 1911-03-16 ) 16 March 1911G¼nzburg, Kingdom of Bavaria, German EmpireDied7 February 1979 (1979-02-07) (aged 67)South Atlantic Ocean, off Bertioga, Santos, S£o Paulo, BrazilAllegianceNazi GermanyService/branchSchutzstaffelYears of service1938''1945RankSS-Hauptsturmf¼hrer (captain)Service numberNSDAP #5,574,974SS #317,885AwardsAlma materSpouse(s)Irene Sch¶nbein

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m. 1939;

div. 1954)

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Martha Mengele

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(

m. 1958)

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ChildrenRolf MengeleSignatureJosef Rudolf Mengele ([Ëjoːzɛf ËmɛŋÉlÉ] ( listen ) ; 16 March 1911 '' 7 February 1979), also known as the Angel of Death (German: Todesengel), was a German Schutzstaffel (SS) officer and physician during World War II. He performed deadly experiments on prisoners at the Auschwitz II (Birkenau) concentration camp, where he was a member of the team of doctors who selected victims to be killed in the gas chambers,[a] and was one of the doctors who administered the gas.

Before the war, Mengele received doctorates in anthropology and medicine, and began a career as a researcher. He joined the Nazi Party in 1937 and the SS in 1938. He was assigned as a battalion medical officer at the start of World War II, then transferred to the Nazi concentration camps service in early 1943 and assigned to Auschwitz, where he saw the opportunity to conduct genetic research on human subjects. His experiments focused primarily on twins, with no regard for the health or safety of the victims. With Red Army troops sweeping through German-occupied Poland, Mengele was transferred 280 kilometres (170 mi) from Auschwitz to the Gross-Rosen concentration camp on 17 January 1945, ten days before the arrival of the Soviet forces at Auschwitz.

After the war, Mengele fled to Argentina in July 1949, assisted by a network of former SS members. He initially lived in and around Buenos Aires, then fled to Paraguay in 1959 and Brazil in 1960, all while being sought by West Germany, Israel, and Nazi hunters such as Simon Wiesenthal, who wanted to bring him to trial. Mengele eluded capture in spite of extradition requests by the West German government and clandestine operations by the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad. He drowned in 1979 after suffering a stroke while swimming off the coast of Bertioga, and was buried under the false name of Wolfgang Gerhard. His remains were disinterred and positively identified by forensic examination in 1985.

Early life [ edit ] Mengele was born into a Catholic family in G¼nzburg, Bavaria on 16 March 1911, the eldest of three sons of Walburga (n(C)e Hupfauer) and Karl Mengele. His two younger brothers were Karl Jr. and Alois. Their father was founder of the Karl Mengele & Sons company (later renamed as Mengele Agrartechnik [de] ), which produced farming machinery. Mengele was successful at school and developed an interest in music, art, and skiing. He completed high school in April 1930 and went on to study philosophy in Munich, where the headquarters of the Nazi Party were located. He attended the University of Bonn, where he took his medical preliminary examination. In 1931 he joined Der Stahlhelm , a paramilitary organization that was absorbed into the Nazi Sturmabteilung ('Storm Detachment'; SA) in 1934. In 1935, Mengele earned a PhD in anthropology from the University of Munich. In January 1937, he joined the Institute for Hereditary Biology and Racial Hygiene in Frankfurt, where he worked for Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer, a German geneticist with a particular interest in researching twins.

As Von Verschuer's assistant, Mengele focused on the genetic factors that result in a cleft lip and palate, or a cleft chin. His thesis on the subject earned him a cum laude doctorate in medicine (MD) from the University of Frankfurt in 1938. (Both of his degrees were revoked by the issuing universities in the 1960s.) In a letter of recommendation, Von Verschuer praised Mengele's reliability and his ability to verbally present complex material in a clear manner. The American author Robert Jay Lifton notes that Mengele's published works were in keeping with the scientific mainstream of the time, and would probably have been viewed as valid scientific efforts even outside Nazi Germany.

On 28 July 1939, Mengele married Irene Sch¶nbein, whom he had met while working as a medical resident in Leipzig. Their only son, Rolf, was born in 1944.

Military service [ edit ] The ideology of Nazism brought together elements of antisemitism, racial hygiene, and eugenics, and combined them with pan-Germanism and territorial expansionism with the goal of obtaining more Lebensraum (living space) for the Germanic people. Nazi Germany attempted to obtain this new territory by attacking Poland and the Soviet Union, intending to deport or kill the Jews and Slavs living there, who were considered by the Nazis to be inferior to the Aryan master race.

Mengele joined the Nazi Party in 1937 and the Schutzstaffel (SS; 'Protection Squadron') in 1938. He received basic training in 1938 with the Gebirgsj¤ger ('light infantry mountain troop') and was called up for service in the Wehrmacht (Nazi armed forces) in June 1940, some months after the outbreak of World War II. He soon volunteered for medical service in the Waffen-SS , the combat arm of the SS, where he served with the rank of SS-Untersturmf¼hrer ('second lieutenant') in a medical reserve battalion until November 1940. He was next assigned to the SS-Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt ('SS Race and Settlement Main Office') in PoznaÅ, evaluating candidates for Germanization.

In June 1941, Mengele was posted to Ukraine, where he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class. In January 1942, he joined the 5th SS Panzer Division Wiking as a battalion medical officer. After rescuing two German soldiers from a burning tank, he was decorated with the Iron Cross 1st Class, the Wound Badge in Black, and the Medal for the Care of the German People. He was declared unfit for further active service in mid-1942, when he was seriously wounded in action near Rostov-on-Don. Following his recovery, he was transferred to the headquarters of the SS Race and Settlement Main Office in Berlin, at which point he resumed his association with Von Verschuer, who was now director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics. Mengele was promoted to the rank of SS-Hauptsturmf¼hrer ('captain') in April 1943.

Auschwitz [ edit ] "Selection" of Hungarian Jews on the ramp at Birkenau, May/June 1944

In 1942, Auschwitz II (Birkenau), originally intended to house slave laborers, began to be used instead as a combined labour camp and extermination camp. Prisoners were transported there by rail from all over Nazi-controlled Europe, arriving in daily convoys. By July 1942, SS doctors were conducting "selections" where incoming Jews were segregated, and those considered able to work were admitted into the camp while those deemed unfit for labor were immediately killed in the gas chambers. The arrivals that were selected to die, about three-quarters of the total,[b] included almost all children, women with small children, pregnant women, all the elderly, and all of those who appeared (in a brief and superficial inspection by an SS doctor) to be not completely fit and healthy.

In early 1943, Von Verschuer encouraged Mengele to apply for a transfer to the concentration camp service. Mengele's application was accepted and he was posted to Auschwitz, where he was appointed by SS-Standortarzt Eduard Wirths, chief medical officer at Auschwitz, to the position of chief physician of the Zigeunerfamilienlager (Romani family camp) at Birkenau, a subcamp located on the main Auschwitz complex. The SS doctors did not administer treatment to the Auschwitz inmates but supervised the activities of inmate doctors who had been forced to work in the camp medical service. As part of his duties, Mengele made weekly visits to the hospital barracks and ordered any prisoners who had not recovered after two weeks in bed to be sent to the gas chambers.

Mengele's work also involved carrying out selections, a task that he chose to perform even when he was not assigned to do so, in the hope of finding subjects for his experiments, with a particular interest in locating sets of twins. In contrast to most of the other SS doctors, who viewed selections as one of their most stressful and unpleasant duties, he undertook the task with a flamboyant air, often smiling or whistling. He was one of the SS doctors responsible for supervising the administration of Zyklon B, the cyanide-based pesticide that was used for the mass killings in the Birkenau gas chambers. He served in this capacity at the gas chambers located in crematoria IV and V.

When an outbreak of noma'--a gangrenous bacterial disease of the mouth and face'--struck the Romani camp in 1943, Mengele initiated a study to determine the cause of the disease and develop a treatment. He enlisted the assistance of prisoner Berthold Epstein, a Jewish pediatrician and professor at Prague University. The patients were isolated in separate barracks and several afflicted children were killed so that their preserved heads and organs could be sent to the SS Medical Academy in Graz and other facilities for study. This research was still ongoing when the Romani camp was liquidated and its remaining occupants killed in 1944.

When a typhus epidemic began in the women's camp, Mengele cleared one block of six hundred Jewish women and sent them to their deaths in the gas chambers. The building was then cleaned and disinfected and the occupants of a neighboring block were bathed, de''loused, and given new clothing before being moved into the clean block. This process was repeated until all of the barracks were disinfected. Similar procedures were used for later epidemics of scarlet fever and other diseases, with infected prisoners being killed in the gas chambers. For these actions, Mengele was awarded the War Merit Cross (Second Class with swords) and was promoted in 1944 to First Physician of the Birkenau subcamp.

Human experimentation [ edit ] Mengele used Auschwitz as an opportunity to continue his anthropological studies and research into heredity, using inmates for human experimentation. His medical procedures showed no consideration for the victims' health, safety, or physical and emotional suffering. He was particularly interested in identical twins, people with heterochromia iridum (eyes of two different colors), dwarfs, and people with physical abnormalities. A grant was provided by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft ('German Research Foundation'), at the request of Von Verschuer, who received regular reports and shipments of specimens from Mengele. The grant was used to build a pathology laboratory attached to Crematorium II at Auschwitz II-Birkenau. Mikl"s Nyiszli, a Hungarian Jewish pathologist who arrived in Auschwitz on 29 May 1944, performed dissections and prepared specimens for shipment in this laboratory. The twin research was in part intended to prove the supremacy of heredity over the environment in determining phenotypes and thus strengthen the Nazi premise of the genetic superiority of the Aryan race. Nyiszli and others reported that the twin studies may also have been motivated by an intention to uncover strategies for 'racially desirable' Germans to reproduce more twins.

Mengele's research subjects were better fed and housed than the other prisoners, and temporarily spared from execution in the gas chambers. His research subjects lived in their own barracks, where they were provided with a marginally better quality of food and somewhat improved living conditions than the other areas of the camp. When visiting his young subjects, he introduced himself as "Uncle Mengele" and offered them sweets, while at the same time being personally responsible for the deaths of an unknown number of victims whom he killed via lethal injection, shootings, beatings, and his deadly experiments. In his 1986 book, Lifton describes Mengele as sadistic, lacking empathy, and extremely antisemitic, believing the Jews should be eliminated as an inferior and dangerous race. Rolf Mengele later claimed that his father had shown no remorse for his wartime activities.

A former Auschwitz inmate doctor said of Mengele:

He was capable of being so kind to the children, to have them become fond of him, to bring them sugar, to think of small details in their daily lives, and to do things we would genuinely admire ... And then, next to that, ... the crematoria smoke, and these children, tomorrow or in a half-hour, he is going to send them there. Well, that is where the anomaly lay.

Jewish children kept alive in Auschwitz for use in Mengele's medical experiments, including twins Miriam Mozes and Eva Mozes (wearing knitted caps). The Red Army liberated these children in January 1945.

Twins were subjected to weekly examinations and measurements of their physical attributes by Mengele or one of his assistants. The experiments he performed on twins included unnecessary amputation of limbs, intentionally infecting one twin with typhus or some other disease, and transfusing the blood of one twin into the other. Many of the victims died while undergoing these procedures, and those who survived the experiments were sometimes killed and their bodies dissected once Mengele had no further use for them. Nyiszli recalled one occasion on which Mengele personally killed fourteen twins in one night by injecting their hearts with chloroform. If one twin died from disease, he would kill the other twin to allow comparative post-mortem reports to be produced for research purposes.

Mengele's eye experiments included attempts to change the eye color by injecting chemicals into the eyes of living subjects, and he killed people with heterochromatic eyes so that the eyes could be removed and sent to Berlin for study. His experiments on dwarfs and people with physical abnormalities included taking physical measurements, drawing blood, extracting healthy teeth, and treatment with unnecessary drugs and X-rays. Many of his victims were dispatched to the gas chambers after about two weeks, and their skeletons were sent to Berlin for further analysis. Mengele sought out pregnant women, on whom he would perform experiments before sending them to the gas chambers. Alex Dekel, a survivor, reports witnessing Mengele performing vivisection without anesthesia, removing hearts and stomachs of victims. Yitzhak Ganon, another survivor, reported in 2009 how Mengele removed his kidney without anesthesia. He was forced to return to work without painkillers. Witness Vera Alexander described how Mengele sewed two Romani twins together, back to back, in a crude attempt to create conjoined twins; both children died of gangrene after several days of suffering.

After Auschwitz [ edit ] Photograph from Mengele's Argentine identification document (1956)

Along with several other Auschwitz doctors, Mengele transferred to Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Lower Silesia on 17 January 1945, taking with him two boxes of specimens and the records of his experiments at Auschwitz. Most of the camp medical records had already been destroyed by the SS by the time the Red Army liberated Auschwitz on 27 January. Mengele fled Gross-Rosen on 18 February, a week before the Soviets arrived there, and traveled westward to Žatec in Czechoslovakia, disguised as a Wehrmacht officer. There he temporarily entrusted his incriminating documents to a nurse with whom he had struck up a relationship. He and his unit then hurried west to avoid being captured by the Soviets, but were taken prisoners of war by the Americans in June 1945. Although Mengele was initially registered under his own name, he was not identified as being on the major war criminal list due to the disorganization of the Allies regarding the distribution of wanted lists, and the fact that he did not have the usual SS blood group tattoo. He was released at the end of July and obtained false papers under the name "Fritz Ulmann", documents he later altered to read "Fritz Hollmann".

After several months on the run, including a trip back to the Soviet-occupied area to recover his Auschwitz records, Mengele found work near Rosenheim as a farmhand. He eventually escaped from Germany on 17 April 1949, convinced that his capture would mean a trial and death sentence. Assisted by a network of former SS members, he used the ratline to travel to Genoa, where he obtained a passport from the International Committee of the Red Cross under the alias "Helmut Gregor", and sailed to Argentina in July 1949. His wife refused to accompany him, and they divorced in 1954.

In South America [ edit ] Mengele worked as a carpenter in Buenos Aires, Argentina, while lodging in a boarding house in the suburb of Vicente L"pez. After a few weeks, he moved to the house of a Nazi sympathizer in the more affluent neighborhood of Florida Este. He next worked as a salesman for his family's farm equipment company, Karl Mengele & Sons, and in 1951 he began making frequent trips to Paraguay as a regional sales representative. He moved into an apartment in central Buenos Aires in 1953, used family funds to buy a part interest in a carpentry concern, and then rented a house in the suburb of Olivos in 1954. Files released by the Argentine government in 1992 indicate that Mengele may have practiced medicine without a license while living in Buenos Aires, including performing abortions.

After obtaining a copy of his birth certificate through the West German embassy in 1956, Mengele was issued an Argentine foreign residence permit under his real name. He used this document to obtain a West German passport using his real name and embarked on a trip to Europe. He met with his son Rolf (who was told Mengele was his "Uncle Fritz") and his widowed sister-in-law Martha, for a ski holiday in Switzerland; he also spent a week in his home town of G¼nzburg. When he returned to Argentina in September 1956, Mengele began living under his real name. Martha and her son Karl Heinz followed about a month later, and the three began living together. Josef and Martha were married in 1958 while on holiday in Uruguay, and they bought a house in Buenos Aires. Mengele's business interests now included part ownership of Fadro Farm, a pharmaceutical company. Along with several other doctors, he was questioned in 1958 on suspicion of practicing medicine without a license when a teenage girl died after an abortion, but he was released without charge. Aware that the publicity could lead to his Nazi background and wartime activities being discovered, he took an extended business trip to Paraguay and was granted citizenship there in 1959 under the name "Jos(C) Mengele". He returned to Buenos Aires several times to settle his business affairs and visit his family. Martha and Karl lived in a boarding house in the city until December 1960, when they returned to West Germany.

Mengele's name was mentioned several times during the Nuremberg trials in the mid-1940s, but the Allied forces believed that he was probably already dead. Irene Mengele and the family in G¼nzburg also alleged that he had died. Working in West Germany, Nazi hunters Simon Wiesenthal and Hermann Langbein collected information from witnesses about Mengele's wartime activities. In a search of the public records, Langbein discovered Mengele's divorce papers, which listed an address in Buenos Aires. He and Wiesenthal pressured the West German authorities into starting extradition proceedings, and an arrest warrant was drawn up on 5 June 1959. Argentina initially refused the extradition request because the fugitive was no longer living at the address given on the documents; by the time extradition was approved on 30 June, Mengele had already fled to Paraguay and was living on a farm near the Argentine border.

Efforts by Mossad [ edit ] In May 1960, Isser Harel, director of the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad, personally led the successful effort to capture Adolf Eichmann in Buenos Aires. He was hoping to track down Mengele so that he too could be brought to trial in Israel. Under interrogation, Eichmann provided the address of a boarding house that had been used as a safe house for Nazi fugitives. Surveillance of the house did not reveal Mengele or any members of his family, and the neighborhood postman claimed that although Mengele had recently been receiving letters there under his real name, he had since relocated without leaving a forwarding address. Harel's inquiries at a machine shop where Mengele had been part owner also failed to generate any leads, so he was forced to abandon the search.

Despite having provided Mengele with legal documents using his real name in 1956 (which had enabled him to formalize his permanent residency in Argentina), West Germany was now offering a reward for his capture. Continuing newspaper coverage of his wartime activities, with accompanying photographs, led Mengele to relocate again in 1960. Former pilot Hans-Ulrich Rudel put him in touch with the Nazi supporter Wolfgang Gerhard, who helped Mengele cross the border into Brazil. He stayed with Gerhard on his farm near S£o Paulo until a more permanent accommodation could be found, which came about with Hungarian expatriates G(C)za and Gitta Stammer. The couple bought a farm in Nova Europa with the help of an investment from Mengele, who was given the job of managing for them. The three bought a coffee and cattle farm in Serra Negra in 1962, with Mengele owning a half interest. Gerhard had initially told the Stammers that the fugitive's name was "Peter Hochbichler", but they discovered his true identity in 1963. Gerhard persuaded the couple not to report Mengele's location to the authorities by convincing them that they themselves could be implicated for harboring a fugitive. In February 1961, West Germany widened its extradition request to include Brazil, having been tipped off to the possibility that Mengele had relocated there.

Meanwhile, Zvi Aharoni, one of the Mossad agents who had been involved in the Eichmann capture, was placed in charge of a team of agents tasked with tracking down Mengele and bringing him to trial in Israel. Their inquiries in Paraguay revealed no clues to his whereabouts, and they were unable to intercept any correspondence between Mengele and his wife Martha, who by this time was living in Italy. Agents who were following Rudel's movements also failed to produce any leads. Aharoni and his team followed Gerhard to a rural area near S£o Paulo, where they identified a European man whom they believed to be Mengele. This potential breakthrough was reported to Harel, but the logistics of staging a capture, the budgetary constraints of the search operation, and the priority of focusing on Israel's deteriorating relationship with Egypt led the Mossad chief to call off the manhunt in 1962.

Later life and death [ edit ] In 1969, Mengele and the Stammers jointly purchased a farmhouse in Caieiras, with Mengele as half owner. When Wolfgang Gerhard returned to Germany in 1971 to seek medical treatment for his ailing wife and son, he gave his identity card to Mengele. The Stammers' friendship with Mengele deteriorated in late 1974, and when they bought a house in S£o Paulo, he was not invited to join them.[c] The Stammers later bought a bungalow in the Eldorado neighborhood of Diadema, S£o Paulo, which they rented out to Mengele. Rolf, who had not seen his father since the ski holiday in 1956, visited him at the bungalow in 1977; he found an "unrepentant Nazi" who claimed he had never personally harmed anyone and only carried out his duties as an officer.

Mengele's health had been steadily deteriorating since 1972. He suffered a stroke in 1976, experienced high blood pressure, and developed an ear infection which affected his balance. On 7 February 1979, while visiting his friends Wolfram and Liselotte Bossert in the coastal resort of Bertioga, Mengele suffered another stroke while swimming and drowned. His body was buried in Embu das Artes under the name "Wolfgang Gerhard", whose identification Mengele had been using since 1971. Other aliases used by Mengele in his later life included "Dr. Fausto Rind"n" and "S. Josi Alvers Aspiazu".

Exhumation [ edit ] Forensic anthropologists examine Mengele's skull in 1986. The skeleton is stored at the S£o Paulo Institute for Forensic Medicine in Brazil.

Sightings of Mengele were being reported all over the world in the decades following the war. Wiesenthal claimed to have information that placed Mengele on the Greek island of Kythnos in 1960, in Cairo in 1961, in Spain in 1971, and in Paraguay in 1978, eighteen years after he had left the country. He insisted as late as 1985 that Mengele was still alive'--six years after he had died'--having previously offered a reward of US$100,000 (equivalent to $300,000 in 2022) in 1982 for the fugitive's capture. Worldwide interest in the case was heightened by a mock trial held in Jerusalem in February 1985, featuring the testimonies of over one hundred victims of Mengele's experiments. Shortly afterwards, the West German, Israeli, and U.S. governments launched a coordinated effort to determine Mengele's whereabouts. The West German and Israeli governments offered rewards for his capture, as did The Washington Times and the Simon Wiesenthal Center.

On 31 May 1985, acting on intelligence received by the West German prosecutor's office, police raided the house of Hans Sedlmeier, a lifelong friend of Mengele and sales manager of the family firm in G¼nzburg. They found a coded address book and copies of letters sent to and received from Mengele. Among the papers was a letter from Wolfram Bossert notifying Sedlmeier of Mengele's death. German authorities alerted the police in S£o Paulo, who then contacted the Bosserts. Under interrogation, they revealed the location of Mengele's grave and the remains were exhumed on 6 June 1985. Extensive forensic examination indicated with a high degree of probability that the body was indeed that of Josef Mengele. Rolf Mengele issued a statement on 10 June confirming that the body was his father's and that news of his father's death had been concealed to protect people who had sheltered him.

In 1992, DNA testing confirmed Mengele's identity beyond doubt, but family members refused repeated requests by Brazilian officials to repatriate the remains to Germany. The skeleton is stored at the S£o Paulo Institute for Forensic Medicine, where it is used as an educational aid during forensic medicine courses at the University of S£o Paulo's medical school.

Later developments [ edit ] In 2007, the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum received as a donation the H¶cker Album, an album of photographs of Auschwitz staff taken by Karl-Friedrich H¶cker. Eight of the photographs include Mengele.

In February 2010, a 180-page volume of Mengele's diary was sold by Alexander Autographs at auction for an undisclosed sum to the grandson of a Holocaust survivor. The unidentified previous owner, who acquired the journals in Brazil, was reported to be close to the Mengele family. A Holocaust survivors' organization described the sale as "a cynical act of exploitation aimed at profiting from the writings of one of the most heinous Nazi criminals". Rabbi Marvin Hier of the Simon Wiesenthal Center was glad to see the diary fall into Jewish hands. "At a time when Ahmadinejad's Iran regularly denies the Holocaust and anti-Semitism and hatred of Jews is back in vogue, this acquisition is especially significant", he said. In 2011, a further 31 volumes of Mengele's diaries were sold'--again amidst protests'--by the same auction house to an undisclosed collector of World War II memorabilia for US$245,000.

Publications [ edit ] Racial-Morphological Examinations of the Anterior Portion of the Lower Jaw in Four Racial Groups. This dissertation, completed in 1935 and first published in 1937, earned him a PhD in anthropology from Munich University. In this work Mengele sought to demonstrate that there were structural differences in the lower jaws of individuals from different ethnic groups, and that racial distinctions could be made based on these differences.Genealogical Studies in the Cases of Cleft Lip-Jaw-Palate (1938), his medical dissertation, earned him a doctorate in medicine from Frankfurt University. Studying the influence of genetics as a factor in the occurrence of this deformity, Mengele conducted research on families who exhibited these traits in multiple generations. The work also included notes on other abnormalities found in these family lines.Hereditary Transmission of Fistulae Auris. This journal article, published in Der Erbarzt ('The Genetic Physician'), focuses on fistula auris (an abnormal fissure on the external ear) as a hereditary trait. Mengele noted that individuals who have this trait also tend to have a dimple on their chin.See also [ edit ] References [ edit ] Informational notes [ edit ] ^ New arrivals that were judged able to work were admitted into the camp, while those deemed unsuitable for labor were sent to the gas chambers. ^ Of the Hungarians who arrived in mid-1944, 85 percent were killed immediately. ^ Based on entries in Mengele's journals and interviews with his friends, historians such as Gerald Posner and Gerald Astor believe that Mengele had a sexual relationship with Gitta Stammer. Citations [ edit ] Bibliography [ edit ] Aderet, Ofer (22 July 2011). "Ultra-Orthodox man buys diaries of Nazi doctor Mengele for $245,000". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 20 May 2020 . Allison, Kirk C. (2011). "Eugenics, race hygiene, and the Holocaust: Antecedents and consolidations". In Friedman, Jonathan C (ed.). Routledge History of the Holocaust. Milton Park; New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 45''58. ISBN 978-0-415-77956-2. Astor, Gerald (1985). Last Nazi: Life and Times of Dr Joseph Mengele. New York: Donald I. Fine. ISBN 978-0-917657-46-7. Blumenthal, Ralph (22 July 1985). "Scientists Decide Brazil Skeleton Is Josef Mengele". The New York Times . Retrieved 1 February 2014 . Brozan, Nadine (15 November 1982). "Out of Death, a Zest for Life". The New York Times. Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-311671-4. Gopnik, Adam (15 June 2020). "Revisiting Mengele's Malignant "Race Science" ". The New Yorker . Retrieved 1 January 2023 . Hier, Marvin (2010). "Wiesenthal Center Praises Acquisition of Mengele's Diary". Simon Wiesenthal Center. Archived from the original on 8 May 2017 . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . "In the Matter of Josef Mengele: A Report to the Attorney General of the United States" (PDF) . US Department of Justice, Office of Special Investigations Criminal Division. October 1992. p. 206 . Retrieved 24 June 2022 . Kershaw, Ian (2008). Hitler: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-06757-6. Kubica, Helena (1998) [1994]. "The Crimes of Josef Mengele". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp . Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 317''337. ISBN 978-0-253-20884-2. Lagnado, Lucette Matalon; Dekel, Sheila Cohn (1991). Children of the Flames: Dr Josef Mengele and the Untold Story of the Twins of Auschwitz. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-09695-3. Lee, Stephen J. (1996). Weimar and Nazi Germany. Oxford: Heinemann Educational. ISBN 0-435-30920-X. Levy, Alan (2006) [1993]. Nazi Hunter: The Wiesenthal File (Revised 2002 ed.). London: Constable & Robinson. ISBN 978-1-84119-607-7. Lifton, Robert Jay (21 July 1985). "What Made This Man? Mengele". The New York Times . Retrieved 11 January 2014 . Lifton, Robert Jay (1986). The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide . New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-04905-9. Longerich, Peter (2010). Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280436-5. Mozes-Kor, Eva (1992). "Mengele Twins and Human Experimentation: A Personal Account". In Annas, George J.; Grodin, Michael A. (eds.). The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 53''59. ISBN 978-0-19-510106-5. Nash, Nathaniel C. (11 February 1992). "Mengele an Abortionist, Argentine Files Suggest". The New York Times . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . Nyiszli, Mikl"s (2011) [1960]. Auschwitz: A Doctor's Eyewitness Account. New York: Arcade Publishing. ISBN 978-1-61145-011-8. Oster, Marcy (3 February 2010). "Survivor's grandson buys Mengele diary". Jewish Telegraphic Agency . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Piper, Franciszek (1998) [1994]. "Gas Chambers and Crematoria". In Gutman, Yisrael; Berenbaum, Michael (eds.). Anatomy of the Auschwitz Death Camp . Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. pp. 157''182. ISBN 978-0-253-20884-2. Posner, Gerald L.; Ware, John (1986). Mengele: The Complete Story. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-050598-8. Rees, Laurence (2005). Auschwitz: A New History. New York: Public Affairs. ISBN 978-1-58648-303-6. Saad, Rana (1 April 2005). "Discovery, development, and current applications of DNA identity testing". Baylor University Medical Center Proceedings. 18 (2): 130''133. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928051. PMC 1200713 . PMID 16200161. Schult, Christoph (12 October 2009). "Why One Auschwitz Survivor Avoided Doctors for 65 Years". Spiegel International . Retrieved 8 July 2020 . Segev, Tom (2010). Simon Wiesenthal: The Life and Legends. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-51946-5. Simons, Marlise (17 March 1988). "Remains of Mengele Rest Uneasily in Brazil". The New York Times . Retrieved 2 February 2014 . Staff (2009). "Josef Mengele". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 22 August 2019 . Staff (11 January 2017). "Nazi doctor Josef Mengele's bones used in Brazil forensic medicine courses". The Guardian. Associated Press . Retrieved 24 August 2019 . Staff (2007). "SS Auschwitz album". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum . Retrieved 30 January 2019 . Steinbacher, Sybille (2005) [2004]. Auschwitz: A History. Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck. ISBN 978-0-06-082581-2. Walters, Guy (2009). Hunting Evil: The Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring Them to Justice. New York: Broadway Books. ISBN 978-0-7679-2873-1. Weindling, Paul (2002). "The Ethical Legacy of Nazi Medical War Crimes: Origins, Human Experiments, and International Justice". In Burley, Justine; Harris, John (eds.). A Companion to Genethics. Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 53''69. doi:10.1002/9780470756423.ch5. ISBN 978-0-631-20698-9. Zentner, Christian; Bed¼rftig, Friedemann (1991). The Encyclopedia of the Third Reich. New York: Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-02-897502-3. Further reading [ edit ] Benzenh¶fer, Udo; Ackermann, Hanns; Weiske, Katja (2007). "Wissenschaft oder Wahn? Bemerkungen zur M¼nchener Dissertation von Josef Mengele aus dem Jahr 1935 [Science or madness? Comments on Josef Mengele's Munich dissertation from 1935]". In Benzenh¶fer, Udo (ed.). Studien zur Geschichte und Ethik der Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Frankfurt am Main [Studies on the history and ethics of medicine with a focus on Frankfurt am Main] (in German). Wetzlar. pp. 31''41. ISBN 978-3-9811345-4-4. Benzenh¶fer, Udo; Weiske, Katja (2010). "Bemerkungen zur Frankfurter Dissertation von Josef Mengele ¼ber Sippenuntersuchungen bei Lippen-Kiefer-Gaumenspalte [Comments on Josef Mengele's Frankfurt dissertation on family examinations for cleft lip and palate]". In Benzenh¶fer, Udo (ed.). Mengele, Hirt, Holfelder, Berner, von Verschuer, Kranz: Frankfurter Universit¤tsmediziner der NS-Zeit [Mengele, Hirt, Holfelder, Berner, von Verschuer, Kranz: Frankfurt university doctors of the Nazi era] (in German). M¼nster. pp. 9''20. ISBN 978-3-932577-97-0. Benzenh¶fer, Udo (April 2011). "Bemerkungen zum Lebenslauf von Josef Mengele unter besonderer Ber¼cksichtigung seiner Frankfurter Zeit" [Comments on Josef Mengele's curriculum vitae with special reference to his time in Frankfurt] (PDF) . Hessisches rzteblatt (in German). 72: 228''230, 239''240. Harel, Isser (1975). The House on Garibaldi Street: the First Full Account of the Capture of Adolf Eichmann. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 978-0-670-38028-2. Levin, Ira (1991). The Boys from Brazil. London: Bantam. ISBN 978-0-553-29004-2. Lieberman, Herbert A. (1978). The Climate of Hell . New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-82236-1. Wharam, Philip (2015). Right to Live: an historical novel based on Mengele's life between 1945 and 1963. London: Lynfa Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5084-8899-6. External links [ edit ] Belnap, David F. (10 August 1979). "Mengele Hunt Focuses on Paraguay". Los Angeles Times. Breitman, Richard (April 2001). "Historical Analysis of 20 Name Files from CIA Records". US National Archives. Papanayotou, Vivi (18 September 2005). "Skeletons in the Closet of German Science". Deutsche Welle. Posner, Gerald; Ware, John (18 May 1986). "How Nazi war criminal Josef Mengele cheated justice for 34 years". Chicago Tribune Magazine. Siegert, Alice (30 June 1985). "His secret out, Rolf Mengele talks about his father". Chicago Tribune Magazine.

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Pseudoscientific justification for racism

"Racial biology" redirects here. For the biological concept of race, see

Race (biology).

"Race theory" redirects here. For the intellectual movement and framework, see

Critical race theory.

Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racism (racial discrimination), racial inferiority, or racial superiority.[1][2][3][4] Before the mid-20th century, scientific racism received credence throughout the scientific community, but it is no longer considered scientific.[2][3] The division of humankind into biologically distinct groups, and the attribution of specific traits both physical and mental to them by constructing and applying corresponding explanatory models, that is, racial theories, is sometimes called racialism, race realism, or race science by its proponents. Modern scientific consensus rejects this view as being irreconcilable with modern genetic research.[5]:'Š360'Š

Scientific racism misapplies, misconstrues, or distorts anthropology (notably physical anthropology), anthropometry, craniometry, evolutionary biology, and other disciplines or pseudo-disciplines, in proposing anthropological typologies supporting the classification of human populations into physically discrete human races, some of which might be asserted to be superior or inferior to others. Scientific racism was common during the period from the 1600s to the end of World War II, and was particularly prominent in European and American academic writings from the mid 19th century through the early 20th century. Since the second half of the 20th century, scientific racism has been criticized as obsolete and discredited, yet has persistently been used to support or validate racist world-views, based upon belief in the existence and significance of racial categories and a hierarchy of superior and inferior races.[6]

After the end of World War II, scientific racism in theory and action was formally denounced, especially in UNESCO's early antiracist statement, "The Race Question" (1950): "The biological fact of race and the myth of 'race' should be distinguished. For all practical social purposes, 'race' is not so much a biological phenomenon as a social myth. The myth of 'race' has created an enormous amount of human and social damage. In recent years, it has taken a heavy toll in human lives, and caused untold suffering."[7] Since that time, developments in human evolutionary genetics and physical anthropology have led to a new consensus among anthropologists that human races are a sociopolitical phenomenon rather than a biological one.[8][9][10][11]

The term scientific racism is generally used pejoratively when applied to more modern theories, such as those in The Bell Curve (1994). Critics argue that such works postulate racist conclusions, such as a genetic connection between race and intelligence, that are unsupported by available evidence.[12] Publications such as the Mankind Quarterly, founded explicitly as a "race-conscious" journal, are generally regarded as platforms of scientific racism, because they publish fringe interpretations of human evolution, intelligence, ethnography, language, mythology, archaeology, and race.

Antecedents Enlightenment thinkers During the Age of Enlightenment (an era from the 1650s to the 1780s), concepts of monogenism and polygenism became popular, though they would only be systematized epistemologically during the 19th century. Monogenism contends that all races have a single origin, while polygenism is the idea that each race has a separate origin. Until the 18th century, the words "race" and "species" were interchangeable.[13]

Fran§ois Bernier Fran§ois Bernier (1620''1688) was a French physician and traveller. In 1684, he published a brief essay dividing humanity into what he called ''races,'' distinguishing individuals, and particularly women, by skin color and a few other physical traits. The article was published anonymously in the Journal des Savants, the earliest academic journal published in Europe, and titled ''New Division of the Earth by the Different Species or 'Races' of Man that Inhabit It.''[14]

In the essay, he distinguished four different races: 1) The first race included populations from Europe, North Africa, the Middle East, India, south-east Asia, and the Americas; 2) the second race consisted of the sub-Saharan Africans; 3) the third race consisted of the east- and northeast Asians; and, 4) the fourth race were Smi people. A product of French Salon culture, the essay placed an emphasis on different kinds of female beauty. Bernier emphasized that his novel classification was based on his personal experience as a traveler in different parts of the world. Bernier offered a distinction between essential genetic differences and accidental ones that depended on environmental factors. He also suggested that the latter criterion might be relevant to distinguish sub-types.[15] His biological classification of racial types never sought to go beyond physical traits, and he also accepted the role of climate and diet in explaining degrees of human diversity. Bernier had been the first to extend the concept of "species of man" to racially classify the entirety of humanity, but he did not establish a cultural hierarchy between the so-called 'races' that he had conceived. On the other hand, he clearly placed white Europeans as the norm from which other 'races' deviated.[16][15]

The qualities which he attributed to each race were not strictly Eurocentric, because he thought that peoples of temperate Europe, the Americas, and India'--although culturally very different from one another'--belonged to roughly the same racial group, and he explained the differences between the civilizations of India (his main area of expertise) and Europe through climate and institutional history. By contrast, he emphasized the biological difference between Europeans and Africans, and made very negative comments towards the Smi (Lapps) of the coldest climates of Northern Europe,[16] and about Africans living at the Cape of Good Hope. For example, Bernier wrote: ''The 'Lappons' compose the 4th race. They are a small and short race with thick legs, wide shoulders, a short neck, and a face that I don't know how to describe, except that it's long, truly awful, and seems reminiscent of a bear's face. I've only ever seen them twice in Danzig, but according to the portraits I've seen, and from what I've heard from a number of people, they're ugly animals.''[17] The significance of Bernier's ideology for the emergence of what Joan-Pau Rubi(C)s called the ''modern racial discourse'' has been debated, with Siep Stuurman considering it the beginning of modern racial thought,[16] while Joan-Pau Rubi(C)s believes it is less significant if Bernier's entire view of humanity is taken into account.[15]

Robert Boyle An early scientist who studied race was Robert Boyle (1627''1691), an Anglo-Irish natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor. Boyle believed in what today is called 'monogenism,' that is, that all races, no matter how diverse, came from the same source: Adam and Eve. He studied reported stories of parents' giving birth to differently coloured albinos, so he concluded that Adam and Eve were originally white, and that whites could give birth to different coloured races. Theories of Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton about color and light via optical dispersion in physics were also extended by Robert Boyle into discourses of polygenesis,[13] speculating that perhaps these differences were due to ''seminal impressions.'' However, Boyle's writings mentioned that at his time, for ''European Eyes,'' beauty was not measured so much in colour, but in ''stature, comely symmetry of the parts of the body, and good features in the face.''[18] Various members of the scientific community rejected his views, and described them as "disturbing" or "amusing."[19]

Richard Bradley Richard Bradley (1688''1732) was an English naturalist. In his book titled Philosophical Account of the Works of Nature (1721), Bradley claimed there to be ''five sorts of men'' based on their skin colour and other physical characteristics: white Europeans with beards; white men in America without beards (meaning Native Americans); men with copper-coloured skin, small eyes, and straight black hair; Blacks with straight black hair; and Blacks with curly hair. It has been speculated that Bradley's account inspired Linnaeus' later categorisation.[20]

Lord Kames The Scottish lawyer Henry Home, Lord Kames (1696''1782) was a polygenist; he believed God had created different races on Earth in separate regions. In his 1734 book Sketches on the History of Man, Home claimed that the environment, climate, or state of society could not account for racial differences, so the races must have come from distinct, separate stocks.[21]

Carl Linnaeus Homo monstrosus, or Patagonian giants, from

Voyage au pole sud et dans l'Oc(C)anie (

Voyage to the South Pole, and in Oceania), by

Jules Dumont d'UrvilleCarl Linnaeus (1707''1778), the Swedish physician, botanist, and zoologist, modified the established taxonomic bases of binomial nomenclature for fauna and flora, and also made a classification of humans into different subgroups. In the twelfth edition of Systema Naturae (1767), he labeled five[22] "varieties"[23][24] of human species.Each one was described as possessing the following physiognomic characteristics ''varying by culture and place'':[25]

The Americanus: red, choleric, upright; black, straight, thick hair; nostrils flared; face freckled; beardless chin; stubborn, zealous, free; painting themself with red lines; governed by habit.[26]The Europeanus: white, sanguine, muscular; with yellowish, long hair; blue eyes; gentle, acute, inventive; covered with close vestments; governed by customs.[27]The Asiaticus: yellow, melancholic, stiff; black hair, dark eyes; austere, haughty, greedy; covered with loose clothing; governed by beliefs.[28]The Afer or Africanus: black, phlegmatic, relaxed; black, frizzled hair; silky skin, flat nose, tumid lips; females with elongated labia; mammary glands give milk abundantly; sly, lazy, negligent; anoints themself with grease; governed by caprice.[29][30][31][32]The Monstrosus were mythologic humans which did not appear in the first editions of Systema Naturae. The sub-species included: the ''four-footed, mute, hairy'' Homo feralis (Feral man); the animal-reared Juvenis lupinus hessensis (Hessian wolf boy); the Juvenis hannoveranus (Hannoverian boy); the Puella campanica (Wild-girl of Champagne); the agile, but faint-hearted Homo monstrosus (Monstrous man); the Patagonian giant; the Dwarf of the Alps; and the monorchid Khoikhoi (Hottentot). In Amoenitates academicae (1763), Linnaeus presented the mythologic Homo anthropomorpha (Anthropomorphic man), or humanoid creatures, such as the troglodyte, the satyr, the hydra, and the phoenix, incorrectly identified as simian creatures.[33]There are disagreements about the basis for Linnaeus' human taxa. On the one hand, his harshest critics say the classification was not only ethnocentric, but seemed to be based upon skin colour. Renato G. Mazzolini argued that classifications based on skin colour, at its core, were a white/black polarity, and that Linnaeus' thinking became paradigmatic for later racist beliefs.[34] On the other hand, Quintyn (2010) points out that some authors believed that Linnaeus' classification was based upon geographical distribution, being cartographically-based, and not hierarchical.[35] In the opinion of Kenneth A.R. Kennedy (1976), Linnaeus certainly considered his own culture as superior, but his motives for the classification of human varieties were not race-centered.[36] Paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould (1994) argued that the taxa was ''not in the ranked order favored by most Europeans in the racist tradition,'' and that Linnaeus' division was influenced by the medical theory of humors, which said that a person's temperament may be related to biological fluids.[37][38] In a 1994 essay, Gould added: ''I don't mean to deny that Linnaeus held conventional beliefs about the superiority of his own European variety over others... nevertheless, and despite these implications, the overt geometry of Linnaeus' model is not linear or hierarchical.''[39]

In a 2008 essay published by the Linnean Society of London, Marie-Christine Skuncke interpreted Linnaeus' statements as reflecting a view that ''Europeans' superiority resides in "culture," and that the decisive factor in Linnaeus' taxa was "culture," not race.'' Thus, regarding this topic, Skuncke considers Linnaeus' view as merely "eurocentric," arguing that Linnaeus never called for racist action, and did not use the word "race," which was only introduced later ''by his French opponent, Buffon.''[40] However, the anthropologist Ashley Montagu, in his book Man's Most Dangerous Myth: the Fallacy of Race, points out that Buffon, indeed ''the enemy of all rigid classifications,''[41] was diametrically opposed to such broad categories, and did not use the word "race" to describe them. ''It was quite clear, after reading Buffon, that he uses the word in no narrowly defined, but rather in a general sense,''[41] wrote Montagu, pointing out that Buffon did employ the French word la race, but as a collective term for whatever population he happened to be discussing at the time; for instance: ''The Danish, Swedish, and Muscovite Laplanders, the inhabitants of Nova-Zembla, the Borandians, the Samoiedes, the Ostiacks of the old continent, the Greenlanders, and the savages to the north of the Esquimaux Indians, of the new continent, appear to be of one common race.''[42]

Scholar Stanley A. Rice agrees that Linnaeus' classification was not meant to ''imply a hierarchy of humanness or superiority'';[43] however, modern critics regard Linnaeus' classification as obviously stereotyped and erroneous for having included anthropological, non-biological features, such as customs or traditions.

John Hunter. Painted by John Jackson in 1813, after an original by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who exhibited his painting at the Royal Academy in 1786.

John Hunter John Hunter (1728''1793), a Scottish surgeon, believed that the Negroid race was originally white at birth. He thought that over time, because of the sun, the people turned dark-skinned, or "black." Hunter also stated that blisters and burns would likely turn white on a Negro, which he asserted was evidence that their ancestors were originally white.[44]

Charles White Charles White (1728''1813), an English physician and surgeon, believed that races occupied different stations in the ''Great Chain of Being,'' and he tried to scientifically prove that human races had distinct origins from each other. He speculated that whites and Negroes were two different species. White was a believer in polygeny, the idea that different races had been created separately. His Account of the Regular Gradation in Man (1799) provided an empirical basis for this idea. White defended the theory of polygeny by rebutting French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon's interfertility argument, which said that only the same species can interbreed. White pointed to species hybrids, such as foxes, wolves, and jackals, which were separate groups that were still able to interbreed. For White, each race was a separate species, divinely created for its own geographical region.[21]

Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

Buffon and Blumenbach The French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (1707''1788) and the German anatomist Johann Blumenbach (1752''1840) were proponents of monogenism, the concept that all races have a single origin.[45] Buffon and Blumenbach believed a "degeneration theory" of the origins of racial difference.[45] Both asserted that Adam and Eve were white, and that other races came about by degeneration owing to environmental factors, such as climate, disease, and diet.[45] According to this model, Negroid pigmentation arose because of the heat of the tropical sun; that cold wind caused the tawny colour of the Eskimos; and that the Chinese had fairer skins than the Tartars, because the former kept mostly in towns, and were protected from environmental factors.[45] Environmental factors, poverty, and hybridization could make races "degenerate," and differentiate them from the original white race by a process of "raciation."[45] Interestingly, both Buffon and Blumenbach believed that the degeneration could be reversed if proper environmental control was taken, and that all contemporary forms of man could revert to the original white race.[45]

According to Blumenbach, there are five races, all belonging to a single species: Caucasian, Mongolian, Negroid, American, and the Malay race. Blumenbach stated: ''I have allotted the first place to the Caucasian for the reasons given below, which make me esteem it the primeval one.''[46]

Before James Hutton and the emergence of scientific geology, many believed the earth was only 6,000 years old. Buffon had conducted experiments with heated balls of iron, which he believed were a model for the earth's core, and concluded that the earth was 75,000 years old, but did not extend the time since Adam and the origin of humanity back more than 8,000 years'--not much further than the 6,000 years of the prevailing Ussher chronology subscribed to by most of the monogenists.[45] Opponents of monogenism believed that it would have been difficult for races to change markedly in such a short period of time.[45]

Benjamin Rush Benjamin Rush (1745''1813), a Founding Father of the United States and a physician, proposed that being black was a hereditary skin disease, which he called "negroidism," and that it could be cured. Rush believed non-whites were actually white underneath, but that they were stricken with a non-contagious form of leprosy, which darkened their skin color. Rush drew the conclusion that ''whites should not tyrannize over [blacks], for their disease should entitle them to a double portion of humanity. However, by the same token, whites should not intermarry with them, for this would tend to infect posterity with the 'disorder''... attempts must be made to cure the disease.''[47]

Christoph Meiners Christoph Meiners (1747''1810) was a German polygenist, and believed that each race had a separate origin. Meiners studied the physical, mental, and moral characteristics of each race, and built a race hierarchy based on his findings. Meiners split mankind into two divisions, which he labelled the ''beautiful white race'' and the ''ugly black race.'' In his book titled The Outline of History of Mankind, Meiners argued that a main characteristic of race is either beauty or ugliness. Meiners thought only the white race to be beautiful, and considered ugly races to be inferior, immoral, and animal-like. Meiners wrote about how the dark, ugly peoples were differentiated from the white, beautiful peoples by their "sad" lack of virtue and their ''terrible vices.''[48]

Meiners hypothesized about how the Negro felt less pain than any other race, and lacked in emotions. Meiners wrote that the Negro had thick nerves, and thus, was not sensitive like the other races. He went so far as to say that the Negro possessed ''no human, barely any animal, feeling.'' Meiners described a story where a Negro was condemned to death by being burned alive. Halfway through the burning, the Negro asked to smoke a pipe, and smoked it like nothing was happening while he continued to be burned alive. Meiners studied the anatomy of the Negro, and came to the conclusion that Negroes were all carnivores, based upon his observations that Negroes had bigger teeth and jaws than any other race. Meiners claimed the skull of the Negro was larger, but the brain of the Negro was smaller than any other race. Meiners theorized that the Negro was the most unhealthy race on Earth because of its poor diet, mode of living, and lack of morals.[49]

Meiners studied the diet of the Americans, and said they fed off any kind of ''foul offal,'' and consumed copious amounts of alcohol. He believed their skulls were so thick that the blades of Spanish swords shattered on them. Meiners also claimed the skin of an American is thicker than that of an ox.[49]

Meiners wrote that the noblest race was the Celts. This was based upon assertions that they were able to conquer various parts of the world, they were more sensitive to heat and cold, and their delicacy is shown by the way they are selective about what they eat. Meiners claimed that Slavs are an inferior race, ''less sensitive and content with eating rough food.'' He described stories of Slavs allegedly eating poisonous fungi without coming to any harm. He claimed that their medical techniques were also counterproductive; as an example, Meiners described their practice of warming up sick people in ovens, then making them roll in the snow.[49]

Later thinkers Thomas Jefferson Thomas Jefferson (1743''1826) was an American politician, scientist,[50][51] and slave owner. His contributions to scientific racism have been noted by many historians, scientists, and scholars. According to an article published in the McGill Journal of Medicine: ''One of the most influential pre-Darwinian racial theorists, Jefferson's call for science to determine the obvious 'inferiority' of African Americans is an extremely important stage in the evolution of scientific racism.''[52] Writing for The New York Times, historian Paul Finkelman described how as ''a scientist, Jefferson nevertheless speculated that blackness might come 'from the color of the blood,' and concluded that blacks were 'inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind'.''[53] In his ''Notes on the State of Virginia,'' Jefferson described black people as follows:[54]

They seem to require less sleep. A black, after hard labor through the day, will be induced by the slightest amusements to sit up till midnight, or later, though knowing he must be out with the first dawn of the morning. They are at least as brave, and more adventuresome. But, this may perhaps proceed from a want of forethought, which prevents their seeing a danger till it be present. When present, they do not go through it with more coolness or steadiness than the whites. They are more ardent after their female: but love seems with them to be more an eager desire, than a tender delicate mixture of sentiment and sensation. Their griefs are transient. Those numberless afflictions, which render it doubtful whether heaven has given life to us in mercy or in wrath, are less felt, and sooner forgotten with them. In general, their existence appears to participate more of sensation than reflection... Comparing them by their faculties of memory, reason, and imagination, it appears to me, that in memory, they are equal to the whites; in reason, much inferior, as I think one [black] could scarcely be found capable of tracing and comprehending the investigations of Euclid; and that in imagination, they are dull, tasteless, and anomalous... I advance it, therefore, as a suspicion only, that the blacks, whether originally a distinct race, or made distinct by time and circumstances, are inferior to the whites in the endowments both of body and mind.

However, by 1791, Jefferson had to reassess his earlier suspicions of whether blacks were capable of intelligence when he was presented with a letter and almanac from Benjamin Banneker, an educated black mathematician. Delighted to have discovered scientific proof for the existence of black intelligence, Jefferson wrote to Banneker:[55]

No body wishes more than I do to see such proofs as you exhibit, that nature has given to our black brethren, talents equal to those of the other colors of men, & that the appearance of a want of them is owing merely to the degraded condition of their existence both in Africa & America. I can add with truth that no body wishes more ardently to see a good system commenced for raising the condition both of their body & mind to what it ought to be, as fast as the imbecility of their present existence, and other circumstance which cannot be neglected, will admit.

Samuel Stanhope Smith Samuel Stanhope Smith (1751''1819) was an American Presbyterian minister and author of the Essay on the Causes of Variety of Complexion and Figure in the Human Species (1787). Smith claimed that Negro pigmentation was nothing more than a huge freckle that covered the whole body as a result of an oversupply of bile, which was caused by tropical climates.[56]

Georges Cuvier Racial studies by Georges Cuvier (1769''1832), the French naturalist and zoologist, influenced both scientific polygenism and scientific racism. Cuvier believed there were three distinct races: the Caucasian (white), Mongolian (yellow), and the Ethiopian (black). He rated each for the beauty or ugliness of the skull and quality of their civilizations. Cuvier wrote about Caucasians: ''The white race, with oval face, straight hair and nose, to which the civilised people of Europe belong, and which appear to us the most beautiful of all, is also superior to others by its genius, courage, and activity.''[57]

Regarding Negroes, Cuvier wrote:[58]

The Negro race '... is marked by black complexion, crisped or woolly hair, compressed cranium, and a flat nose. The projection of the lower parts of the face, and the thick lips, evidently approximate it to the monkey tribe: the hordes of which it consists have always remained in the most complete state of barbarism.

He thought Adam and Eve were Caucasian, and hence, the original race of mankind. The other two races arose by survivors escaping in different directions after a major catastrophe hit the earth approximately 5,000 years ago. Cuvier theorized that the survivors lived in complete isolation from each other, and developed separately as a result.[59][60]

One of Cuvier's pupils, Friedrich Tiedemann, was among the first to make a scientific contestation of racism. Tiedemann asserted that based upon his documentation of craniometric and brain measurements of Europeans and black people from different parts of the world, that the then-common European belief that Negroes have smaller brains, and are thus intellectually inferior, was scientifically unfounded, and based merely on the prejudice of travellers and explorers.[61]

Arthur Schopenhauer The German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer (1788''1860) attributed civilizational primacy to the white races, who gained sensitivity and intelligence via the refinement caused by living in the rigorous Northern climate:[62]

The highest civilization and culture, apart from the ancient Hindus and Egyptians, are found exclusively among the white races; and even with many dark peoples, the ruling caste, or race, is fairer in colour than the rest, and has, therefore, evidently immigrated, for example, the Brahmins, the Inca, and the rulers of the South Sea Islands. All this is due to the fact that necessity is the mother of invention, because those tribes that emigrated early to the north, and there gradually became white, had to develop all their intellectual powers, and invent and perfect all the arts in their struggle with need, want, and misery, which, in their many forms, were brought about by the climate. This they had to do to make up for the parsimony of nature, and out of it all came their high civilization.

Franz Ignaz Pruner Franz Ignaz Pruner (1808''1882) was a German physician, ophthalmologist, and anthropologist who studied the racial structure of Negroes in Egypt. In a book Pruner wrote in 1846, he claimed that Negro blood had a negative influence on the Egyptian moral character. He published a monograph on Negroes in 1861. He claimed that the main feature of the Negro's skeleton is prognathism, which he claimed was the Negro's relation to the ape. He also claimed that Negroes had brains very similar to those of apes and that Negroes have a shortened big toe, a characteristic, he said, that connected Negroes closely to apes.[63]

Racial theories in physical anthropology (1850''1918) A late-19th-century illustration by H. Strickland Constable shows an alleged similarity between "

Irish Iberian" and "Negro" features in contrast to the higher "Anglo-Teutonic".

The scientific classification established by Carl Linnaeus is requisite to any human racial classification scheme. In the 19th century, unilineal evolution, or classical social evolution, was a conflation of competing sociologic and anthropologic theories proposing that Western European culture was the acme of human socio-cultural evolution. The Christian Bible was interpreted to sanction slavery and from the 1820s to the 1850s was often used in the antebellum Southern United States, by writers such as the Rev. Richard Furman and Thomas R. Cobb, to enforce the idea that Negroes had been created inferior, and thus suited to slavery.[64]

Arthur de Gobineau The French aristocrat and writer Arthur de Gobineau (1816''1882), is best known for his book An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853''55) which proposed three human races (black, white and yellow) were natural barriers and claimed that race mixing would lead to the collapse of culture and civilization. He claimed that "The white race originally possessed the monopoly of beauty, intelligence and strength" and that any positive accomplishments or thinking of blacks and Asians were due to an admixture with whites. His works were praised by many white supremacist American pro-slavery thinkers such as Josiah C. Nott and Henry Hotze.

Gobineau believed that the different races originated in different areas, the white race had originated somewhere in Siberia, the Asians in the Americas and the blacks in Africa. He believed that the white race was superior, writing:

I will not wait for the friends of equality to show me such and such passages in books written by missionaries or sea captains, who declare some Wolof is a fine carpenter, some Hottentot a good servant, that a Kaffir dances and plays the violin, that some Bambara knows arithmetic'... Let us leave aside these puerilities and compare together not men, but groups.[65]

Gobineau later used the term "Aryans" to describe the Germanic peoples (la race germanique).[66]

Gobineau's works were also influential to the Nazi Party, which published his works in German. They played a key role in the master race theory of Nazism.

Carl Vogt Another polygenist evolutionist was Carl Vogt (1817''1895) who believed that the Negro race was related to the ape. He wrote the white race was a separate species to Negroes. In Chapter VII of his Lectures of Man (1864) he compared the Negro to the white race whom he described as "two extreme human types". The difference between them, he claimed are greater than those between two species of ape; and this proves that Negroes are a separate species from the whites.[67]

Charles Darwin Charles Darwin's views on race have been a topic of much discussion and debate. According to Jackson and Weidman, Darwin was a moderate in the 19th century debates about race. "He was not a confirmed racist '-- he was a staunch abolitionist, for example '-- but he did think that there were distinct races that could be ranked in a hierarchy."[68]

Darwin's influential 1859 book On the Origin of Species did not discuss human origins. The extended wording on the title page, which adds by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life, uses the general terminology of biological races as an alternative for "varieties" such as "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage", and does not carry the modern connotation of human races. In The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), Darwin examined the question of "Arguments in favour of, and opposed to, ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species" and reported no racial distinctions that would indicate that human races are discrete species.[64][69]

The historian Richard Hofstadter wrote:

Although Darwinism was not the primary source of the belligerent ideology and dogmatic racism of the late nineteenth century, it did become a new instrument in the hands of the theorists of race and struggle... The Darwinist mood sustained the belief in Anglo-Saxon racial superiority which obsessed many American thinkers in the latter half of the nineteenth century. The measure of world domination already achieved by the 'race' seemed to prove it the fittest.[70]

According to the historian Gertrude Himmelfarb, "The subtitle of [The Origin of Species] made a convenient motto for racists: 'The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.' Darwin, of course, took 'races' to mean varieties or species; but it was no violation of his meaning to extend it to human races.... Darwin himself, in spite of his aversion to slavery, was not averse to the idea that some races were more fit than others."[71]

On the other hand, Robert Bannister defended Darwin on the issue of race, writing that "Upon closer inspection, the case against Darwin himself quickly unravels. An ardent opponent of slavery, he consistently opposed the oppression of nonwhites... Although by modern standards The Descent of Man is frustratingly inconclusive on the critical issues of human equality, it was a model of moderation and scientific caution in the context of midcentury racism."[72]

Herbert Hope Risley As an exponent of "race science", colonial administrator Herbert Hope Risley (1851''1911) used the ratio of the width of a nose to its height to divide Indian people into Aryan and Dravidian races, as well as seven castes.

Ernst Haeckel Like most of Darwin's supporters,[citation needed ] Ernst Haeckel (1834''1919) put forward a doctrine of evolutionary polygenism based on the ideas of the linguist and polygenist August Schleicher, in which several different language groups had arisen separately from speechless prehuman Urmenschen (German for "original humans"), which themselves had evolved from simian ancestors. These separate languages had completed the transition from animals to man, and, under the influence of each main branch of languages, humans had evolved as separate species, which could be subdivided into races. Haeckel divided human beings into ten races, of which the Caucasian was the highest and the primitives were doomed to extinction.[75] Haeckel was also an advocate of the out of Asia theory by writing that the origin of humanity was to be found in Asia; he believed that Hindustan (South Asia) was the actual location where the first humans had evolved. Haeckel argued that humans were closely related to the primates of Southeast Asia and rejected Darwin's hypothesis of Africa.[76][77]

Haeckel also wrote that Negroes have stronger and more freely movable toes than any other race which is evidence that Negroes are related to apes because when apes stop climbing in trees they hold on to the trees with their toes. Haeckel compared Negroes to "four-handed" apes. Haeckel also believed Negroes were savages and that whites were the most civilised.[67]

Nationalism of Lapouge and Herder At the 19th century's end, scientific racism conflated Greco-Roman eugenicism with Francis Galton's concept of voluntary eugenics to produce a form of coercive, anti-immigrant government programs influenced by other socio-political discourses and events. Such institutional racism was effected via phrenology, telling character from physiognomy; craniometric skull and skeleton studies; thus skulls and skeletons of black people and other colored volk, were displayed between apes and white men.

In 1906, Ota Benga, a Pygmy, was displayed as the "Missing Link", in the Bronx Zoo, New York City, alongside apes and animals. The most influential theorists included the anthropologist Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854''1936) who proposed "anthroposociology"; and Johann Gottfried Herder (1744''1803), who applied "race" to nationalist theory, thereby developing the first conception of ethnic nationalism. In 1882, Ernest Renan contradicted Herder with a nationalism based upon the "will to live together", not founded upon ethnic or racial prerequisites (see Civic nationalism). Scientific racist discourse posited the historical existence of "national races" such as the Deutsche Volk in Germany, and the "French race" being a branch of the basal "Aryan race" extant for millennia, to advocate for geopolitical borders parallel to the racial ones.

Craniometry and physical anthropology The Dutch scholar Pieter Camper (1722''89), an early craniometric theoretician, used "craniometry" (interior skull-volume measurement) to scientifically justify racial differences. In 1770, he conceived of the facial angle to measure intelligence among species of men. The facial angle was formed by drawing two lines: a horizontal line from nostril to ear; and a vertical line from the upper-jawbone prominence to the forehead prominence. Camper's craniometry reported that antique statues (the Greco-Roman ideal) had a 90-degree facial angle, whites an 80-degree angle, blacks a 70-degree angle, and the orangutan a 58-degree facial angle'--thus he established a racist biological hierarchy for mankind, per the Decadent conception of history. Such scientific racist researches were continued by the naturalist ‰tienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772''1844) and the anthropologist Paul Broca (1824''1880).

Samuel George Morton Racialist differences: "a Negro head ... a Caucasian skull ... a Mongol head",

Samuel George Morton, 1839

In the 19th century, an early American physical anthropologist, physician and polygenist Samuel George Morton (1799''1851), collected human skulls from worldwide, and attempted a logical classification scheme. Influenced by contemporary racialist theory, Dr Morton said he could judge racial intellectual capacity by measuring the interior cranial capacity, hence a large skull denoted a large brain, thus high intellectual capacity. Conversely, a small skull denoted a small brain, thus low intellectual capacity; superior and inferior established. After inspecting three mummies from ancient Egyptian catacombs, Morton concluded that Caucasians and Negroes were already distinct three thousand years ago. Since interpretations of the bible indicated that Noah's Ark had washed up on Mount Ararat only a thousand years earlier, Morton claimed that Noah's sons could not possibly account for every race on earth. According to Morton's theory of polygenesis, races have been separate since the start.[78]

In Morton's Crania Americana, his claims were based on craniometry data, that the Caucasians had the biggest brains, averaging 87 cubic inches, Native Americans were in the middle with an average of 82 cubic inches and Negroes had the smallest brains with an average of 78 cubic inches.[78]

In The Mismeasure of Man (1981), the evolutionary biologist and historian of science Stephen Jay Gould argued that Samuel Morton had falsified the craniometric data, perhaps inadvertently over-packing some skulls, to so produce results that would legitimize the racist presumptions he was attempting to prove. A subsequent study by the anthropologist John Michael found Morton's original data to be more accurate than Gould describes, concluding that "[c]ontrary to Gould's interpretation... Morton's research was conducted with integrity".[79] Jason Lewis and colleagues reached similar conclusions as Michael in their reanalysis of Morton's skull collection; however, they depart from Morton's racist conclusions by adding that "studies have demonstrated that modern human variation is generally continuous, rather than discrete or "racial", and that most variation in modern humans is within, rather than between, populations".[80]

In 1873, Paul Broca, founder of the Anthropological Society of Paris (1859), found the same pattern of measures'--that Crania Americana reported'--by weighing specimen brains at autopsy. Other historical studies, proposing a black race''white race, intelligence''brain size difference, include those by Bean (1906), Mall (1909), Pearl (1934), and Vint (1934).

Nicols Palacios After the War of the Pacific (1879''83) there was a rise of racial and national superiority ideas among the Chilean ruling class.[81] In his 1918 book physician Nicols Palacios argued for the existence of Chilean race and its superiority when compared to neighboring peoples. He thought Chileans were a mix of two martial races: the indigenous Mapuches and the Visigoths of Spain, who descended ultimately from G¶taland in Sweden. Palacios argued on medical grounds against immigration to Chile from southern Europe claiming that Mestizos who are of south European stock lack "cerebral control" and are a social burden.[82]

Monogenism and polygenism Samuel Morton's followers, especially Dr Josiah C. Nott (1804''1873) and George Gliddon (1809''1857), extended Dr Morton's ideas in Types of Mankind (1854), claiming that Morton's findings supported the notion of polygenism (mankind has discrete genetic ancestries; the races are evolutionarily unrelated), which is a predecessor of the modern human multiregional origin hypothesis. Moreover, Morton himself had been reluctant to espouse polygenism, because it theologically challenged the Christian creation myth espoused in the Bible.

Later, in The Descent of Man (1871), Charles Darwin proposed the single-origin hypothesis, i.e., monogenism'--mankind has a common genetic ancestry, the races are related, opposing everything that the polygenism of Nott and Gliddon proposed.

Typologies One of the first typologies used to classify various human races was invented by Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854''1936), a theoretician of eugenics, who published in 1899 L'Aryen et son r´le social (1899 '' "The Aryan and his social role"). In this book, he classified humanity into various, hierarchized races, spanning from the "Aryan white race, dolichocephalic", to the "brachycephalic", "mediocre and inert" race, best represented by Southern European, Catholic peasants".[83] Between these, Vacher de Lapouge identified the "Homo europaeus" (Teutonic, Protestant, etc.), the "Homo alpinus" (Auvergnat, Turkish, etc.), and finally the "Homo mediterraneus" (Neapolitan, Andalus, etc.) Jews were dolichocephalic like the Aryans, according to Lapouge, but exactly for this reason he considered them to be dangerous; they were the only group, he thought, threatening to displace the Aryan aristocracy.[84] Vacher de Lapouge became one of the leading inspirators of Nazi antisemitism and Nazi racist ideology.[85]

Vacher de Lapouge's classification was mirrored in William Z. Ripley in The Races of Europe (1899), a book which had a large influence on American white supremacism. Ripley even made a map of Europe according to the alleged cephalic index of its inhabitants. He was an important influence of the American eugenist Madison Grant.

Furthermore, according to John Efron of Indiana University, the late 19th century also witnessed "the scientizing of anti-Jewish prejudice", stigmatizing Jews with male menstruation, pathological hysteria, and nymphomania.[86][87] At the same time, several Jews, such as Joseph Jacobs or Samuel Weissenberg, also endorsed the same pseudoscientific theories, convinced that the Jews formed a distinct race.[86][87] Chaim Zhitlovsky also attempted to define Yiddishkayt (Ashkenazi Jewishness) by turning to contemporary racial theory.[88]

Joseph Deniker (1852''1918) was one of William Z. Ripley's principal opponents; whereas Ripley maintained, as did Vacher de Lapouge, that the European populace comprised three races, Joseph Deniker proposed that the European populace comprised ten races (six primary and four sub-races). Furthermore, he proposed that the concept of "race" was ambiguous, and in its stead proposed the compound word "ethnic group", which later prominently featured in the works of Julian Huxley and Alfred C. Haddon. Moreover, Ripley argued that Deniker's "race" idea should be denoted a "type", because it was less biologically rigid than most racial classifications.

Ideological applications Madison Grant, creator of the "Nordic race" term

Nordicism Joseph Deniker's contribution to racist theory was La Race nordique (the Nordic race), a generic, racial-stock descriptor, which the American eugenicist Madison Grant (1865''1937) presented as the white racial engine of world civilization. Having adopted Ripley's three-race European populace model, but disliking the "Teuton" race name, he transliterated la race nordique into "The Nordic race", the acme of the concocted racial hierarchy, based upon his racial classification theory, popular in the 1910s and 1920s.

The State Institute for Racial Biology (Swedish: Statens Institut f¶r Rasbiologi) and its director Herman Lundborg in Sweden were active in racist research. Furthermore, much of early research on Ural-Altaic languages was coloured by attempts at justifying the view that European peoples east of Sweden were Asian and thus of an inferior race, justifying colonialism, eugenics and racial hygiene.[citation needed ] The book The Passing of the Great Race (Or, The Racial Basis of European History) by American eugenicist, lawyer, and amateur anthropologist Madison Grant was published in 1916. Though influential, the book was largely ignored when it first appeared, and it went through several revisions and editions. Nevertheless, the book was used by people who advocated restricted immigration as justification for what became known as scientific racism.[89]

Justification of slavery in the United States In the United States, scientific racism justified Black African slavery to assuage moral opposition to the Atlantic slave trade. Alexander Thomas and Samuell Sillen described black men as uniquely fitted for bondage, because of their "primitive psychological organization."[90] In 1851, in antebellum Louisiana, the physician Samuel A. Cartwright (1793''1863) wrote of slave escape attempts as "drapetomania," a treatable mental illness, that "with proper medical advice, strictly followed, this troublesome practice that many Negroes have of running away can be almost entirely prevented." The term drapetomania (mania of the runaway slave) derives from the Greek δραÏέÏης (drapetes, "a runaway [slave]") and μανία (mania, "madness, frenzy").[91] Cartwright also described dysaesthesia aethiopica, called "rascality" by overseers. The 1840 United States Census claimed that Northern, free blacks suffered mental illness at higher rates than did their Southern, enslaved counterparts. Though the census was later found to have been severely flawed by the American Statistical Association, it became a political weapon against abolitionists. Southern slavers concluded that escaping Negroes were suffering from "mental disorders."[92]

At the time of the American Civil War (1861''65), the matter of miscegenation prompted studies of ostensible physiological differences between Caucasians and Negroes. Early anthropologists, such as Josiah Clark Nott, George Robins Gliddon, Robert Knox, and Samuel George Morton, aimed to scientifically prove that Negroes were a human species different from the white people; that the rulers of Ancient Egypt were not African; and that mixed-race offspring (the product of miscegenation) tended to physical weakness and infertility. After the Civil War, Southern (Confederacy) physicians wrote textbooks of scientific racism based upon studies claiming that black freemen (ex-slaves) were becoming extinct, because they were inadequate to the demands of being a free man'--implying that black people benefited from enslavement.

In Medical Apartheid, Harriet A. Washington noted the prevalence of two different views on blacks in the 19th century: the belief that they were inferior and "riddled with imperfections from head to toe", and the idea that they did not know true pain and suffering because of their primitive nervous systems (and that slavery was therefore justifiable). Washington noted the failure of scientists to accept the inconsistency between these two viewpoints, writing that:

in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, scientific racism was simply science, and it was promulgated by the very best minds at the most prestigious institutions of the nation. Other, more logical medical theories stressed the equality of Africans and laid poor black health at the feet of their abusers, but these never enjoyed the appeal of the medical philosophy that justified slavery and, along with it, our nation's profitable way of life.[93]

Even after the end of the Civil War, some scientists continued to justify the institution of slavery by citing the effect of topography and climate on racial development. Nathaniel Shaler, a prominent geologist at Harvard University from 1869 to 1906, published the book Man and the Earth in 1905 describing the physical geography of different continents and linking these geologic settings to the intelligence and strength of human races that inhabited these spaces. Shaler argued that North American climate and geology was ideally suited for the institution of slavery.[94]

South African apartheid Scientific racism played a role in establishing apartheid in South Africa. In South Africa, white scientists, like Dudly Kidd, who published The essential Kafir in 1904, sought to "understand the African mind". They believed that the cultural differences between whites and blacks in South Africa might be caused by physiological differences in the brain. Rather than suggesting that Africans were "overgrown children", as early white explorers had, Kidd believed that Africans were "misgrown with a vengeance". He described Africans as at once "hopelessly deficient", yet "very shrewd".[95]

The Carnegie Commission on the Poor White Problem in South Africa played a key role in establishing apartheid in South Africa. According to one memorandum sent to Frederick Keppel, then president of the Carnegie Corporation, there was "little doubt that if the natives were given full economic opportunity, the more competent among them would soon outstrip the less competent whites".[96] Keppel's support for the project of creating the report was motivated by his concern with the maintenance of existing racial boundaries.[96] The preoccupation of the Carnegie Corporation with the so-called poor white problem in South Africa was at least in part the outcome of similar misgivings about the state of poor whites in the southern United States.[96]

The report was five volumes in length.[97] Around the start of the 20th century, white Americans, and whites elsewhere in the world, felt uneasy because poverty and economic depression seemed to strike people regardless of race.[97]

Though the ground work for apartheid began earlier, the report provided support for this central idea of black inferiority. This was used to justify racial segregation and discrimination[98] in the following decades.[99] The report expressed fear about the loss of white racial pride, and in particular pointed to the danger that the poor white would not be able to resist the process of "Africanisation".[96]

Although scientific racism played a role in justifying and supporting institutional racism in South Africa, it was not as important in South Africa as it has been in Europe and the United States. This was due in part to the "poor white problem", which raised serious questions for supremacists about white racial superiority.[95] Since poor whites were found to be in the same situation as natives in the African environment, the idea that intrinsic white superiority could overcome any environment did not seem to hold. As such, scientific justifications for racism were not as useful in South Africa.[95]

Eugenics Stephen Jay Gould described Madison Grant's The Passing of the Great Race (1916) as "the most influential tract of American scientific racism." In the 1920s''30s, the German racial hygiene movement embraced Grant's Nordic theory. Alfred Ploetz (1860''1940) coined the term Rassenhygiene in Racial Hygiene Basics (1895), and founded the German Society for Racial Hygiene in 1905. The movement advocated selective breeding, compulsory sterilization, and a close alignment of public health with eugenics.

Racial hygiene was historically tied to traditional notions of public health, but with emphasis on heredity'--what philosopher and historian Michel Foucault has called state racism. In 1869, Francis Galton (1822''1911) proposed the first social measures meant to preserve or enhance biological characteristics, and later coined the term "eugenics". Galton, a statistician, introduced correlation and regression analysis and discovered regression toward the mean. He was also the first to study human differences and inheritance of intelligence with statistical methods. He introduced the use of questionnaires and surveys to collect data on population sets, which he needed for genealogical and biographical works and for anthropometric studies. Galton also founded psychometrics, the science of measuring mental faculties, and differential psychology, a branch of psychology concerned with psychological differences between people rather than common traits.

Like scientific racism, eugenics grew popular in the early 20th century, and both ideas influenced Nazi racial policies and Nazi eugenics. In 1901, Galton, Karl Pearson (1857''1936) and Walter F.R. Weldon (1860''1906) founded the Biometrika scientific journal, which promoted biometrics and statistical analysis of heredity. Charles Davenport (1866''1944) was briefly involved in the review. In Race Crossing in Jamaica (1929), he made statistical arguments that biological and cultural degradation followed white and black interbreeding. Davenport was connected to Nazi Germany before and during World War II. In 1939 he wrote a contribution to the festschrift for Otto Reche (1879''1966), who became an important figure within the plan to remove populations considered "inferior" from eastern Germany.[100]

Interbellum to World War II Scientific racism continued through the early 20th century, and soon intelligence testing became a new source for racial comparisons. Before World War II (1939''45), scientific racism remained common to anthropology, and was used as justification for eugenics programs, compulsory sterilization, anti-miscegenation laws, and immigration restrictions in Europe and the United States. The war crimes and crimes against humanity of Nazi Germany (1933''45) discredited scientific racism in academia,[citation needed ] but racist legislation based upon it remained in some countries until the late 1960s.

Early intelligence testing and the Immigration Act of 1924 Before the 1920s, social scientists agreed that whites were superior to blacks, but they needed a way to prove this to back social policy in favor of whites. They felt the best way to gauge this was through testing intelligence. By interpreting the tests to show favor to whites these test makers' research results portrayed all minority groups very negatively.[12][101] In 1908, Henry Goddard translated the Binet intelligence test from French and in 1912 began to apply the test to incoming immigrants on Ellis Island.[102] Some claim that in a study of immigrants Goddard reached the conclusion that 87% of Russians, 83% of Jews, 80% of Hungarians, and 79% of Italians were feeble-minded and had a mental age less than 12.[103] Some have also claimed that this information was taken as "evidence" by lawmakers and thus it affected social policy for years.[104] Bernard Davis has pointed out that, in the first sentence of his paper, Goddard wrote that the subjects of the study were not typical members of their groups but were selected because of their suspected sub-normal intelligence. Davis has further noted that Goddard argued that the low IQs of the test subjects were more likely due to environmental rather than genetic factors, and that Goddard concluded that "we may be confident that their children will be of average intelligence and if rightly brought up will be good citizens".[105] In 1996 the American Psychological Association's Board of Scientific Affairs stated that IQ tests were not discriminatory towards any ethnic/racial groups.[106]

In his book The Mismeasure of Man, Stephen Jay Gould argued that intelligence testing results played a major role in the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924 that restricted immigration to the United States.[107] However, Mark Snyderman and Richard J. Herrnstein, after studying the Congressional Record and committee hearings related to the Immigration Act, concluded "the [intelligence] testing community did not generally view its findings as favoring restrictive immigration policies like those in the 1924 Act, and Congress took virtually no notice of intelligence testing".[108]

Juan N. Franco contested the findings of Snyderman and Herrnstein. Franco stated that even though Snyderman and Herrnstein reported that the data collected from the results of the intelligence tests were in no way used to pass The Immigration Act of 1924, the IQ test results were still taken into consideration by legislators. As suggestive evidence, Franco pointed to the following fact: Following the passage of the immigration act, information from the 1890 census was used to set quotas based on percentages of immigrants coming from different countries. Based on these data, the legislature restricted the entrance of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe into the United States and allowed more immigrants from northern and Western Europe into the country. The use of the 1900, 1910 or 1920 census data sets would have resulted in larger numbers of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe being allowed into the U.S. However, Franco pointed out that using the 1890 census data allowed congress to exclude southern and eastern Europeans (who performed worse on IQ tests of the time than did western and northern Europeans) from the U.S. Franco argued that the work Snyderman and Herrnstein conducted on this matter neither proved or disproved that intelligence testing influenced immigration laws.[109]

Sweden The Swedish

State Institute for Racial Biology, founded in 1922, was the world's first government-funded institute performing research into racial biology. It was housed in what is now the Dean's house at

Uppsala and was closed down in 1958.

Following the creation of the first society for the promotion of racial hygiene, the German Society for Racial Hygiene in 1905'--a Swedish society was founded in 1909 as "Svenska s¤llskapet f¶r rashygien" as third in the world.[110][111] By lobbying Swedish parliamentarians and medical institutes the society managed to pass a decree creating a government run institute in the form of the Swedish State Institute for Racial Biology in 1921.[110] By 1922 the institute was built and opened in Uppsala.[110] It was the first such government-funded institute in the world performing research into "racial biology" and remains highly controversial to this day.[110][112] It was the most prominent institution for the study of "racial science" in Sweden.[113] The goal was to cure criminality, alcoholism and psychiatric problems through research in eugenics and racial hygiene.[110] As a result of the institutes work a law permitting compulsory sterilization of certain groups was enacted in Sweden in 1934.[114] The second president of the institute Gunnar Dahlberg was highly critical of the validity of the science performed at the institute and reshaped the institute toward a focus on genetics.[115] In 1958 it closed down and all remaining research was moved to the Department of medical genetics at Uppsala University.[115]

Nazi Germany Nazi poster promoting eugenics

The Nazi Party and its sympathizers published many books on scientific racism, seizing on the eugenicist and antisemitic ideas with which they were widely associated, although these ideas had been in circulation since the 19th century. Books such as Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes ("Racial Science of the German People") by Hans G¼nther[116] (first published in 1922)[117] and Rasse und Seele ("Race and Soul") by Ludwig Ferdinand ClauŸ [de] [118] (published under different titles between 1926 and 1934)[119]:'Š394'Š attempted to scientifically identify differences between the German, Nordic, or Aryan people and other, supposedly inferior, groups.[citation needed ] German schools used these books as texts during the Nazi era.[120] In the early 1930s, the Nazis used racialized scientific rhetoric based on social Darwinism[citation needed ] to push its restrictive and discriminatory social policies.

During World War II, Nazi racialist beliefs became anathema in the United States, and Boasians such as Ruth Benedict consolidated their institutional power. After the war, discovery of the Holocaust and Nazi abuses of scientific research (such as Josef Mengele's ethical violations and other war crimes revealed at the Nuremberg Trials) led most of the scientific community to repudiate scientific support for racism.

Propaganda for the Nazi eugenics program began with propaganda for eugenic sterilization. Articles in Neues Volk described the appearance of the mentally ill and the importance of preventing such births.[121] Photographs of mentally incapacitated children were juxtaposed with those of healthy children.[122]:'Š119'Š The film Das Erbe showed conflict in nature to legitimate the Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring by sterilization.

Although the child was "the most important treasure of the people", this did not apply to all children, even German ones, only to those with no hereditary weaknesses.[123] Nazi Germany's racially based social policies placed the improvement of the Aryan race through eugenics at the center of Nazis ideology. Those humans were targeted who were identified as "life unworthy of life" (German: Lebensunwertes Leben), including but not limited to Jewish people, criminals, degenerate, dissident, feeble-minded, homosexual, idle, insane, and the weak, for elimination from the chain of heredity.[citation needed ] Although they were still regarded as "Aryan", Nazi ideology deemed Slavs (i.e., Poles, Russians, Ukrainians, etc.) to be racially inferior to the Germanic master race, suitable for expulsion, enslavement, or even extermination.[124]:'Š180'Š

Adolf Hitler banned intelligence quotient (IQ) testing for being "Jewish".[125]:'Š16'Š

United States In the 20th century, concepts of scientific racism, which sought to prove the physical and mental inadequacy of groups deemed "inferior", was relied upon to justify involuntary sterilization programs.[126][127] Such programs, promoted by eugenicists such as Harry H. Laughlin, were upheld as constitutional by the U.S. Supreme Court in Buck v. Bell (1927). In all, between 60,000 and 90,000 Americans were subjected to involuntary sterilization.[126]

Scientific racism was also used as a justification for the Emergency Quota Act of 1921 and the Immigration Act of 1924 (Johnson''Reed Act), which imposed racial quotas limiting Italian American immigration to the United States and immigration from other southern European and eastern European nations. Proponents of these quotas, who sought to block "undesirable" immigrants, justifying restrictions by invoking scientific racism.[128]

Lothrop Stoddard published many racialist books on what he saw as the peril of immigration, his most famous being The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy in 1920. In this book he presented a view of the world situation pertaining to race focusing concern on the coming population explosion among the "colored" peoples of the world and the way in which "white world-supremacy" was being lessened in the wake of World War I and the collapse of colonialism.

Stoddard's analysis divided world politics and situations into "white", "yellow", "black", "Amerindian", and "brown" peoples and their interactions. Stoddard argued race and heredity were the guiding factors of history and civilization, and that the elimination or absorption of the "white" race by "colored" races would result in the destruction of Western civilization. Like Madison Grant, Stoddard divided the white race into three main divisions: Nordic, Alpine, and Mediterranean. He considered all three to be of good stock, and far above the quality of the colored races, but argued that the Nordic was the greatest of the three and needed to be preserved by way of eugenics. Unlike Grant, Stoddard was less concerned with which varieties of European people were superior to others (Nordic theory), but was more concerned with what he called "bi-racialism", seeing the world as being composed of simply "colored" and "white" races. In the years after the Great Migration and World War I, Grant's racial theory would fall out of favor in the U.S. in favor of a model closer to Stoddard's.[citation needed ]

An influential publication was The Races of Europe (1939) by Carleton S. Coon, president of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists from 1930 to 1961. Coon was a proponent of multiregional origin of modern humans. He divided Homo sapiens into five main races: Caucasoid, Mongoloid (including Native Americans), Australoid, Congoid, and Capoid.

Coon's school of thought was the object of increasing opposition in mainstream anthropology after World War II. Ashley Montagu was particularly vocal in denouncing Coon, especially in his Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race. By the 1960s, Coon's approach had been rendered obsolete in mainstream anthropology, but his system continued to appear in publications by his student John Lawrence Angel as late as in the 1970s.

In the late 19th century, the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) United States Supreme Court decision'--which upheld the constitutional legality of racial segregation under the doctrine of "separate but equal"'--was intellectually rooted in the racism of the era, as was the popular support for the decision.[129] Later, in the mid-20th century, the Supreme Court's Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) decision rejected racialist arguments about the "need" for racial segregation'--especially in public schools.

After 1945 By 1954, 58 years after the Plessy v. Ferguson upholding of racial segregation in the United States, American popular and scholarly opinions of scientific racism and its sociologic practice had evolved.[129]

In 1960, the journal Mankind Quarterly was founded, which is commonly described as a venue for scientific racism and white supremacy,[130][131][132] and as lacking a legitimate scholarly purpose.[133] The journal was founded in 1960, partly in response to the Supreme Court decision Brown v. Board of Education which desegregated the American public school system.[134][133]

In April 1966, Alex Haley interviewed American Nazi Party founder George Lincoln Rockwell for Playboy. Rockwell justified his belief that blacks were inferior to whites by citing a long 1916 study by G. O. Ferguson which claimed to show that the intellectual performance of black students was correlated with their percentage of white ancestry, stating "pure negroes, negroes three-fourths pure, mulattoes and quadroons have, roughly, 60, 70, 80 and 90 percent, respectively, of white intellectual efficiency".[135] Playboy later published the interview with an editorial note claiming the study was a "discredited ... pseudoscientific rationale for racism".[136]

International bodies such as UNESCO attempted to draft resolutions that would summarize the state of scientific knowledge about race and issued calls for the resolution of racial conflicts. In its 1950 "The Race Question", UNESCO did not reject the idea of a biological basis to racial categories,[137] but instead defined a race as: "A race, from the biological standpoint, may therefore be defined as one of the group of populations constituting the species Homo sapiens", which were broadly defined as the Caucasian, Mongoloid, Negroid races but stated that "It is now generally recognized that intelligence tests do not in themselves enable us to differentiate safely between what is due to innate capacity and what is the result of environmental influences, training and education."[138]

Despite scientific racism being largely dismissed by the scientific community after World War II, some researchers have continued to propose theories of racial superiority in the past few decades.[139][140] These authors themselves, while seeing their work as scientific, may dispute the term racism and may prefer terms such as "race realism" or "racialism".[141] In 2018, British science journalist and author Angela Saini expressed strong concern about the return of these ideas into the mainstream.[142] Saini followed up on this idea with her 2019 book Superior: The Return of Race Science.[143]

One such post-World War II scientific racism researcher is Arthur Jensen. His most prominent work is The g Factor: The Science of Mental Ability in which he supports the theory that black people are inherently less intelligent than whites. Jensen argues for differentiation in education based on race, stating that educators must "take full account of all the facts of [students'] nature."[144] Responses to Jensen criticized his lack of emphasis on environmental factors.[145] Psychologist Sandra Scarr describes Jensen's work as "conjur[ing] up images of blacks doomed to failure by their own inadequacies".[146]

J. Philippe Rushton, president of the Pioneer Fund (Race, Evolution, and Behavior) and a defender of Jensen's The g Factor,[147] also has multiple publications perpetuating scientific racism. Rushton argues "race differences in brain size likely underlie their multifarious life history outcomes."[148] Rushton's theories are defended by other scientific racists such as Glayde Whitney. Whitney published works suggesting higher crime rates among people of African descent can be partially attributed to genetics.[149] Whitney draws this conclusion from data showing higher crime rates among people of African descent across different regions. Other researchers point out that proponents of a genetic crime-race link are ignoring confounding social and economic variables, drawing conclusions from correlations.[150]

Christopher Brand was a proponent of Arthur Jensen's work on racial intelligence differences.[151] Brand's The g Factor: General Intelligence and Its Implications claims black people are intellectually inferior to whites.[152] He argues the best way to combat IQ disparities is to encourage low-IQ women to reproduce with high-IQ men.[152] He faced intense public backlash, with his work being described as a promotion of eugenics.[153] Brand's book was withdrawn by the publisher and he was dismissed from his position at the University of Edinburgh.

Psychologist Richard Lynn has published multiple papers and a book supporting theories of scientific racism. In IQ and the Wealth of Nations, Lynn claims that national GDP is determined largely by national average IQ.[154] He draws this conclusion from the correlation between average IQ and GDP and argues low intelligence in African nations is the cause of their low levels of growth. Lynn's theory has been criticized for attributing causal relationship between correlated statistics.[155][156] Lynn supports scientific racism more directly in his 2002 paper "Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans", where he proposes "the level of intelligence in African Americans is significantly determined by the proportion of Caucasian genes."[157] As with IQ and the Wealth of Nations, Lynn's methodology is flawed, and he purports a causal relationship from what is simply correlation.[158]

Other prominent modern proponents of scientific racism include Charles Murray and Richard Herrnstein (The Bell Curve); and Nicholas Wade (A Troublesome Inheritance). Wade's book faced strong backlash from the scientific community, with 142 geneticists and biologists signing a letter describing Wade's work as "misappropriation of research from our field to support arguments about differences among human societies."[159]

On June 17, 2020, Elsevier announced it was retracting an article that J. Philippe Rushton and Donald Templer had published in 2012 in the Elsevier journal Personality and Individual Differences.[160] The article falsely claimed that there was scientific evidence that skin color was related to aggression and sexuality in humans.[161]

Clarence Gravlee writes that disparities in the incidence of such medical conditions as diabetes, stroke, cancer, and low birth weight should be viewed with a societal lens. He argues that social inequalities, not genetic differences between races, are the reason for these differences. He writes that genetic differences between different population groups are based on climate and geography, not race, and he calls for replacing incorrect biological explanations of racial disparities with an analysis of the social conditions that lead to disparate medical outcomes.[162]

In her book Medical Apartheid[163] Harriet Washington describes the abuse of Black people in medical research and experimentation. Black people were tricked into participating in medical experiments through the use of unclear language on consent forms and a failure to list the risks and side effects of the treatment. Washington mentions that, because Black people were denied adequate health care, they were often desperate for medical help, and medical experimenters were able to exploit that need. Washington also emphasizes that when treatments were perfected and refined as a result of those experiments, Black people almost never benefited from the treatments.[164]

Three Wayne State University School of Medicine physicians said: "The belief that differences in disease outcomes are due to genetic differences between racialized groups still plagues contemporary medicine and science and unfortunately continues to be funded, published, taught, and practiced."[165]

See also References ^ "Ostensibly scientific": cf. Theodore M. Porter, Dorothy Ross (eds.) 2003. The Cambridge History of Science: Volume 7, The Modern Social Sciences Cambridge University Press, p. 293 "Race has long played a powerful popular role in explaining social and cultural traits, often in ostensibly scientific terms"; Adam Kuper, Jessica Kuper (eds.), The Social Science Encyclopedia (1996), "Racism", p. 716: "This [sc. scientific] racism entailed the use of 'scientific techniques', to sanction the belief in European and American racial Superiority"; Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Questions to Sociobiology (1998), "Race, theories of", p. 18: "Its exponents [sc. of scientific racism] tended to equate race with species and claimed that it constituted a scientific explanation of human history"; Terry Jay Ellingson, The myth of the noble savage (2001), 147ff. "In scientific racism, the racism was never very scientific; nor, it could at least be argued, was whatever met the qualifications of actual science ever very racist" (p. 151); Paul A. Erickson, Liam D. Murphy, A History of Anthropological Theory (2008), p. 152: "Scientific racism: Improper or incorrect science that actively or passively supports racism". ^ a b Gould 1981, pp. 28''29. "Few tragedies can be more extensive than the stunting of life, few injustices deeper than the denial of an opportunity to strive or even to hope, by a limit imposed from without, but falsely identified as lying within." ^ a b Kurtz, Paul (September 2004). "Can the Sciences Help Us to Make Wise Ethical Judgments?". Skeptical Inquirer. Archived from the original on November 23, 2007 . Retrieved December 1, 2007 . There have been abundant illustrations of pseudoscientific theories-monocausal theories of human behavior that were hailed as "scientific"-that have been applied with disastrous results. Examples: ... Many racists today point to IQ to justify a menial role for blacks in society and their opposition to affirmative action. ^ Kaldis, Byron, ed. (2013). Encyclopedia of Philosophy and the Social Sciences. SAGE Publications. p. 779. ISBN 9781452276045. ^ Templeton, A. (2016). EVOLUTION AND NOTIONS OF HUMAN RACE. In Losos J. & Lenski R. (Eds.), How Evolution Shapes Our Lives: Essays on Biology and Society (pp. 346''361). Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv7h0s6j.26. That this view reflects the consensus among American anthropologists is stated in: Wagner, Jennifer K.; Yu, Joon-Ho; Ifekwunigwe, Jayne O.; Harrell, Tanya M.; Bamshad, Michael J.; Royal, Charmaine D. (February 2017). "Anthropologists' views on race, ancestry, and genetics". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 162 (2): 318''327. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23120. PMC 5299519 . PMID 27874171. See also: American Association of Physical Anthropologists (March 27, 2019). "AAPA Statement on Race and Racism". American Association of Physical Anthropologists . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . ^ Cf. Patricia Hill Collins, Black feminist thought: knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment (2nd ed., 2000), Glossary, p. 300: "Scientific racism was designed to prove the inferiority of people of color"; Simon During, Cultural studies: a critical introduction (2005), p. 163: "It [sc. scientific racism] became such a powerful idea because ... it helped legitimate the domination of the globe by whites"; David Brown and Clive Webb, Race in the American South: From Slavery to Civil Rights (2007), p. 75: "...the idea of a hierarchy of races was driven by an influential, secular, scientific discourse in the second half of the eighteenth century and was rapidly disseminated during the nineteenth century". ^ UNESCO, The Race Question, p. 8 ^ Gannon, Megan (February 5, 2016). "Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue". Scientific American . Retrieved December 25, 2018 . ^ Daley, C. E.; Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2011). "Race and Intelligence". In Sternberg, R.; Kaufman, S. B. (eds.). The Cambridge Handbook of Intelligence. Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 293''306. ISBN 9780521518062. ^ Diana Smay, George Armelagos (2000). "Galileo wept: A critical assessment of the use of race in forensic anthropolopy" (PDF) . Transforming Anthropology. 9 (2): 22''24. doi:10.1525/tran.2000.9.2.19 . Retrieved July 13, 2016 . ^ Rotimi, Charles N. (2004). "Are medical and nonmedical uses of large-scale genomic markers conflating genetics and 'race'?". Nature Genetics. 36 (11 Suppl): 43''47. doi:10.1038/ng1439 . PMID 15508002. Two facts are relevant: (i) as a result of different evolutionary forces, including natural selection, there are geographical patterns of genetic variations that correspond, for the most part, to continental origin; and (ii) observed patterns of geographical differences in genetic information do not correspond to our notion of social identities, including 'race' and 'ethnicity ^ a b Tucker 2007 ^ a b Jen E. Boyle (2010), "Anamorphosis in Early Modern Literature: Mediation and Affect", Ashgate, p. 74 ^ Fran§ois Bernier, "A New Division of the Earth" from Journal des Scavans, 24 April 1684. Translated by T. Bendyshe in Memoirs Read Before the Anthropological Society of London, vol. 1, 1863''64, pp. 360''64. ^ a b c Joan-Pau Rubi(C)s, Race, climate and civilization in the works of Fran§ois Bernier>>, L'inde des Lumi¨res. Discours, histoire, savoirs (XVIIe-XIXe si¨cle), Purushartha 31, Par­s, ‰ditions de l'EHESSS, 2013, pp. 53''78. ^ a b c Stuurman, S. (2000), "Fran§ois Bernier and the invention of racial classification", History Workshop Journal, 50, pp. 1''21. ^ French introduction by France Bhattacharya to an edition of Voyage dans les Etats du Grand Mogol (Paris: Fayard, 1981). ^ Robert Boyle (1664), "Experiments and Considerations Touching Colours", Henry Herringman, London, pp. 160''61 ^ Palmeri, Frank (2006). Humans And Other Animals in Eighteenth-Century British Culture: Representation, Hybridity, Ethics. pp. 49''67. ^ Staffan M¼ller-Wille (2014). "Linnaeus and the Four Corners of the World". The Cultural Politics of Blood, 1500''1900. pp. 191''209. doi:10.1057/9781137338211_10. hdl:10871/16833. ISBN 978-1-349-46395-4. ^ a b Jackson & Weidman 2005, pp. 39''41 ^ Initially, Linnaeus had only described four categories: Europ...us albesc[ens], Americanus rubesc[ens], Asiaticus fuscus, & Africanus nigr[iculus](Note the color references were whitish, reddish, and blackish, in difference to later editions white, red and black). Only later editions included the "Monstrosus". ^ Linnaeus did not use the term "race." He used the term "Homo variat", as can be seen in Systema naturae, p. 34. ^ Gloria Ramon (2002), "Race: Social Concept, Biological Idea" ^ Linnaeus used the Latin term: diurnus, varians cultura, loco: Systema Naturae, 13th edition, p. 29 ^ In latin: rufus, cholericus, rectus. Pilis: nigris, rectis, crassis. Naribus: Patulis. Facie: ephelitica. Mento: subimberbi. Pertinax, contentus, liber. Pingit: Se lineis daedaleis rubris. Regitur Consuetudine. ^ In latin: albus, sanguineus, torosus. Pilis flavescentibus, prolixis. Oculis caeruleis. Levis, argutus, inventor. Tegitur Vestimentis arctis. Regitur Ritibus. ^ In latin: luridus, melancholicus, rigidus. Pilis nigricantibus. Oculis fuscis. Severus, fastuosus, avarus. Tegitur Indumentis laxis. Regitur Opinionibus. ^ In latin: niger, phlegmaticus, laxus. Pilis atris, contortuplicatis. Cute holosericea. Naso simo. Labiis tumidis. Feminis sinus pudoris. Mammae lactantes prolixae. Vafer, segnis, negligens. Ungit se pingui. Regitur Arbitrio. ^ Schiebinger, Londa. "Taxonomy for Human Beings" (PDF) . ^ "Linnaeus and Race". The Linnean Society . Retrieved May 5, 2023 . ^ "The Geometer of Race". Discover Magazine . Retrieved May 5, 2023 . ^ Reid, Gordon McGregor (2009). "Carolus Linnaeus (1707''1778): His Life, Philosophy and Science and Its Relationship to Modern Biology and Medicine". Taxon. 58 (1): 18''31. doi:10.1002/tax.581005. JSTOR 27756820. ^ Renato G Mazzolini '' Skin Color and the Origin of Physical Anthropology. in: Reproduction, Race, and Gender in Philosophy and the Early Life Sciences. Ed. Susanne Lettow. 2014 ^ Conrad B. Quintyn (2010), "The Existence Or Non-existence of Race?, Teneo Press p.17 ^ Kenneth A.R. Kennedy (1976), "Human Variation in Space and Time". Wm. C. Brown Company, p. 25. Kennedy writes that while "Linnaeus was the first to use biological traits as a basis for further subdivisions of the species into varieties. It would be unfair to ascribe racist motives to this effort." ^ Gould 1981, p. 67 ^ Rachel N. Hastings (2008), "Black Eyez: Memoirs of a Revolutionary", p. 17 ^ Gould, Stephen Jay (November 1994). "The Geometer of Race". Discover. pp. 65''69. ISSN 0274-7529. ^ Mary J. Morris & Leonie Berwick (2008), The Linnaean Legacy: Three Centuries after his birth Archived 2013-05-13 at the Wayback Machine, A forum for natural history. The Linnean Special Issue No. 8. Linnean Society of London, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London. Was Linnaeus a racist?, p. 25 ^ a b Montagu, A. (2001 edition) Man's Most Dangerous Myth: The Fallacy of Race. New York: Columbia University Press, p. 69. ^ Buffon, trans. Barr, (1807) Natural History, General and Particular, volume 4, p.191 ^ Stanley A. Rice (2009), "Encyclopedia of Evolution", Infobase Publishing, p. 195. Stanley states: "Even though the prejudice and racism of the attributes are obvious to modern scientists, Linnaeus did not apparently mean to imply a hierarchy of humanness or superiority." ^ Harris 2001, p. 85 ^ a b c d e f g h Harris, Marvin (2001) [1968]. The Rise of Anthropological Theory: A History of Theories of Culture (Updated ed.). Walnut Creek, California: AltaMira Press. pp. 84''87, 110''111. ISBN 978-0-7591-1699-3. ^ Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze, Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader, 1997, p. 84 ^ Rush, Benjamin (1799). "Observations Intended to Favour a Supposition That the Black Color (As It Is Called) of the Negroes Is Derived from the Leprosy". Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 4. ^ Isaac 2004, p. 150 ^ a b c Das Gupta, Tania (2007). Race and Racialization: Essential Readings. pp. 25''26. ^ "Thomas Jefferson, Scientist". Journal of the American Revolution. August 20, 2015 . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ "Thomas Jefferson: Founding Father of Science | RealClearScience". www.realclearscience.com . Retrieved September 2, 2020 . ^ Garrod, Joel Z. (2006). "A Brave Old World: An Analysis of Scientific Racism and BiDil". McGill Journal of Medicine. 9 (1): 54''60. PMC 2687899 . PMID 19529811. ^ Paul Finkelman (November 12, 2012). "The Monster of Monticello". The New York Times. ^ Thomas Jefferson, Notes on the State of Virginia ^ (Jefferson's Letter to Benjamin Banneker, August 30, 1791. Original source: The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, vol 22, August 6, 1791 '' December 31, 1791, ed. Charles T. Cullen. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986, pp. 49''54.) ^ Harris 2001, p. 87 ^ Georges Cuvier, Tableau elementaire de l'histoire naturelle des animaux (Paris, 1798) p. 71 ^ Georges Cuvier, The Animal Kingdom: Arranged in Conformity with its Organization, Translated from the French by H.M. 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Measured Lies: The Bell Curve Examined (1st St. Martin's Griffin ed.). St. Martin's Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-312-17228-2. ^ William H. Tucker, The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund, University of Illinois Press, 2002, p. 2. ^ a b Jackson, John; McCarthy, John P. Jr (2005). Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education. New York: New York University Press. p. 148''. ISBN 978-0814742716. ^ Schaffer 2007, pp. 253''78 ^ Ferguson, G.O. (April 1916). "The Psychology of the Negro". Archives of Psychology. 36: 125. ^ Haley, Alex (April 1966). "Interview: George Lincoln Rockwell". Playboy. ^ Banton, Michael (2008). "Race, Unesco statements on". In Schaefer, Richard T. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity and Society. Sage. pp. 1096, 1098. ISBN 978-1412926942. ^ The Race Question. France: UNESCO publication. 1950. ^ "9. 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"An Alternative Interpretation of the Relationship between Heredity, Race, Environment, and IQ". The Phi Delta Kappan. 54: 250''254 '' via JSTOR. ^ Scarr, Sandra (1981). "Implicit Messages: A Review of "Bias in Mental Testing"Bias in Mental Testing. Arthur R. Jensen". American Journal of Education. 89 (3): 330''338. doi:10.1086/443584. ISSN 0195-6744. S2CID 147214993. ^ "Outstanding Synthesis of Current Work on IQ". www.amazon.com . Retrieved April 29, 2020 . ^ Rushston, J Philippe (2001). "Genes, Brains, and Culture: Returning to a Darwinian Evolutionary Psychology". Behavior and Philosophy. 29: 95''99. ^ Rushton, J. Philippe; Whitney, Glayde (2002). "Cross-National Variation in Violent Crime Rates: Race, r-K Theory, and Income". Population and Environment. 23 (6): 501''511. doi:10.1023/a:1016335501805. S2CID 16276258 '' via JSTOR. ^ Powledge, Tabitha M. (1996). "Genetics and the Control of Crime". BioScience. 46 (1): 7''10. doi:10.2307/1312648 . ISSN 0006-3568. JSTOR 1312648. ^ Brand, Chris (2003). "IQ guru talks to Skeptic magazine? Given the chance to explain how he chose to endure denunciation for 'fascism', psychologist Arthur Jensen holds his peace". Heredity. 90 (5): 346''347. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800226 . ISSN 1365-2540. ^ a b Brand, Christopher (1996). "3". The g Factor: General Intelligence and Its Implications. ^ Kerr, Anne; Cunningham-Burley, Sarah; Amos, Amanda (1998). "Eugenics and the New Genetics in Britain: Examining Contemporary Professionals' Accounts". Science, Technology, & Human Values. 23 (2): 175''198. doi:10.1177/016224399802300202. ISSN 0162-2439. PMID 11656684. S2CID 20393035. ^ Lynn, Richard (2002). IQ and the wealth of nations. Praeger. ISBN 0-275-97510-X. OCLC 928425551. ^ Volken, T. (September 1, 2003). "IQ and the Wealth of Nations. A Critique of Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen's Recent Book". European Sociological Review. 19 (4): 411''412. doi:10.1093/esr/19.4.411. ISSN 0266-7215. ^ MORSE, STEPHEN (2008). "The geography of tyranny and despair: development indicators and the hypothesis of genetic inevitability of national inequality" (PDF) . Geographical Journal. 174 (3): 195''206. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4959.2008.00296.x . ISSN 0016-7398. ^ Lynn, Richard (2002). "Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans". Population and Environment. 23 (4): 365''375. doi:10.1023/a:1014572602343. ISSN 0199-0039. S2CID 145386366. ^ Hill, Mark E. (2002). "Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans: A Reanalysis of Lynn's Data". Population and Environment. 24 (2): 209''214. doi:10.1023/a:1020704322510. ISSN 0199-0039. S2CID 141143755. ^ "Letters: "A Troublesome Inheritance" | Stanford Center for Computational, Evolutionary, and Human Genomics". cehg.stanford.edu . Retrieved April 29, 2020 . ^ "Personality and Individual Differences Retracts Rushton and Templer Article" . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . ^ "Elsevier journal to retract 2012 paper widely derided as racist". June 17, 2020 . Retrieved June 19, 2020 . ^ Gravlee CC. How race becomes biology: embodiment of social inequality. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2009 May;139(1):47''57. doi: 10.1002/ajpa.20983. PMID 19226645. ^ Washington, Harriet (2007). Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0767915472. ^ Mills, Malcolm. The Journal of African American History, vol. 94, no. 1, [The University of Chicago Press, Association for the Study of African American Life and History], 2009, pp. 101''03, http://www.jstor.org/stable/25610054. ^ Opara, Ijeoma Nnodim; Riddle-Jones, Latonya; Allen, Nakia (January 1, 2022). "Modern Day Drapetomania: Calling Out Scientific Racism". Journal of General Internal Medicine. 37 (1): 225''226. doi:10.1007/s11606-021-07163-z. ISSN 1525-1497. PMC 8513734 . PMID 34647230. Bibliography Ass(C)o, Henriette; Fings, Karola; Sparing, Frank; Kenrick, Donald; Heuss, Herbert (1997). From "race science" to the camps. The Gypsies During the Second World War. Vol. 1. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire Press. ISBN 978-0900458781. Barkan, Elazar (1992). The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars. New York: Cambridge University Press. Biddiss, Michael D. (1970). Father of Racist Ideology: The Social and Political Thought of Count Gobineau . New York: Weybright and Talley. Dennis, Rutledge M. (1995). "Social Darwinism, scientific racism, and the metaphysics of race". Journal of Negro Education. 64 (3): 243''52. doi:10.2307/2967206. JSTOR 2967206. Detterman, Douglas K. 2006. "Intelligence." Microsoft Student 2007 DVD. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation.Efron, John M. (1994). Defenders of the race: Jewish doctors and race science in fin-de-si¨cle Europe. New Haven CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300054408. Ehrenreich, Eric (2007). The Nazi ancestral proof: genealogy, racial science, and the final solution. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253349453. Ewen, Stuart; Ewen, Elizabeth (2007). Typecasting: On the Arts and Sciences of Human Inequality. New York: Seven Stories Press. ISBN 978-1-58322-776-3. Gould, Stephen Jay (1981). The Mismeasure of Man. New York: W W Norton and Co. ISBN 978-0-393-01489-1. Gross, Paul R.; Levitt, Norman Jay (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and Its Quarrels With Science. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-4766-0. Hecht, Jennifer Michael (2003). The end of the soul: scientific modernity, atheism, and anthropology in France. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 171. ISBN 978-0231128469. OCLC 53118940. Higgins, A.C. n.d. "Scientific Racism: A Review of The Science and Politics of Racial Research by William H. Tucker". Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1994. Accessed October 21, 2007.Isaac, Benjamin H. (2004). The Invention of Racism in Classical Antiquity. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Jackson, John P.; Weidman, Nadine M. (2005). Race, Racism, and Science: Social Impact and Interaction. Rutgers University Press. K¼hl, Stefan (1994). The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. New York: Oxford University Press. Lombardo, Paul A. (2002). " 'The American Breed': Nazi Eugenics and the Origins of the Pioneer Fund". Albany Law Review. 65 (3): 743''830. PMID 11998853. Mintz, Frank P. (1985). The Liberty Lobby and the American Right: Race, Conspiracy, and Culture. Westport CT: Greenwood. Murray, Charles (September 2005). "The Inequality Taboo". Commentary Magazine. Archived from the original on September 24, 2005. Poliakov, Leon (1974). Aryan Myth: A History of Racist and Nationalist Ideas in Europe. New York: Basic Books. Proctor, Robert N. (1988). Racial Hygiene: Medicine under the Nazis . Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Sapp, Jan (1987). Beyond the gene: cytoplasmic inheritance and the struggle for authority in genetics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195042061. Schaffer, Gavin (2007). ""'Scientific' Racism Again?": Reginald Gates, the Mankind Quarterly and the Question of "Race" in Science after the Second World War". Journal of American Studies. 41 (2): 253''78. doi:10.1017/S0021875807003477. S2CID 145322934. Taguieff, Pierre-Andr(C) (1987). La Force du pr(C)jug(C). Essai sur le racisme et ses doubles (in French). Paris: Gallimard, La D(C)couverte. ISBN 978-2070719778. Tucker, William H. (2007). The funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 9780252074639. Jackson, J. (2004). "Racially stuffed shirts and other enemies of mankind: Horace Mann Bond's parody of segregationist psychology in the 1950s". In Winston, A. (ed.). Defining difference: Race and Racism in the History of Psychology. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. pp. 261''283. Neisser, U.; Boodoo, G.; Bouchard, T.J. Jr.; Boykin, A.W.; Brody, N.; Ceci, S.J.; et al. (1996). "Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns" (PDF) . American Psychologist. 51 (2): 77''101. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.51.2.77. Richards, G. (1997). Race, Racism, and Psychology: Towards a Reflexive History. New York: Routledge. Shultz, D.P.; Shultz, S.E. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (9th ed.). Belmont CA: Thomson Higher Education. Trautmann, Thomas R. (1997), Aryans and British India, Vistaar Tucker, W.H. (1994). The Science and Politics of Racial Research. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Walsh, Judith E. (2011), A Brief History of India , Facts On File, ISBN 978-0816081431 Further reading Alexander, Nathan G. (2019). Race in a Godless World: Atheism, Race, and Civilization, 1850''1914. New York/Manchester: New York University Press/Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1526142375.Condit, Celeste M. (2010). Rhetorical Engagements in the Scientist's Process of Remaking Race as Genetic. The University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 978-1299241091. Fredrickson, George M. (2002). Racism: A Short History. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-00899-8. Redman, Samuel J. (2016). Bone Rooms: From Scientific Racism to Human Prehistory in Museums. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674660410. Saini, Angela (2019). Superior: The Return of Race Science. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0008341008. Spiro, Jonathan P. (2009). Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. University of Vermont Press. ISBN 978-1584657156. External links "Race, Evolution and the Science of Human Origins" by Allison Hopper, Scientific American (July 5, 2021).Fact Sheet on Eugenics and Scientific Racism from the National Human Genome Research InstituteScientific racism, history of at Encyclopedia.com (Cengage)The Mis-portrayal of Darwin as a Racist '' Refutes claims that Darwin was a racist or that his views inspired the NazisPurves D; Augustine GJ; Fitzpatrick D; et al., eds. (2001). "Box D. Brain Size and Intelligence". Neuroscience (2nd ed.). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates. Reviews of Race: The Reality of Human DifferencesRaceSci: History of Race in ScienceGardner, Dan. Race Science: When Racial Categories Make No Sense. The Globe and Mail, October 27, 1995.Institute for the study of academic racism (ISAR)Race, Science, and Social Policy. From Race: The Power of an Illusion. PBS."How Can We Curb the Spread of Scientific Racism?" a review of Superior: The Return of Race Science by Angela SainiBall, Philip (June 9, 2021). "The unwelcome revival of 'race science': 20 years after the human genome was first sequenced, dangerous gene myths abound". The Guardian. The Asian/Pacific/American Institute at New York University's Timeline of Scientific Racism, [1]

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American eugenicist, conservationist, and author (1865''1937)

Madison Grant

Grant in the early 1920s

Born ( 1865-11-19 ) November 19, 1865New York City, U.S.

DiedMay 30, 1937 (1937-05-30) (aged 71)New York City, U.S.

Resting placeSleepy Hollow Cemetery in Tarrytown, New YorkNationalityAmericanAlma materColumbia UniversityYale UniversityOccupation(s)Lawyer, writer, zoologistKnown forEugenics, Scientific racism, The Passing of the Great Race, NordicismMadison Grant (November 19, 1865 '' May 30, 1937) was an American lawyer, zoologist, anthropologist, and writer known for his work as a conservationist, eugenicist, and advocate of scientific racism. Grant is less noted for his far-reaching achievements in conservation than for his advocacy of Nordicism, a form of racism which views the "Nordic race" as superior.[1][2]

As a eugenicist, Grant was the author of The Passing of the Great Race (1916), one of the most famous racist texts,[3] and played an active role in crafting immigration restriction and anti-miscegenation laws in the United States. As a conservationist, he is credited with the saving of species including the American bison, helped create the Bronx Zoo, Glacier National Park, and Denali National Park, and co-founded the Save the Redwoods League.[5] Grant developed much of the discipline of wildlife management.

Early life [ edit ] Grant was born in New York City, New York, the son of Gabriel Grant, a physician and American Civil War surgeon, and Caroline Manice. Madison Grant's mother was a descendant of Jess(C) de Forest, the Walloon Huguenot who in 1623 recruited the first band of colonists to settle in New Netherland, the Dutch Republic's territory on the American East Coast. On his father's side, Madison Grant's first American ancestor was Richard Treat, dean of Pitminster Church in England, who in 1630 was one of the first Puritan settlers of New England. Grant's forebears through Treat's line include Robert Treat (a colonial governor of New Jersey), Robert Treat Paine (a signer of the Declaration of Independence), Charles Grant (Madison Grant's grandfather, who served as an officer in the War of 1812), and Gabriel Grant (father of Madison), a prominent physician and the health commissioner of Newark, New Jersey.[7][9] Grant was a lifelong resident of New York City.

Grant was the oldest of four siblings. The children's summers, and many of their weekends, were spent at Oatlands, the Long Island country estate built by their grandfather DeForest Manice in the 1830s. As a child, he attended private schools and traveled Europe and the Middle East with his father. He attended Yale University, graduating early and with honors in 1887. He received a law degree from Columbia Law School, and practiced law after graduation; however, his interests were primarily those of a naturalist. He never married and had no children. He first achieved a political reputation when he and his brother, De Forest Grant, took part in the 1894 electoral campaign of New York mayor William Lafayette Strong.

Conservation efforts [ edit ] Thomas C. Leonard wrote that "Grant was a cofounder of the American environmental movement, a crusading conservationist who preserved the California redwoods; saved the American bison from extinction; fought for stricter gun control laws; helped create Glacier and Denali national parks; and worked to preserve whales, bald eagles, and pronghorn antelopes."[11]

Grant was a friend of several U.S. presidents, including Theodore Roosevelt and Herbert Hoover.[citation needed ] He is credited with saving many species from extinction, and co-founded the Save the Redwoods League with Frederick Russell Burnham, John C. Merriam, and Henry Fairfield Osborn in 1918. He is also credited with helping develop the first deer hunting laws in New York state, legislation which spread to other states as well over time.

He was also a developer of wildlife management; he believed its development to be harmonized with the concept of eugenics.[12] Grant helped to found the Bronx Zoo, build the Bronx River Parkway, save the American bison as an organizer of the American Bison Society, and helped to create Glacier National Park and Denali National Park. In 1906, as Secretary of the New York Zoological Society, he lobbied to put Ota Benga, a Congolese man from the Mbuti people (a tribe of "pygmies"), on display alongside apes at the Bronx Zoo.[3]

Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, he served on the boards of many eugenic and philanthropic societies, including the board of trustees at the American Museum of Natural History, as director of the American Eugenics Society, vice president of the Immigration Restriction League, a founding member of the Galton Society, and one of the eight members of the International Committee of Eugenics. He was awarded the gold medal of the Society of Arts and Sciences in 1929. In 1931, the world's largest tree (in Dyerville, California) was dedicated to Grant, Merriam, and Osborn by the California State Board of Parks in recognition for their environmental efforts. A subspecies of caribou was named after Grant as well (Rangifer tarandus granti, also known as Grant's Caribou). He was an early member of the Boone and Crockett Club (a big game hunting organization) since 1893, and he mobilized its wealthy members to influence the government to conserve vast areas of land against encroaching industries.[13][14][15] He was the head of the New York Zoological Society from 1925 until his death.[16]

Historian Jonathan Spiro has argued that Grant's interests in conservationism and eugenics were not unrelated: both are hallmarks of the early 20th-century Progressive movement, and both assume the need for various types of stewardship over their charges. In Grant's mind, natural resources needed to be conserved for the Nordic Race, to the exclusion of other races. Grant viewed the Nordic race lovingly as he did any of his endangered species, and considered the modern industrial society as infringing just as much on its existence as it did on the redwoods. Like many eugenicists, Grant saw modern civilization as a violation of "survival of the fittest", whether it manifested itself in the over-logging of the forests, or the survival of the poor via welfare or charity.[verification needed ]

Nordicism [ edit ] Grant was the author of the once much-read book The Passing of the Great Race[18] (1916), an elaborate work of racial hygiene attempting to explain the racial history of Europe. The most significant of Grant's concerns was with the changing "stock" of American immigration of the early 20th century (characterized by increased numbers of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe, as opposed to Western and Northern Europe), Passing of the Great Race was a "racial" interpretation of contemporary anthropology and history, stating race as the basic motor of civilization.

Similar ideas were proposed by prehistorian Gustaf Kossinna in Germany. Grant promoted the idea of the "Nordic race",[19] a loosely defined biological-cultural grouping rooted in Scandinavia, as the key social group responsible for human development; thus the subtitle of the book was The racial basis of European history. As an avid eugenicist, Grant further advocated the separation, quarantine, and eventual collapse of "undesirable" traits and "worthless race types" from the human gene pool and the promotion, spread, and eventual restoration of desirable traits and "worthwhile race types" conducive to Nordic society:

"Maximum Expansion of Alpines" (3000 to 1800 BC)'--Map from

Passing of the Great Race showing the "essentially peasant" Alpine migrations into Europe.

"Expansion of the Pre-Teutonic Nordics" (1800 to 100 BC)'--Early Nordic influence spreading over the continent.

"Expansion of the Teutonic Nordics and Slavic Alpines" (100 BC to 1100 AD)'--Further Nordic expansion, as well as the Alpines.

"Present Distribution of the European Races" (1916)'--Grant's vision of the status quo, with the Nordics in red, the Alpines in green, and the Mediterraneans in yellow.

A rigid system of selection through the elimination of those who are weak or unfit'--in other words social failures'--would solve the whole question in one hundred years, as well as enable us to get rid of the undesirables who crowd our jails, hospitals, and insane asylums. The individual himself can be nourished, educated and protected by the community during his lifetime, but the state through sterilization must see to it that his line stops with him, or else future generations will be cursed with an ever increasing load of misguided sentimentalism. This is a practical, merciful, and inevitable solution of the whole problem, and can be applied to an ever widening circle of social discards, beginning always with the criminal, the diseased, and the insane, and extending gradually to types which may be called weaklings rather than defectives, and perhaps ultimately to worthless race types.[20]

In the book, Grant recommends segregating "unfavorable" races in ghettos, by installing civil organizations through the public health system to establish quasi-dictatorships in their particular fields.[21] He states the expansion of non-Nordic race types in the Nordic system of freedom would actually mean a slavery to desires, passions, and base behaviors.

In turn, this corruption of society would lead to the subjection of the Nordic community to "inferior" races, who would in turn long to be dominated and instructed by "superior" ones utilizing authoritarian powers. The result would be the submergence of the indigenous Nordic races under a corrupt and enfeebled system dominated by inferior races, and both in turn would be subjected by a new ruling race class.

Nordic theory, in Grant's formulation, was similar to many 19th-century racial philosophies, which divided the human species into primarily three distinct races: Caucasoids (based in Europe - Whites), Negroids (based in Africa - Blacks), and Mongoloids (based in Asia - Asians). Nordic theory, however, further subdivided Caucasoids (Whites) into three groups: Nordics (who inhabited Northern Europe and other parts of the continent), Alpines (whose territory included central Europe and parts of Asia), and Mediterraneans (who inhabited Southern Europe, North Africa, parts of Ireland and Wales, and the Middle East).

In Grant's view, Nordics probably evolved in a climate that "must have been such as to impose a rigid elimination of defectives through the agency of hard winters and the necessity of industry and foresight in providing the year's food, clothing, and shelter during the short summer. Such demands on energy, if long continued, would produce a strong, virile, and self-contained race which would inevitably overwhelm in battle nations whose weaker elements had not been purged by the conditions of an equally severe environment."[22] The "Proto-Nordic" human, Grant reasoned, probably evolved in eastern Germany, Poland and Russia, before migrating northward to Scandinavia.

The Nordic, in his theory, was Homo europaeus, the white man par excellence. "It is everywhere characterized by certain unique specializations, namely, wavy brown or blond hair and blue, gray or light brown eyes, fair skin, high, narrow and straight nose, which are associated with great stature, and a long skull, as well as with abundant head and body hair."[23] Grant categorized the Alpines as being the lowest of the three European races, with the Nordics as the pinnacle of civilization.

The Nordics are, all over the world, a race of soldiers, sailors, adventurers, and explorers, but above all, of rulers, organizers, and aristocrats in sharp contrast to the essentially peasant character of the Alpines. Chivalry and knighthood, and their still surviving but greatly impaired counterparts, are peculiarly Nordic traits, and feudalism, class distinctions, and race pride among Europeans are traceable for the most part to the north.[24]

Grant, while aware of the "Nordic migration theory" into the Mediterranean, appears to reject this theory as an explanation for the high civilization features of the Greco-Roman world:

The mental characteristics of the Mediterranean race are well known, and this race, while inferior in bodily stamina to both the Nordic and the Alpine, is probably the superior of both, certainly of the Alpines, in intellectual attainments. In the field of art its superiority to both the other European races is unquestioned.[24]

Grant also considered North Africa as part of Mediterranean Europe:

Africa north of the Sahara, from a zoological point of view, is now, and has been since early Tertiary times, a part of Europe. This is true both of animals and of the races of man. The Berbers of north Africa to-day are racially identical with the Spaniards and south Italians.[25]

Yet while Grant recognized Mediterraneans to have abilities in art, as quoted above, later in the text, he pondered if the Mediterranean achievements in civilization were due to Nordic original ideals and structure:

This is the race that gave the world the great civilizations of Egypt, of Crete, of Phoenicia including Carthage, of Etruria and of Mycenaean Greece. It gave us, when mixed and invigorated with Nordic elements, the most splendid of all civilizations, that of ancient Hellas, and the most enduring of political organizations, the Roman State. To what extent the Mediterranean race entered into the blood and civilization of Rome, it is now difficult to say, but the traditions of the Eternal City, its love of organization, of law and military efficiency, as well as the Roman ideals of family life, loyalty, and truth, point clearly to a Nordic rather than to a Mediterranean origin.[26]

According to Grant, Nordics were in a dire state in the modern world, where, because of their abandonment of cultural values, rooted in religious or superstitious proto-racialism, they were close to committing "race suicide" by miscegenation and by being outbred by inferior stock taking advantage of the situation. Nordic theory was strongly embraced by the racial hygiene movement in Germany in the early 1920s and 1930s, in which, however, they typically used the term "Aryan" instead of "Nordic", although the principal Nazi ideologist, Alfred Rosenberg, preferred "Aryo-Nordic" or "Nordic-Atlantean".

The Passing of the Great Race was published in multiple printings in the United States, and was translated into other languages, including German in 1925. By 1937, the book had sold 16,000 copies in the United States alone.[27] In the introduction, Grant acknowledged his "great indebtedness" to Henry Fairfield Osborn's The Men of the Old Stone Age, "as well as to Mr. M. Taylor Pyne and to Mr. Charles Stewart Davison for their assistance and many helpful suggestions."[28][29]

Stephen Jay Gould described The Passing of the Great Race as "the most influential tract of American scientific racism".[31] Grant's work was embraced by proponents of the National Socialist movement in Germany and was the first non-German book ordered to be reprinted by the Nazis when they took power. Adolf Hitler wrote to Grant, "The book is my Bible."[32]

Grant's work is considered one of the most influential and vociferous works of scientific racism and eugenics to come out of the United States. One of his long-time opponents was the anthropologist Franz Boas. Grant disliked Boas and for several years tried to get him fired from his position at Columbia University.[33][34] Boas and Grant were involved in a bitter struggle for control over the discipline of anthropology in the United States, while they both served (along with others) on the National Research Council Committee on Anthropology after the First World War.

Grant represented the "hereditarian" branch of physical anthropology at the time, despite his relatively amateur status, and was staunchly opposed to and by Boas himself (and the latter's students), who advocated cultural anthropology. Boas and his students eventually wrested control of the American Anthropological Association from Grant and his supporters, who had used it as a flagship organization for his brand of anthropology. In response, Grant, along with American eugenicist and biologist Charles B. Davenport, in 1918 founded the Galton Society as an alternative to Boas.[35]

Immigration restriction [ edit ] Grant advocated restricted immigration to the United States through limiting immigration from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe, as well as the complete end of immigration from East Asia. He also advocated efforts to purify the American population through selective breeding. He served as the vice president of the Immigration Restriction League from 1922 to his death. Acting as an expert on world racial data, Grant also provided statistics for the Immigration Act of 1924 to set the quotas on immigrants from certain European countries.[36] Even after passing the statute, Grant continued to be irked that even a smattering of non-Nordics were allowed to immigrate to the country each year. He also assisted in the passing and prosecution of several anti-miscegenation laws, including the Racial Integrity Act of 1924 in the state of Virginia, where he sought to codify his particular version of the "one-drop rule" into law.[citation needed ]

Though Grant was extremely influential in legislating his view of racial theory, he began to fall out of favor in the United States in the early 1930s. The declining interest in his work has been attributed both to the effects of the Great Depression, which resulted in a general backlash against Social Darwinism and related philosophies, and to the changing dynamics of racial issues in the United States during the interwar period. Rather than subdivide Europe into separate racial groups, the bi-racial (black vs. white) theory of Grant's proteg(C) Lothrop Stoddard became more dominant in the aftermath of the Great Migration of African-Americans from Southern States to Northern and Western ones (Guterl 2001).[citation needed ]

Legacy [ edit ] According to historian of economics Thomas C. Leonard:

Prominent American eugenicists, including movement leaders Charles Davenport and Madison Grant, were conservatives. They identified fitness with social and economic position, and they also were hard hereditarians, dubious of the Lamarckian inheritance clung to by progressives. But as eugenicists, these conservatives were not classical liberals. Like all eugenicists, they were illiberal. Conservatives do not object to state coercion so long as it is used for what they regard as the right purposes, and these men were happy to trample on individual rights to obtain the greater good of improved hereditary health....Historians invariably style Madison Grant a conservative, because he was a blueblood clubman from a patrician family, and his best- known work, The Passing of the Great Race, is a museum piece of scientific racism. But Grant's eugenic ideas originated from a corner of the conservative impulse intimately connected to Progressivism: conservation.[37]

Leonard wrote that Grant also opposed war, had doubts about imperialism, and supported birth control.[38]

Grant became a part of popular culture in 1920s America, especially in New York. Grant's conservationism and fascination with zoological natural history made him influential among the New York elite, who agreed with his cause, most notably Theodore Roosevelt. Author F. Scott Fitzgerald featured a reference to Grant in The Great Gatsby. Tom Buchanan, a fatuous Long Island aristocrat married to Daisy, was reading a book called The Rise of the Colored Empires by "this man Goddard", blending Grant's Passing of the Great Race and his colleague Lothrop Stoddard's The Rising Tide of Color Against White World Supremacy.[citation needed ]Grant left no offspring when he died in 1937 of nephritis. Several hundred people attended Grant's funeral, and he was buried in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Tarrytown, New York. He left a bequest of $25,000 to the New York Zoological Society to create "The Grant Endowment Fund for the Protection of Wild Life", $5,000 to the American Museum of Natural History, and another $5,000 to the Boone and Crockett Club.[citation needed ] Relatives destroyed his personal papers and correspondence after his death.

California State Parks removed Grant's Marker at Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park in June 2021.

At the postwar Nuremberg Trials, three pages of excerpts from Grant's Passing of the Great Race were introduced into evidence by the defense of Karl Brandt, Hitler's personal physician and head of the Nazi euthanasia program, in order to justify the population policies of the Third Reich, or at least indicate that they were not ideologically unique to Nazi Germany.[40]

Grant's works of "scientific racism" have been cited to demonstrate that many of the genocidal and eugenic ideas associated with the Third Reich did not arise specifically in Germany, and in fact that many of them had origins in other countries, including the United States.[41] As such, because of Grant's well-connected and influential friends, he is often used to illustrate the strain of race-based eugenic thinking in the United States, which had some influence until the Second World War. Because of the use made of Grant's eugenics work by the policy-makers of Nazi Germany, his work as a conservationist has been somewhat ignored and obscured, as many organizations with which he was once associated (such as the Sierra Club) wanted to minimize their association with him. His racial theories, which were popularized in the 1920s, are today seen as discredited.[42][43] The work of Franz Boas and his students, Ruth Benedict and Margaret Mead, demonstrated that there were no inferior or superior races.[43]

On June 15, 2021, California State Parks removed a memorial to Madison Grant from Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park placed in the park in 1948. The monument's removal is part of a broader effort in California Parks to address outdated exhibits and interpretations related to the founders of Save the Redwoods. In spring 2022, California State Parks will install a new interpretive panel, co-written with academic scholars, that tells a fuller story about Grant, his conservation legacy, and his central role in the eugenics movement.[44][45]

Works [ edit ] The Caribou. New York: Office of the New York Zoological Society, 1902."Moose". New York: Report of the Forest, Fish, Game Commission, 1903.The Origin and Relationship of the Large Mammals of North America. New York: Office of the New York Zoological Society, 1904.The Rocky Mountain Goat. Office of the New York Zoological Society, 1905.The Passing of the Great Race; or, The Racial Basis of European History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916.New ed., rev. and Amplified, with a New Preface by Henry Fairfield Osborn. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1918Rev. ed., with a Documentary Supplement, and a Preface by Henry Fairfield Osborn. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1921.Fourth rev. ed., with a Documentary Supplement, and a Preface by Henry Fairfield Osborn. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1936.Saving the Redwoods; an Account of the Movement During 1919 to Preserve the Redwoods of California. New York: Zoological Society, 1919.[46]Early History of Glacier National Park, Montana. Washington: Govt. print. off., 1919.The Conquest of a Continent; or, The Expansion of Races in America, Charles Scribner's Sons, 1933.Selected articles [ edit ] "The Depletion of American Forests", Century Magazine, Vol. XLVIII, No. 1, May 1894."The Vanishing Moose, and their Extermination in the Adirondacks", Century Magazine, Vol. XLVII, 1894."A Canadian Moose Hunt". In: Theodore Roosevelt (ed.), Hunting in Many Lands. New York: Forest and Stream Publishing Company, 1895."The Future of Our Fauna", Zoological Society Bulletin, No. 34, June 1909."History of the Zoological Society", Zoological Society Bulletin, Decennial Number, No. 37, January 1910."Condition of Wild Life in Alaska". In: Hunting at High Altitudes. New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1913."Wild Life Protection", Zoological Society Bulletin, Vol. XIX, No. 1, January 1916."The Passing of the Great Race", Geographical Review, Vol. 2, No. 5, Nov., 1916."The Physical Basis of Race", Journal of the National Institute of Social Sciences, Vol. III, January 1917."Discussion of Article on Democracy and Heredity", The Journal of Heredity, Vol. X, No. 4, April, 1919."Restriction of Immigration: Racial Aspects", Journal of the National Institute of Social Sciences, Vol. VII, August 1921."Racial Transformation of America", The North American Review, March 1924."America for the Americans", The Forum, September 1925.See also [ edit ] RacismInstitutional racismEugenics in the United StatesHenry Fairfield OsbornReferences [ edit ] ^ Purdy, Jedediah (2015). "Environmentalism's Racist History". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 2015-11-22 . Retrieved 2022-08-15 . ^ "Madison Grant (U.S. National Park Service)". U.S. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2022-06-07 . Retrieved 2022-08-15 . ^ a b Frazier, Ian (August 19, 2019). "When W. E. B. Du Bois Made a Laughingstock of a White Supremacist". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Archived from the original on 2019-11-07 . Retrieved October 29, 2019 . ^ Hoff, Aliya. "Madison Grant (1865''1937)". The Embryo Project Encyclopedia . Retrieved 2022-08-15 . ^ Zubrin, Robert (2012). Merchants of Despair: Radical Environmentalists, Criminal Pseudo-scientists, and the Fatal Cult of Antihumanism. Encounter Books, p. 57. ^ "Maj. Gabriel Grant (Surgeon)". health.mil (the official website of the Military Health System and the Defense Health Agency). Archived from the original on June 27, 2015 . Retrieved April 13, 2015 . ^ Leonard, Thomas C. (2016). Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era. Princeton University Press. p. 116. ^ Spiro, Jonathan (2009). Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant. University Press of New England. pp. 67, 136. ISBN 978-1-58465-810-8 '' via Google Books. ^ Allen, Garland E. (2010). "Review of Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant, Jonathan Spiro". Isis. 101 (4): 909''911. doi:10.1086/659713. ISSN 0021-1753. JSTOR 10.1086/659713. ^ "B&C Member Spotlight - Madison Grant". Boone and Crockett Club. 2021-12-09 . Retrieved 2022-08-15 . ^ "A New Kind of Zoo - B&C Impact Series". Boone and Crockett Club. 2022-02-14 . Retrieved 2022-08-15 . ^ "MADISON GRANT, 71, ZOOLOGIST, IS DEAD; Head of New York Zoological Society Since 1925 Sponsored the Bronx River Parkway". The New York Times. 1937-05-31. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2022-08-15 . ^ Lindsay, J.A. (1917). "The Passing of the Great Race, or the Racial Basis of European History " , The Eugenics Review 9 (2), pp. 139''141. ^ Alexander, Charles C. (1962). "Prophet of American Racism: Madison Grant and the Nordic Myth". Phylon. 23 (1): 73''90. doi:10.2307/274146. JSTOR 274146. ^ The Passing of the Great Race (1916), p. 46. ^ "The Passing of the Great Race" (PDF) . SolarGeneral.org. ^ The Passing of the Great Race (1916), pp. 152''153. ^ The Passing of the Great Race (1916), p. 150. ^ a b The Passing of the Great Race (1916), p. 198. ^ The Passing of the Great Race (1916), pp. 137-138. ^ The Passing of the Great Race (1916), p. 139. ^ Hoff, Aliya R., "Madison Grant (1865-1937)" in Embryo Project Encyclopedia (online), (National Science Foundation, Arizona State University, June 20, 2021). ^ Grant, Madison (1916). The Passing of the Great Race or the Racial Basis of European History. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. xx. ^ Okrent, Daniel (2019). The Guarded Gate: Bigotry, Eugenics, and the Law That Kept Two Generations of Jews, Italians, and Other European Immigrants Out of America. New York: Scribner. pp. 209''210. ^ HARTMAN, NOEL (January 2016). " "THE PASSING OF THE GREAT RACE" AT 100". PublicBooks.org. ^ Whitney, Leon (1971). Autobiography of Leon Fradley Whitney. Islandora Repository. p. 205. ^ Petit, Jeanne D. (2010). The Men and Women We Want: Gender, Race, and the Progressive Era Literary Test Debate. University of Rochester. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-58046-348-5 . Retrieved 26 June 2011 . ^ Winfield, Ann Gibson (2007). Eugenics and Education in America: Institutionalized Racism and the Implications of History, Ideology, and Memory. Peter Lang. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8204-8146-3. ^ Spiro 2002 ^ Tucker, William H. (2007). The Funding of Scientific Racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-07463-9. ^ Thomas C. Leonard, "Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era" (Princeton UP 2016) p 115. ^ Leonard, Thomas C. Illiberal Reformers Princeton University Press 2016 p. 116 ^ "Zoo officials apologize for display of African man in 1906". Associated Press. July 30, 2020 . Retrieved 22 January 2022 . ^ Black, Edwin (2003). War Against the Weak. Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race. New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, pp. 259, 273, 274''275, 296. ^ Smelser, Neil J.; Alexander, Jeffrey C. (1999-05-02). Diversity and Its Discontents: Cultural Conflict and Common Ground in Contemporary American Society. Princeton University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-691-00437-2. ^ a b Cruden, Robert (1980). Many and One: A Social History of the United States. Prentice-Hall. p. 403. ISBN 978-0-13-555714-3. ^ Vanderheiden, Isabella (June 28, 2021). "Memorial removed from Prairie Creek over racist, eugenics beliefs of Save the Redwoods League founder". Times-Standard . Retrieved 22 January 2022 . ^ "California State Parks Removes Memorial to Madison Grant from Prairie Creek Redwoods State Park". CA State Parks (Press release). June 25, 2021 . Retrieved 2021-12-09 . ^ Reprinted in The National Geographic, Vol. XXXVII, January/June, 1920. Further reading [ edit ] "Madison Grant, 71, Zoologist, Is Dead", The New York Times (May 31, 1937), p. 15.Allen, Garland E. (2013). "'Culling the Herd': Eugenics and the Conservation Movement in the United States, 1900-1940," Journal of the History of Biology 46, pp. 31''72.Barkan, Elazar (1992). The Retreat of Scientific Racism: Changing Concepts of Race in Britain and the United States between the World Wars. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Cooke, Kathy J. (2000). "Grant, Madison". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. Online.Degler, Carl N. (1991). In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought. Oxford University Press.Field, Geoffrey G. (1977). "Nordic Racism", Journal of the History of Ideas 38 (3), pp. 523''540.Guterl, Matthew Press (2001). The Color of Race in America, 1900''1940. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Lee, Erika. "America first, immigrants last: American xenophobia then and now." Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 19.1 (2020): 3-18.Leonard, Thomas C. Illiberal Reformers: Race, Eugenics, and American Economics in the Progressive Era (Princeton UP, 2016)Leonard, Thomas C. " 'More Merciful and Not Less Effective': Eugenics and American Economics in the Progressive Era." History of Political Economy// 35.4 (2003): 687-712. onlineMarcus, Alan P. "The Dangers of the Geographical Imagination in the US Eugenics Movement." Geographical Review 111.1 (2021): 36-56.Purdy, Jedediah (2015). "Environmentalism's Racist History". The New Yorker.Serwer, Adam (April 2019). "White Nationalism's Deep American Roots". The Atlantic. Spiro, Jonathan P. Defending the Master Race: Conservation, Eugenics, and the Legacy of Madison Grant (Univ. of Vermont Press, 2009) excerptSpiro, Jonathan P. "Nordic vs. Anti-Nordic: The Galton Society and the American Anthropological Association", Patterns of Prejudice 36#1 (2002): 35''48.Regal, Brian (2002). Henry Fairfield Osborn: Race and the Search for the Origins of Man. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.Regal, Brian (2004). "Maxwell Perkins and Madison Grant: Eugenics Publishing at Scribners", Princeton University Library Chronicle 65#2, pp. 317''341.External links [ edit ] Madison Grant at Find a GraveExcerpts from Passing of the Great Race used at the Nuremberg TrialsWorks by Madison Grant at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Works by Madison Grant at Project Gutenberg

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Intentionally false statement made to deceive

The character of

Pinocchio, whose nose grows when he tells a lie, has become a symbol of untruthfulness.

A lie is an assertion that is believed to be false, typically used with the purpose of deceiving or misleading someone.[1][2][3] The practice of communicating lies is called lying. A person who communicates a lie may be termed a liar. Lies can be interpreted as deliberately false statements or misleading statements. Lies may also serve a variety of instrumental, interpersonal, or psychological functions for the individuals who use them.

Generally, the term "lie" carries a negative connotation, and depending on the context a person who communicates a lie may be subject to social, legal, religious, or criminal sanctions; for instance, perjury, or the act of lying under oath, can result in criminal and civil charges being pressed against the perjurer.

Although people in many cultures believe that deception can be detected by observing nonverbal behaviors (e.g. not making eye contact, fidgeting, stuttering) research indicates that people overestimate both the significance of such cues and their ability to make accurate judgements about deception.[4][5] More generally, people's ability to make true judgments is affected by biases towards accepting incoming information and interpreting feelings as evidence of truth. People do not always check incoming assertions against their memory.[6]

Types and associated terms A barefaced, bald-faced or bold-faced lie is an impudent, brazen, shameless, flagrant, or audacious lie that is sometimes but not always undisguised and that it is even then not always obvious to those hearing it.[7]A big lie is one that attempts to trick the victim into believing something major, which will likely be contradicted by some information the victim already possesses, or by their common sense. When the lie is of sufficient magnitude it may succeed, due to the victim's reluctance to believe that an untruth on such a grand scale would indeed be concocted.[8]A black lie is about simple and callous selfishness. They are usually told when others gain nothing, and the sole purpose is either to get oneself out of trouble (reducing harm against oneself), or to gain something one desires (increasing benefits for oneself).[9][better source needed ]A blue lie is a form of lying that is told purportedly to benefit a collective or "in the name of the collective good". The origin of the term "blue lie" is possibly from cases where police officers made false statements to protect the police force, or to ensure the success of a legal case against an accused.[10] This differs from the blue wall of silence in that a blue lie is not an omission but a stated falsehood.[citation needed ]An April fool is a lie or hoax told/performed on April Fools' Day.To bluff is to pretend to have a capability or intention one does not possess.[8] Bluffing is an act of deception that is rarely seen as immoral when it takes place in the context of a game, such as poker, where this kind of deception is consented to in advance by the players. For instance, gamblers who deceive other players into thinking they have different cards to those they really hold, or athletes who hint that they will move left and then dodge right are not considered to be lying (also known as a feint or juke). In these situations, deception is acceptable and is commonly expected as a tactic.[citation needed ]Bullshit (also B.S., bullcrap, bull) does not necessarily have to be a complete fabrication. While a lie is related by a speaker who believes what is said is false, bullshit is offered by a speaker who does not care whether what is said is true because the speaker is more concerned with giving the hearer some impression. Thus, bullshit may be either true or false, but demonstrates a lack of concern for the truth that is likely to lead to falsehoods.[11]A motivational poster about lying declares "An

ostrich only thinks he 'covers up'"

A cover-up may be used to deny, defend, or obfuscate a lie, errors, embarrassing actions, or lifestyle, and/or lie(s) made previously.[8] One may deny a lie made on a previous occasion, or alternatively, one may claim that a previous lie was not as egregious as it was. For example, to claim that a premeditated lie was really "only" an emergency lie, or to claim that a self-serving lie was really "only" a white lie or noble lie. This should not be confused with confirmation bias in which the deceiver is deceiving themselves.[citation needed ]Defamation is the communication of a false statement that harms the reputation of an individual person, business, product, group, government, religion, or nation.[8]To deflect is to avoid the subject that the lie is about, not giving attention to the lie. When attention is given to the subject the lie is based around, deflectors ignore or refuse to respond. Skillful deflectors are passive-aggressive, who when confronted with the subject choose to ignore and not respond.[12]Disinformation is intentionally false or misleading information that is spread in a calculated way to deceive target audiences.[8]An exaggeration occurs when the most fundamental aspects of a statement are true, but only to a certain degree. It also is seen as "stretching the truth" or making something appear more powerful, meaningful, or real than it is. Saying that someone devoured most of something when they only ate half is considered an exaggeration. An exaggeration might be easily found to be a hyperbole where a person's statement (i.e. in informal speech, such as "He did this one million times already!") is meant not to be understood literally.[8] Fake news is supposed to be a type of yellow journalism that consists of deliberate misinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional print and broadcast news media or online social media.[13] Sometimes the term is applied as a deceptive device to deflect attention from uncomfortable truths and facts.[citation needed ]A fib is a lie that is easy to forgive due to its subject being a trivial matter; for example, a child may tell a fib by claiming that the family dog broke a household vase, when the child was the one who broke it.[8]Fraud refers to the act of inducing another person or people to believe a lie in order to secure material or financial gain for the liar. Depending on the context, fraud may subject the liar to civil or criminal penalties.[14]A gray lie is told partly to help others and partly to help ourselves. It may vary in the shade of gray, depending on the balance of help and harm. Gray lies are, almost by definition, hard to clarify. For example you can lie to help a friend out of trouble but then gain the reciprocal benefit of them lying for you while those they have harmed in some way lose out.[9][better source needed ]A half-truth or partial truth is a deceptive statement that includes some element of truth. The statement might be partly true, the statement may be totally true, but only part of the whole truth, or it may employ some deceptive element, such as improper punctuation or double meaning, especially if the intent is to deceive, evade, blame, or misrepresent the truth.[15] Partial truths are characterized by malicious intent, and therefore, honest people should not excuse them as containing a "rational kernel."[16]An honest lie (or confabulation) may be identified by verbal statements or actions that inaccurately describe the history, background, and present situations. There is generally no intent to misinform and the individual is unaware that their information is false. Because of this, it is not technically a lie at all since, by definition, there must be an intent to deceive for the statement to be considered a lie.[citation needed ]Jocose lies are lies meant in jest, intended to be understood as such by all present parties. Teasing and irony are examples. A more elaborate instance is seen in some storytelling traditions, where the storyteller's insistence that the story is the absolute truth, despite all evidence to the contrary (i.e., tall tale), is considered humorous. There is debate about whether these are "real" lies, and different philosophers hold different views. The Crick Crack Club in London arranges a yearly "Grand Lying Contest" with the winner being awarded the coveted "Hodja Cup" (named for the Mulla Nasreddin: "The truth is something I have never spoken."). The winner in 2010 was Hugh Lupton. In the United States, the Burlington Liars' Club awards an annual title to the "World Champion Liar."[17]Lie-to-children is a phrase that describes a simplified explanation of technical or complex subjects as a teaching method for children and laypeople. While lies-to-children are useful in teaching complex subjects to people who are new to the concepts discussed, they can promote the creation of misconceptions among the people who listen to them. The phrase has been incorporated by academics within the fields of biology, evolution, bioinformatics, and the social sciences. Media use of the term has extended to publications including The Conversation and Forbes.[citation needed ]Lying by omission , also known as a continuing misrepresentation or quote mining, occurs when an important fact is left out in order to foster a misconception. Lying by omission includes the failure to correct pre-existing misconceptions. For example, when the seller of a car declares it has been serviced regularly, but does not mention that a fault was reported during the last service, the seller lies by omission. It may be compared to dissimulation. An omission is when a person tells most of the truth, but leaves out a few key facts that therefore, completely obscures the truth.[12]Consumer protection laws often mandate the posting of notices, such as this one which appears in all

automotive repair shops in California.

Lying in trade occurs when the seller of a product or service may advertise untrue facts about the product or service in order to gain sales, especially by competitive advantage. Many countries and states have enacted consumer protection laws intended to combat such fraud.A memory hole is a mechanism for the alteration or disappearance of inconvenient or embarrassing documents, photographs, transcripts, or other records, such as from a website or other archive, particularly as part of an attempt to give the impression that something never happened.[18][19] Minimization is the opposite of exaggeration. It is a type of deception[20] involving denial coupled with rationalization in situations where complete denial is implausible.[citation needed ]Mutual deceit is a situation wherein lying is both accepted and expected[21] or that the parties mutually accept the deceit in question. This can be demonstrated in the case of a poker game wherein the strategies rely on deception and bluffing to win.[22] A noble lie, which also could be called a strategic untruth, is one that normally would cause discord if uncovered, but offers some benefit to the liar and assists in an orderly society, therefore, potentially being beneficial to others. It is often told to maintain law, order, and safety.Paltering is the active use of selective truthful statements to mislead.[24]Paternalistic deception is a lie told because it is believed (possibly incorrectly) that the deceived person will benefit.In psychiatry, pathological lying (also called compulsive lying, pseudologia fantastica, and mythomania) is a behavior of habitual or compulsive lying.[25][26] It was first described in the medical literature in 1891 by Anton Delbrueck.[26] Although it is a controversial topic,[26] pathological lying has been defined as "falsification entirely disproportionate to any discernible end in view, may be extensive and very complicated, and may manifest over a period of years or even a lifetime".[25] The individual may be aware they are lying, or may believe they are telling the truth, being unaware that they are relating fantasies.[citation needed ]Perjury is the act of lying or making verifiably false statements on a material matter under oath or affirmation in a court of law, or in any of various sworn statements in writing. Perjury is a crime, because the witness has sworn to tell the truth and, for the credibility of the court to remain intact, witness testimony must be relied on as truthful.[8]A polite lie is a lie that a politeness standard requires, and that usually is known to be untrue by both parties. Whether such lies are acceptable is heavily dependent on culture. A common polite lie in international etiquette may be to decline invitations because of "scheduling difficulties", or due to "diplomatic illness". Similarly, the butler lie is a small lie that usually is sent electronically and is used to terminate conversations or to save face.[27]Puffery is an exaggerated claim typically found in advertising and publicity announcements, such as "the highest quality at the lowest price", or "always votes in the best interest of all the people". Such statements are unlikely to be true '' but cannot be proven false and so, do not violate trade laws, especially as the consumer is expected to be able to determine that it is not the absolute truth.[28]A red lie is about spite and revenge. It is driven by the motive to harm others even at the expense of harming oneself, out of an angry desire for retribution.[9][better source needed ]The phrase "speaking with a forked tongue" means to deliberately say one thing and mean another or, to be hypocritical, or act in a duplicitous manner. This phrase was adopted by Americans around the time of the Revolution, and may be found in abundant references from the early nineteenth century '' often reporting on American officers who sought to convince the Indigenous peoples of the Americas with whom they negotiated that they "spoke with a straight and not with a forked tongue" (as for example, President Andrew Jackson told members of the Creek Nation in 1829).[29] According to one 1859 account, the proverb that the "white man spoke with a forked tongue" originated in the 1690s, in the descriptions by the indigenous peoples of French colonials in America inviting members of the Iroquois Confederacy to attend a peace conference, but when the Iroquois arrived, the French had set an ambush and proceeded to slaughter and capture the Iroquois.[30]Weasel word is an informal term[31] for words and phrases aimed at creating an impression that a specific or meaningful statement has been made, when in fact only a vague or ambiguous claim has been communicated, enabling the specific meaning to be denied if the statement is challenged. A more formal term is equivocation.[citation needed ] A white lie is a harmless or trivial lie, especially one told in order to be polite or to avoid hurting someone's feelings or stopping them from being upset by the truth.[32][33][34] A white lie also is considered a lie to be used for greater good (pro-social behavior). It sometimes is used to shield someone from a hurtful or emotionally-damaging truth, especially when not knowing the truth is deemed by the liar as completely harmless.[citation needed ]Vranyo expresses white lies or half-lies in Russian culture, told without the intention of (maliciously) deceiving, but as a fantasy, suppressing unpleasant parts of the truth.[citation needed ]Consequences The potential consequences of lying are manifold; some in particular are worth considering. Typically lies aim to deceive, so the hearer may acquire a false belief (or at least something that the speaker believes to be false). When deception is unsuccessful, a lie may be discovered. The discovery of a lie may discredit other statements by the same speaker, thereby staining that speaker's reputation. In some circumstances, it may also negatively affect the social or legal standing of the speaker. Lying in a court of law, for instance, is a criminal offense (perjury).[35]

Hannah Arendt spoke about extraordinary cases in which an entire society is being lied to consistently. She said that the consequences of such lying are "not that you believe the lies, but rather that nobody believes anything any longer. This is because lies, by their very nature, have to be changed, and a lying government has constantly to rewrite its own history. On the receiving end you get not only one lie '' a lie which you could go on for the rest of your days '' but you get a great number of lies, depending on how the political wind blows."[36]

Detection The question of whether lies can be detected reliably through nonverbal has been the subject of frequent study. While people in many cultures believe that deception can be indicated by behaviors such as looking away, fidgeting, or stammering, this is not supported by research.[4][5] A 2019 review of research on deception and its detection through nonverbal behavior concludes that people tend to overestimate both the reliability of nonverbal behavior as an indicator of deception, and their ability to make accurate judgements about deception based on nonverbal behavior.[4][37]

Polygraph "lie detector" machines measure the physiological stress a subject endures in a number of measures while giving statements or answering questions. Spikes in stress indicators are purported to reveal lying. The accuracy of this method is widely disputed. In several well-known cases, application of the technique has been shown to have given incorrect results.[ examples needed ] Nonetheless, it remains in use in many areas, primarily as a method for eliciting confessions or employment screening. The unreliability of polygraph results is the basis of the exclusion of such evaluations as admissible evidence in many courts, and the technique is generally perceived to be an example of pseudoscience.[38]

A recent study found that composing a lie takes longer than telling the truth and thus, the time taken to answer a question may be used as a method of lie detection.[39] Instant answers with a lie may be proof of a prepared lie. A recommendation provided to resolve that contradiction is to try to surprise the subject and find a midway answer, not too quick, nor too long.[40]

Ethics Utilitarian philosophers have supported lies that achieve good outcomes '' white lies.[41] In his 2008 book, How to Make Good Decisions and Be Right All the Time, Iain King suggested a credible rule on lying was possible, and he defined it as: "Deceive only if you can change behaviour in a way worth more than the trust you would lose, were the deception discovered (whether the deception actually is exposed or not)."[42]

Stanford Law professor Deborah L. Rhode articulated three rules she says ethicists generally agree distinguish "white lies" from harmful lies or cheating:[43]

A disinterested observer would conclude that the benefits outweigh the harmsThere is no alternativeIf everyone in similar circumstances acted similarly, society would be no worse offAristotle believed no general rule on lying was possible, because anyone who advocated lying could never be believed, he said.[44] The philosophers St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Immanuel Kant, condemned all lying.[41] According to all three, there are no circumstances in which, ethically, one may lie. Even if the only way to protect oneself is to lie, it is never ethically permissible to lie even in the face of murder, torture, or any other hardship. Each of these philosophers gave several arguments for the ethical basis against lying, all compatible with each other. Among the more important arguments are:

Lying is a perversion of the natural faculty of speech, the natural end of which is to communicate the thoughts of the speaker.When one lies, one undermines trust in society.In Lying, neuroscientist Sam Harris argues that lying is negative for the liar and the person who's being lied to. To say lies is to deny others access to reality, and often we cannot anticipate how harmful lies can be. The ones we lie to may fail to solve problems they could have solved only on a basis of good information. To lie also harms oneself, makes the liar distrust the person who's being lied to.[45] Liars generally feel badly about their lies and sense a loss of sincerity, authenticity, and integrity. Harris asserts that honesty allows one to have deeper relationships and to bring all dysfunction in one's life to the surface.

In Human, All Too Human, philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche suggested that those who refrain from lying may do so only because of the difficulty involved in maintaining lies. This is consistent with his general philosophy that divides (or ranks) people according to strength and ability; thus, some people tell the truth only out of weakness.

A study was conducted by the University of Nottingham, released in 2016, which utilized a dice roll test where participants could easily lie to get a bigger payout. The study found that in countries with high prevalence of rule breaking, dishonesty in people in their early 20s was more prevalent.[46]

Great apes and mother birds Possession of the capacity to lie among non-humans has been asserted during language studies with great apes. In one instance, the gorilla Koko, when asked who tore a sink from the wall, pointed to one of her handlers and then laughed.[47]

Deceptive body language, such as feints that mislead as to the intended direction of attack or flight, is observed in many species. A mother bird deceives when she pretends to have a broken wing to divert the attention of a perceived predator '' including unwitting humans '' from the eggs in her nest, instead to her, as she draws the predator away from the location of the nest, most notably a trait of the killdeer.[48]

Cultural references Carlo Collodi's Pinocchio is a wooden puppet character often led into trouble by his propensity to lie; his nose grows with every one. Hence, long noses have become a caricature of liars.The Boy Who Cried Wolf, a fable attributed to Aesop about a boy who continually lies that a wolf is coming. When a wolf does appear, nobody believes him anymore.A famous anecdote by Parson Weems claims that George Washington once cut at a cherry tree with a hatchet when he was a small child. His father asked him who cut the cherry tree and Washington confessed his crime with the words: "I'm sorry, father, I cannot tell a lie."To Tell the Truth was the originator of a genre of game shows with three contestants claiming to be a person only one of them is.Glenn Kessler, a journalist at The Washington Post, awards one to four Pinocchios to politicians in his Washington Post Fact Checker blog.[49]The clich(C) "All is fair in love and war",[50][51] asserts justification for lies used to gain advantage in these situations.Sun Tzu declared that "All warfare is based on deception." Machiavelli advised in The Prince that a prince must hide his behaviors and become a "great liar and deceiver."[52]Thomas Hobbes wrote in Leviathan: "In war, force and fraud are the two cardinal virtues." The concept of a memory hole was first popularized by George Orwell's dystopian novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, where the Party's Ministry of Truth systematically re-created all potential historical documents, in effect re-writing all of history to match the often-changing state propaganda. These changes were complete and undetectable.In the film Big Fat Liar, the story producer Marty Wolf (a notorious and proud liar) steals a story from student Jason Shepard, telling of a character whose lies become out of control to the point where each lie he tells causes him to grow in size.In the film Liar Liar, the lawyer Fletcher Reede (Jim Carrey) cannot lie for 24 hours, due to a wish of his son that magically came true.In the 1985 film Max Headroom, the title character comments that one can always tell when a politician lies because "their lips move". The joke has been widely repeated and rephrased.Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space! was a VeggieTales story of a crime-fighting super-hero with super-suction ears, having to stop an alien, calling himself "Fib", from destroying the town of Bumblyburg due to the lies that caused Fib to grow. Telling the truth is the moral to this story.Lie to Me is a television series based on behavior analysts who read lies through facial expressions and body language.The Invention of Lying is a 2009 movie depicting the fictitious invention of the first lie, starring Ricky Gervais, Jennifer Garner, Rob Lowe, and Tina Fey.The Adventures of Baron Munchausen tell the story about an eighteenth-century baron who tells outrageous, unbelievable stories, all of which he claims are true.In the games Grand Theft Auto IV and Grand Theft Auto V, there's an agency named FIB, a parody of the FBI, which is known to cover up stories, cooperate with criminals, and extract information with the use of lying.Psychology It is asserted that the capacity to lie is a talent human beings possess universally.[53]

The evolutionary theory proposed by Darwin states that only the fittest will survive and by lying, we aim to improve other's perception of our social image and status, capability, and desirability in general.[54] Studies have shown that humans begin lying at a mere age of six months, through crying and laughing, to gain attention.[55]

Scientific studies have shown differences in forms of lying across gender. Although men and women lie at equal frequencies, men are more likely to lie in order to please themselves while women are more likely to lie to please others.[56] The presumption is that humans are individuals living in a world of competition and strict social norms, where they are able to use lies and deception to enhance chances of survival and reproduction.

Stereotypically speaking, David Livingstone Smith asserts that men like to exaggerate about their sexual expertise, but shy away from topics that degrade them while women understate their sexual expertise to make themselves more respectable and loyal in the eyes of men and avoid being labelled as a 'scarlet woman'.[56]

Those with Parkinson's disease show difficulties in deceiving others, difficulties that link to prefrontal hypometabolism. This suggests a link between the capacity for dishonesty and integrity of prefrontal functioning.[57]

Pseudologia fantastica is a term applied by psychiatrists to the behavior of habitual or compulsive lying. Mythomania is the condition where there is an excessive or abnormal propensity for lying and exaggerating.[58]

A recent study found that composing a lie takes longer than telling the truth.[40] Or, as Chief Joseph succinctly put it, "It does not require many words to speak the truth."[59]

Some people who are not convincing liars truly believe they are.[60]

Religious perspectives In the Bible The Old Testament and New Testament of the Bible both contain statements that God cannot lie and that lying is immoral (Num. 23:19,[61] Hab. 2:3,[62] Heb. 6:13''18).[63] Nevertheless, there are examples of God deliberately causing enemies to become disorientated and confused, in order to provide victory (2 Thess. 2:11;[64][65] 1 Kings 22:23;[66] Ezek. 14:9).[67]

Various passages of the Bible feature exchanges that assert lying is immoral and wrong (Prov. 6:16''19; Ps. 5:6), (Lev. 19:11; Prov. 14:5; Prov. 30:6; Zeph. 3:13), (Isa. 28:15; Dan. 11:27), most famously, in the Ten Commandments: "Thou shalt not bear false witness" (Ex. 20:2''17; Deut. 5:6''21); Ex. 23:1; Matt. 19:18; Mark 10:19; Luke 18:20 a specific reference to perjury.

Other passages feature descriptive (not prescriptive) exchanges where lying was committed in extreme circumstances involving life and death. Most Christian philosophers might argue that lying is never acceptable, but that even those who are righteous in God's eyes sin sometimes. Old Testament accounts of lying include:[68]

The midwives lied about their inability to kill the Israelite children. (Ex. 1:15''21).Rahab lied to the king of Jericho about hiding the Hebrew spies (Josh. 2:4''5) and was not killed with those who were disobedient because of her faith (Heb. 11:31).Abraham instructed his wife, Sarah, to mislead the Egyptians and say that she is his sister (Gen. 12:10). Abraham's story was strictly true '' Sarah was his half sister '' but intentionally misleading because it was designed to lead the Egyptians to believe that Sarah was not Abraham's wife for Abraham feared that they would kill him in order to take her, for she was very beautiful.[69]In the New Testament, Jesus refers to the Devil as the father of lies (John 8:44) and Paul commands Christians "Do not lie to one another" (Col. 3:9; cf. Lev. 19:11). In the Day of Judgement, unrepentant liars will be punished in the lake of fire. (Rev. 21:8; 21:27).

Augustine's taxonomy Augustine of Hippo wrote two books about lying: On Lying (De Mendacio) and Against Lying (Contra Mendacio).[70][71] He describes each book in his later work, Retractationes. Based on the location of De Mendacio in Retractationes, it appears to have been written about AD 395. The first work, On Lying, begins: "Magna qu...stio est de Mendacio" ("There is a great question about Lying"). From his text, it can be derived that St. Augustine divided lies into eight categories, listed in order of descending severity:

Lies in religious teachingLies that harm others and help no oneLies that harm others and help someoneLies told for the pleasure of lyingLies told to "please others in smooth discourse"Lies that harm no one and that help someone materiallyLies that harm no one and that help someone spirituallyLies that harm no one and that protect someone from "bodily defilement"Despite distinguishing between lies according to their external severity, Augustine maintains in both treatises that all lies, defined precisely as the external communication of what one does not hold to be internally true, are categorically sinful and therefore, ethically impermissible.[72]

Augustine wrote that lies told in jest, or by someone who believes or opines the lie to be true are not, in fact, lies.[73]

In Buddhism The fourth of the five Buddhist precepts involves falsehood spoken or committed to by action.[74] Avoiding other forms of wrong speech are also considered part of this precept, consisting of malicious speech, harsh speech, and gossip.[75] A breach of the precept is considered more serious if the falsehood is motivated by an ulterior motive [74] (rather than, for example, "a small white lie"). The accompanying virtue is being honest and dependable,[78] and involves honesty in work, truthfulness to others, loyalty to superiors, and gratitude to benefactors. In Buddhist texts, this precept is considered most important next to the first precept, because a lying person is regarded to have no shame, and therefore capable of many wrongs. Lying is not only to be avoided because it harms others, but also because it goes against the Buddhist ideal of finding the truth.

The fourth precept includes avoidance of lying and harmful speech.[83] Some modern Buddhist teachers such as Thich Nhat Hanh interpret this to include avoiding spreading false news and uncertain information. Work that involves data manipulation, false advertising, or online scams can also be regarded as violations.[84] Anthropologist Barend Terwiel [de] reports that among Thai Buddhists, the fourth precept also is seen to be broken when people insinuate, exaggerate, or speak abusively or deceitfully.[85]

In Norse paganism In Gesta¾ttr, one of the sections within the Eddaic poem Hvaml, Odin states that it is advisable, when dealing with "a false foe who lies", to tell lies also.[86]

In Zoroastrianism Darius I, imagined by a Greek painter, fourth century BCE

Zoroaster teaches that there are two powers in the universe; Asha, which is truth, order, and that which is real, and Druj, which is "the Lie". Later on, the Lie became personified as Angra Mainyu, a figure similar to the Christian Devil, who was portrayed as the eternal opponent of Ahura Mazda (God).

Herodotus, in his mid-fifth-century BC account of Persian residents of the Pontus, reports that Persian youths, from their fifth year to their twentieth year, were instructed in three things '' "to ride a horse, to draw a bow, and to speak the Truth".[87] He further notes that:[87] "The most disgraceful thing in the world [the Persians] think, is to tell a lie; the next worst, to owe a debt: because, among other reasons, the debtor is obliged to tell lies."

In Achaemenid Persia, the lie, drauga (in Avestan: druj), is considered to be a cardinal sin and it was punishable by death in some extreme cases. Tablets discovered by archaeologists in the 1930s [88] at the site of Persepolis give us adequate evidence about the love and veneration for the culture of truth during the Achaemenian period. These tablets contain the names of ordinary Persians, mainly traders and warehouse-keepers.[89] According to Stanley Insler of Yale University, as many as 72 names of officials and petty clerks found on these tablets contain the word truth.[90] Thus, says Insler, we have Artapana, protector of truth, Artakama, lover of truth, Artamanah, truth-minded, Artafarnah, possessing splendour of truth, Artazusta, delighting in truth, Artastuna, pillar of truth, Artafrida, prospering the truth, and Artahunara, having nobility of truth.

It was Darius the Great who laid down the "ordinance of good regulations" during his reign. Darius' testimony about his constant battle against the Lie is found in the Behistun Inscription. He testifies:[91] "I was not a lie-follower, I was not a doer of wrong ... According to righteousness I conducted myself. Neither to the weak or to the powerful did I do wrong. The man who cooperated with my house, him I rewarded well; who so did injury, him I punished well."

He asks Ahuramazda, God, to protect the country from "a (hostile) army, from famine, from the Lie".[92]

Darius had his hands full dealing with large-scale rebellion which broke out throughout the empire. After fighting successfully with nine traitors in a year, Darius records his battles against them for posterity and tells us how it was the Lie that made them rebel against the empire. At the Behistun inscription, Darius says: "I smote them and took prisoner nine kings. One was Gaumata by name, a Magian; he lied; thus he said: I am Smerdis, the son of Cyrus ... One, Acina by name, an Elamite; he lied; thus he said: I am king in Elam ... One, Nidintu-Bel by name, a Babylonian; he lied; thus he said: I am Nebuchadnezzar, the son of Nabonidus. ... The Lie made them rebellious, so that these men deceived the people."[93] Then advice to his son Xerxes, who is to succeed him as the great king: "Thou who shalt be king hereafter, protect yourself vigorously from the Lie; the man who shall be a lie-follower, him do thou punish well, if thus thou shall think. May my country be secure!"[citation needed ]

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Personality and Individual Differences. 54 (2): 311''314. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.09.001. ^ "Num. 23:19". Biblegateway.com. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ "Hab. 2:3". Bible.cc. Archived from the original on 14 August 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ "Heb 6:13''18". Soundofgrace.com. 10 November 1996. Archived from the original on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ "2 Thess. 2:11". Biblegateway.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ "2 Thess. 2:11". Biblegateway.com. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ "1 Kings 22:23". Bible.cc. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ "Ezek. 14:9". Bible.cc. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ See also: O'Neill, Barry. (2003). "A Formal System for Understanding Lies and Deceit." Archived 28 February 2008 at the Wayback Machine Revision of a talk for the Jerusalem Conference on Biblical Economics, June 2000. ^ "Genesis 12:11 '' "When he was about to enter Egypt, he said to Sarai his wife, 'I know that you are a woman'"". ESVBible.org . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ Saint Augustine (2002). Deferrari, Roy J. (ed.). Treatises on various subjects. Translated by Mary Sarah Muldowney (1st pbk. reprint ed.). New York: Catholic University of America Press. ISBN 978-0813213200. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . ^ Schaff, Philip (1887). A Select Library of the Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church: St. Augustin: On the Holy Trinity. Doctrinal treatises. Moral treatises. The Christian Literature Company. ^ "Church Fathers: On Lying (St. Augustine)". Archived from the original on 26 September 2010 . Retrieved 30 December 2016 . ^ Imre, Robert; Mooney, T. Brian; Clarke, Benjamin (2008). Responding to terrorism: political, philosophical and legal perspectives ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754672777. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2016 . ^ a b Leaman, Oliver (2000). Eastern Philosophy: Key Readings (PDF) . Routledge. p. 140. ISBN 978-0-415-17357-5. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 August 2017. ^ Segall, Seth Robert (2003). "Psychotherapy Practice as Buddhist Practice". In Segall, Seth Robert (ed.). Encountering Buddhism: Western Psychology and Buddhist Teachings. State University of New York Press. p. 169. ISBN 978-0-7914-8679-5. ^ Cozort, Daniel (2015). "Ethics". In Powers, John (ed.). The Buddhist World. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-42016-3. ^ Powers, John (2013). A Concise Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 978-1-78074-476-6. ^ Johansen, Barry-Craig P.; Gopalakrishna, D. (21 July 2016). "A Buddhist View of Adult Learning in the Workplace". Advances in Developing Human Resources. 8 (3): 342. doi:10.1177/1523422306288426. S2CID 145131162. ^ Terwiel, Barend Jan (2012). Monks and Magic: Revisiting a Classic Study of Religious Ceremonies in Thailand (PDF) . Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. p. 183. ISBN 978-8776941017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2018. ^ "VTA.gamall-steinn.org". VTA.gamall-steinn.org. Archived from the original on 12 September 2005 . Retrieved 10 July 2013 . ^ a b Herodotus (2009). The Histories. Translated by George Rawlinson. Digireads.Com. pp. 43''44. ISBN 978-1420933055. ^ Garrison, Mark B.; Root, Margaret C. (2001). Seals on the Persepolis Fortification Tablets, Volume 1. Images of Heroic Encounter (OIP 117) . Chicago: Online Oriental Institute Publications. Archived from the original on 5 January 2007 . Retrieved 9 January 2007 . ^ Dandamayev, Muhammad (2002). "Persepolis Elamite Tablets". Encyclopedia Iranica. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012 . Retrieved 1 November 2013 . ^ Insler, Stanley (1975). "The Love of Truth in Ancient Iran". Archived from the original on 5 May 2007 . Retrieved 9 January 2007 . In Insler, Stanley; Duchesne-Guillemin, J., eds. (1975). The Gāthās of Zarathustra (Acta Iranica 8). Liege: Brill. ^ Brian Carr; Brian Carr; Indira Mahalingam (1997). Companino Encyclopedia of Asian philosophy. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0415035354. ^ DPd inscription, lines 12''24: "Darius the King says: May Ahuramazda bear me aid, with the gods of the royal house; and may Ahuramazda protect this country from a (hostile) army, from famine, from the Lie! Upon this country may there not come an army, nor famine, nor the Lie; this I pray as a boon from Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house. This boon may Ahuramazda together with the gods of the royal house give to me! " ^ "Darius, Behishtan (DB), Column 1". Archived from the original on 19 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . From Kent, Roland G. (1953). Old Persian: Grammar, texts, lexicon. New Haven: American Oriental Society. General and cited sources Further reading Adler, J. E. "Lying, deceiving, or falsely implicating," Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 94 (1997), 435''452.Aquinas, St. T. "Question 110: Lying," in Summa Theologiae (II.II), Vol. 41, Virtues of Justice in the Human Community (London, 1972).Augustine, St. "On Lying" and "Against Lying," in R.J. Deferrari, ed., Treatises on Various Subjects (New York, 1952).Bok, S. Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life, 2d ed. (New York, 1989).Carson, Thomas L. (2006). "The Definition of Lying". No>>s. 40 (2): 284''306. doi:10.1111/j.0029-4624.2006.00610.x. S2CID 143729366. Chisholm, R.M.; Feehan, T.D. (1977). "The intent to deceive". Journal of Philosophy. 74 (3): 143''159. doi:10.2307/2025605. JSTOR 2025605. Davids, P.H.; Bruce, F.F.; Brauch, M.T. & W.C. Kaiser, Hard Sayings of the Bible (InterVarsity Press, 1996).Denery, Dallas G. II. The Devil Wins: A History of Lying From the Garden of Eden to the Enlightenment (Princeton University Press; 2014) 352 pages; Uses religious, philosophical, literary and other sources in a study of lying from the perspectives of God, the Devil, theologians, courtiers, and women.Fallis, Don (2009). "What is Lying?". Journal of Philosophy. 106 (1): 29''56. doi:10.5840/jphil200910612. SSRN 1601034. Frankfurt, H.G. "The Faintest Passion," in Necessity, Volition and Love (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).Hausman, Carl, "Lies We Live By," (New York: Routledge, 2000).Kant, I. Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, The Metaphysics of Morals and "On a supposed right to lie from philanthropy," in Immanuel Kant, Practical Philosophy, eds. Mary Gregor and Allen W. Wood (Cambridge: CUP, 1986).Lakoff, George, Don't Think of an Elephant, (Chelsea Green Publishing, 2004).Leslie I. Born Liars: Why We Can't Live Without Deceit (2011)Mahon, J.E. "Kant on Lies, Candour and Reticence," Kantian Review, Vol. 7 (2003), 101''133.Mahon, J.E., "Lying," Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 2nd ed., Vol. 5 (Farmington Hills, MI: Macmillan Reference, 2006), 618''619.Mahon, J.E. "Kant and the Perfect Duty to Others Not to Lie," British Journal for the History of Philosophy, Vol. 14, No. 4 (2006), 653''685.Mahon, J.E. "Kant and Maria von Herbert: Reticence vs. Deception," Philosophy, Vol. 81, No. 3 (2006), 417''444.Mannison, D.S. "Lying and Lies," Australasian Journal of Philosophy, Vol. 47 (1969), 132''144.Maugh II, Thomas H. (1 April 1991). "Science / Medicine : The Lies That Bind: Nearly All Species Deceive : Life: Deception is not only useful, experts say, it is often a necessity that allows organisms to survive". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 11 March 2021 . Mount, Ferdinand, "Ruthless and Truthless" (review of Peter Oborne, The Assault on Truth: Boris Johnson, Donald Trump and the Emergence of a New Moral Barbarism, Simon and Schuster, 2021, ISBN 978-1398501003, 192 pp.; and Colin Kidd and Jacqueline Rose, eds., Political Advice: Past, Present and Future, I.B. Tauris, 2021, ISBN 978-1838600044, 240 pp.), London Review of Books, vol. 43, no. 9 (6 May 2021), pp. 3, 5''8.Siegler, F.A. "Lying," American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 3 (1966), 128''136.Sorensen, Roy (2007). "Bald-Faced Lies! Lying Without the Intent to Deceive". Pacific Philosophical Quarterly. 88 (2): 251''264. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0114.2007.00290.x. Stokke, Andreas (2013). "Lying and Asserting". Journal of Philosophy. 110 (1): 33''60. doi:10.5840/jphil2013110144. SSRN 1601034. Margaret Talbot (2007). "Duped. Can brain scans uncover lies?". The New Yorker, 2 July 2007.External links Look up

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: a lie about a small or unimportant matter that someone tells to avoid hurting another person He told a (little) white lie as his excuse for missing the party. Example Sentences Recent Examples on the Web This may be a little white lie; however, it's made to appease your boss and HR, and help keep the peace. '-- Jack Kelly, Forbes, 19 Apr. 2023 These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'white lie.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Dictionary Entries Near white lie Cite this Entry ''White lie.'' Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/white%20lie. Accessed 7 Jun. 2023.

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Person associated with 1960s counterculture

Young people near the

Woodstock music festival in August 1969

A hippie, also spelled hippy,[1] especially in British English,[2] is someone associated with the counterculture of the 1960s, originally a youth movement that began in the United States during the mid-1960s and spread to different countries around the world.[3] The word hippie came from hipster and was used to describe beatniks[4] who moved into New York City's Greenwich Village, in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury district, and Chicago's Old Town community. The term hippie was used in print by San Francisco writer Michael Fallon, helping popularize use of the term in the media, although the tag was seen elsewhere earlier.[5][6]

The origins of the terms hip and hep are uncertain. By the 1940s, both had become part of African American jive slang and meant "sophisticated; currently fashionable; fully up-to-date".[7][8][9] The Beats adopted the term hip, and early hippies adopted the language and countercultural values of the Beat Generation. Hippies created their own communities, listened to psychedelic music, embraced the sexual revolution, and many used drugs such as marijuana and LSD to explore altered states of consciousness.[10][11]

In 1967, the Human Be-In in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, and the Monterey International Pop Festival[12]popularized hippie culture, leading to the Summer of Love on the West Coast of the United States, and the 1969 Woodstock Festival on the East Coast. Hippies in Mexico, known as jipitecas, formed La Onda and gathered at Avndaro, while in New Zealand, nomadic housetruckers practiced alternative lifestyles and promoted sustainable energy at Nambassa. In the United Kingdom in 1970, many gathered at the gigantic third Isle of Wight Festival with a crowd of around 400,000 people.[13] In later years, mobile "peace convoys" of New Age travellers made summer pilgrimages to free music festivals at Stonehenge and elsewhere. In Australia, hippies gathered at Nimbin for the 1973 Aquarius Festival and the annual Cannabis Law Reform Rally or MardiGrass. "Piedra Roja Festival", a major hippie event in Chile, was held in 1970.[14] Hippie and psychedelic culture influenced 1960s and early 1970s youth culture in Iron Curtain countries in Eastern Europe (see Mnička).[15]

Hippie fashion and values had a major effect on culture, influencing popular music, television, film, literature, and the arts. Since the 1960s, mainstream society has assimilated many aspects of hippie culture. The religious and cultural diversity the hippies espoused has gained widespread acceptance, and their pop versions of Eastern philosophy and Asiatic spiritual concepts have reached a larger group.

The vast majority of people who had participated in the golden age of the hippie movement were those born during the 1940s and early 1950s. These include the youngest of the Silent Generation and oldest of the Baby Boomers; the former who were the actual leaders of the movement as well as the early pioneers of rock music.[16]

Etymology [ edit ] Lexicographer Jesse Sheidlower, the principal American editor of the Oxford English Dictionary, argues that the terms hipster and hippie are derived from the word hip, whose origins are unknown.[17] The word hip in the sense of "aware, in the know" is first attested in a 1902 cartoon by Tad Dorgan,[18] and first appeared in prose in a 1904 novel by George Vere Hobart[19] (1867''1926), Jim Hickey: A Story of the One-Night Stands, where an African-American character uses the slang phrase "Are you hip?"

The term hipster was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944.[20] By the 1940s, the terms hip, hep and hepcat were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although hep eventually came to denote an inferior status to hip.[21] In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named hips because they were considered "in the know" or "cool", as opposed to being square, meaning conventional and old-fashioned. In the April 27, 1961 issue of The Village Voice, "An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro", Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFK's behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the terms hipster and hippies to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife.[22] According to Malcolm X's 1964 autobiography, the word hippie in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who "acted more Negro than Negroes".[23] Andrew Loog Oldham refers to "all the Chicago hippies," seemingly about black blues/R&B musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP The Rolling Stones, Now!

Although the word hippies made other isolated appearances in print during the early 1960s, the first use of the term on the West Coast appeared in the article "A New Paradise for Beatniks" (in the San Francisco Examiner, issue of September 5, 1965) by San Francisco journalist Michael Fallon. In that article, Fallon wrote about the Blue Unicorn Cafe (coffeehouse) (located at 1927 Hayes Street in the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco), using the term hippie to refer to the new generation of beatniks who had moved from North Beach into the Haight-Ashbury district.[24][25]

History [ edit ] Origins [ edit ] A July 1968 Time magazine study on hippie philosophy credited the foundation of the hippie movement with historical precedent as far back as the sadhu of India, the spiritual seekers who had renounced the world and materialistic pursuits by taking "Sannyas". Even the counterculture of the Ancient Greeks, espoused by philosophers like Diogenes of Sinope and the cynics were also early forms of hippie culture.[26] It also named as notable influences the religious and spiritual teachings of Buddha, Hillel the Elder, Jesus, St. Francis of Assisi, Henry David Thoreau, Gandhi and J.R.R. Tolkien.[26]

The first signs of modern "proto-hippies" emerged at the turn of the 19th century in Europe. Late 1890s to early 1900s, a German youth movement arose as a countercultural reaction to the organized social and cultural clubs that centered around "German folk music". Known as Der Wandervogel ("wandering bird"), this hippie movement opposed the formality of traditional German clubs, instead emphasizing folk music and singing, creative dress, and outdoor life involving hiking and camping.[27] Inspired by the works of Goethe, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Hermann Hesse, Wandervogel attracted thousands of young Germans who rejected the rapid trend toward urbanization and yearned for the pagan, back-to-nature spiritual life of their ancestors.[28] During the first several decades of the 20th century, Germans settled around the United States, bringing the values of this German youth culture. Some opened the first health food stores, and many moved to southern California where they introduced an alternative lifestyle. One group, called the "Nature Boys", took to the California desert and raised organic food, espousing a back-to-nature lifestyle like the Wandervogel.[29] Songwriter eden ahbez wrote a hit song called Nature Boy inspired by Robert Bootzin (Gypsy Boots), who helped popularize health-consciousness, yoga, and organic food in the United States.

Beatniks posing in front of a piece of beatnik art, 1959. The

Beat Generation are seen as a predecessor to the hippie movement

The hippie movement in the United States began as a youth movement. Composed mostly of white teenagers and young adults between 15 and 25 years old,[30][31] hippies inherited a tradition of cultural dissent from bohemians and beatniks of the Beat Generation in the late 1950s.[31] Beats like Allen Ginsberg crossed over from the beat movement and became fixtures of the burgeoning hippie and anti-war movements. By 1965, hippies had become an established social group in the U.S., and the movement eventually expanded to other countries,[32][33] extending as far as the United Kingdom and Europe, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Japan, Mexico, and Brazil.[34] The hippie ethos influenced The Beatles and others in the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe, and they in turn influenced their American counterparts.[35] Hippie culture spread worldwide through a fusion of rock music, folk, blues, and psychedelic rock; it also found expression in literature, the dramatic arts, fashion, and the visual arts, including film, posters advertising rock concerts, and album covers.[36] In 1968, self-described hippies represented just under 0.2% of the U.S. population[37] and dwindled away by mid-1970s.[32]

Along with the New Left and the Civil Rights Movement, the hippie movement was one of three dissenting groups of the 1960s counterculture.[33] Hippies rejected established institutions, criticized middle class values, opposed nuclear weapons and the Vietnam War, embraced aspects of Eastern philosophy,[38] championed sexual liberation, were often vegetarian and eco-friendly, promoted the use of psychedelic drugs which they believed expanded one's consciousness, and created intentional communities or communes. They used alternative arts, street theatre, folk music, and psychedelic rock as a part of their lifestyle and as a way of expressing their feelings, their protests, and their vision of the world and life. Hippies opposed political and social orthodoxy, choosing a gentle and nondoctrinaire ideology that favored peace, love, and personal freedom,[39][40] expressed for example in The Beatles' song "All You Need is Love".[41] Hippies perceived the dominant culture as a corrupt, monolithic entity that exercised undue power over their lives, calling this culture "The Establishment", "Big Brother", or "The Man".[42][43][44] Noting that they were "seekers of meaning and value", scholars like Timothy Miller have described hippies as a new religious movement.[45]

There are echoes of the term "hippie" in "preppy" (with particular cultural currency as a 1950s fashion trend) and "yuppie" (1980s), both of which embraced rather than rejected establishment culture.

1958''1967: Early hippies [ edit ] Escapin' through the lily fieldsI came across an empty spaceIt trembled and explodedLeft a bus stop in its placeThe bus came by and I got onThat's when it all beganThere was cowboy NealAt the wheelOf a bus to never-ever land

''

Grateful Dead, lyrics from "That's It for the Other One"

[46]During the late 1950s and early 1960s, novelist Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters lived communally first in Oregon and after the 1962 success of his novel One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (novel) in his San Francisco villa. Members included Beat Generation hero Neal Cassady, Ken Babbs, Carolyn Adams (aka Mountain Girl/Carolyn Garcia), Stewart Brand, Del Close, Paul Foster, George Walker, Sandy Lehmann-Haupt and others. Their adventures were documented in Tom Wolfe's book The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. With Cassady at the wheel of a school bus named Further, the Merry Pranksters traveled across the United States to celebrate the publication of Kesey's novel Sometimes a Great Notion and to visit the 1964 World's Fair in New York City. The Merry Pranksters were known for using cannabis, amphetamine, and LSD, and during their journey they "turned on" many people to these drugs. The Merry Pranksters filmed and audio-taped their bus trips, creating an immersive multimedia experience that would later be presented to the public in the form of festivals and concerts. The Grateful Dead wrote a song about the Merry Pranksters' bus trips called "That's It for the Other One".[46]

In 1961, Vito Paulekas and his wife Szou established in Hollywood a clothing boutique which was credited with being one of the first to introduce "hippie" fashions.[47][48][49]

During this period Greenwich Village in New York City and Berkeley, California anchored the American folk music circuit.

Berkeley's two coffee houses, "the Cabale Creamery" and "the Jabberwock", sponsored performances by folk music artists in a beat setting.[50]

In April 1963, Chandler A. Laughlin III, co-founder of the Cabale Creamery,[51] established a kind of tribal, family identity among approximately fifty people who attended a traditional, all-night Native American peyote ceremony in a rural setting. This ceremony combined a psychedelic experience with traditional Native American spiritual values; these people went on to sponsor a unique genre of musical expression and performance at the "Red Dog Saloon" in the isolated, old-time mining town of Virginia City, Nevada.[52]

During the summer of 1965, Laughlin recruited much of the original talent that led to a unique amalgam of traditional folk music and the developing psychedelic rock scene.[52] He and his cohorts created at this very place what became known as "The Red Dog Experience", featuring previously unknown musical acts'--Grateful Dead, Jefferson Airplane, Big Brother and the Holding Company, Quicksilver Messenger Service, The Charlatans, and others'--who played in the completely refurbished, intimate setting of Nevada, Virginia City's "Red Dog Saloon". There was no clear delineation between "performers" and "audience" in "The Red Dog Experience", during which music, psychedelic experimentation, a unique sense of personal style, and Bill Ham's first primitive light shows combined to create a new sense of community.[53] Laughlin and George Hunter of the Charlatans were true "proto-hippies", with their long hair, boots, and outrageous clothing of 19th-century American (and Native American) heritage.[52] LSD manufacturer Owsley Stanley lived in Berkeley during 1965 and provided much of the LSD that became a seminal part of the "Red Dog Experience", the early evolution of psychedelic rock and budding hippie culture. At the "Red Dog Saloon", The Charlatans were the first psychedelic rock band to play live (albeit unintentionally) loaded on LSD.[54]

When they returned to San Francisco, "Red Dog" participants Luria Castell, Ellen Harman and Alton Kelley created a collective called "The Family Dog."[52] Modeled on their "Red Dog experiences", on October 16, 1965, the "Family Dog" hosted "A Tribute to Dr. Strange" at Longshoreman's Hall.[55] Attended by approximately one thousand of the Bay Area's original "hippies", this was San Francisco's first psychedelic rock performance, costumed dance and light show, featuring Jefferson Airplane, The Great Society and The Marbles.[56] Two other events followed before year's end, one at "California Hall" and one at "the Matrix".[52] After the first three "Family Dog" events, a much larger psychedelic event occurred at San Francisco's "Longshoreman's Hall". Called "The Trips Festival", it took place on January 21 '' 23, 1966, and was organized by Stewart Brand, Ken Kesey, Owsley Stanley and others. Ten thousand people attended this sold-out event, with a thousand more turned away each night.[57] On Saturday January 22, the Grateful Dead and Big Brother and the Holding Company came on stage, and six thousand people arrived to imbibe punch spiked with LSD and to witness one of the first fully developed light shows of the era.[58]

It is nothing new. We have a private revolution going on. A revolution of individuality and diversity that can only be private. Upon becoming a group movement, such a revolution ends up with imitators rather than participants...It is essentially a striving for realization of one's relationship to life and other people...

Bob Stubbs, "Unicorn Philosophy"[59]

By February 1966, the "Family Dog" became "Family Dog Productions" under organizer Chet Helms, promoting happenings at the Avalon Ballroom and the Fillmore Auditorium in initial cooperation with Bill Graham. The Avalon Ballroom, the Fillmore Auditorium, and other venues provided settings where participants could partake of the full psychedelic music experience. Bill Ham, who had pioneered the original "Red Dog" light shows, perfected his art of liquid light projection, which combined light shows and film projection and became synonymous with the "San Francisco ballroom experience".[52][60] The sense of style and costume that began at the "Red Dog Saloon" flourished when San Francisco's Fox Theater went out of business and hippies bought up its costume stock, reveling in the freedom to dress up for weekly musical performances at their favorite ballrooms. As San Francisco Chronicle music columnist Ralph J. Gleason put it, "They danced all night long, orgiastic, spontaneous and completely free form."[52]

Some of the earliest San Francisco hippies were former students at San Francisco State College[61] who became intrigued by the developing psychedelic hippie music scene.[52] These students joined the bands they loved, living communally in the large, inexpensive Victorian apartments in the Haight-Ashbury.[62] Young Americans around the country began moving to San Francisco, and by June 1966, around 15,000 hippies had moved into the Haight.[63] The Charlatans, Jefferson Airplane, Big Brother and the Holding Company, and the Grateful Dead all moved to San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury neighborhood during this period. Activity centered around the Diggers, a guerrilla street theatre group that combined spontaneous street theatre, anarchistic action, and art happenings in their agenda to create a "free city". By late 1966, the Diggers opened free stores which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.[64]

On October 6, 1966, the state of California declared LSD a controlled substance, which made the drug illegal.[65] In response to the criminalization of LSD, San Francisco hippies staged a gathering in the Golden Gate Park panhandle, called the Love Pageant Rally,[65] attracting an estimated 700''800 people.[66] As explained by Allan Cohen, co-founder of the San Francisco Oracle, the purpose of the rally was twofold: to draw attention to the fact that LSD had just been made illegal'--and to demonstrate that people who used LSD were not criminals, nor were they mentally ill. The Grateful Dead played, and some sources claim that LSD was consumed at the rally. According to Cohen, those who took LSD "were not guilty of using illegal substances...We were celebrating transcendental consciousness, the beauty of the universe, the beauty of being."[67]

In West Hollywood, California, the Sunset Strip curfew riots, also known as the "hippie riots", were a series of early counterculture-era clashes that took place between police and young people in 1966 and continuing on and off through the early 1970s. In 1966, annoyed residents and business owners in the district had encouraged the passage of strict (10:00 p.m.) curfew and loitering laws to reduce the traffic congestion resulting from crowds of young club patrons.[68] This was perceived by young, local rock music fans as an infringement on their civil rights, and on Saturday, November 12, 1966, fliers were distributed along the Strip inviting people to demonstrate later that day. Hours before the protest one of the rock 'n' roll radio stations in L.A. announced there would be a rally at Pandora's Box, a club at the corner of Sunset Boulevard and Crescent Heights, and cautioned people to tread carefully.[69] The Los Angeles Times reported that as many as 1,000 youthful demonstrators, including such celebrities as Jack Nicholson and Peter Fonda (who was afterward handcuffed by police), erupted in protest against the perceived repressive enforcement of these recently invoked curfew laws.[68] This incident provided the basis for the 1967 low-budget teen exploitation film Riot on Sunset Strip, and inspired multiple songs including the famous Buffalo Springfield song "For What It's Worth".[70]

1967: Human Be-In, Summer of Love, and rise to prevalence [ edit ] Junction of Haight and Ashbury Streets, San Francisco, celebrated as the central location of the Summer of Love

On January 14, 1967, the outdoor Human Be-In organized by Michael Bowen[71] helped to popularize hippie culture across the United States, with 20,000 to 30,000 hippies gathering in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park.

On March 26, 1967, Lou Reed, Edie Sedgwick and 10,000 hippies came together in Manhattan for the Central Park Be-In on Easter Sunday.[72]

The Monterey Pop Festival from June 16 to June 18 1967 introduced the rock music of the counterculture to a wide audience and marked the start of the "Summer of Love".[73]

Scott McKenzie's rendition of John Phillips' song, "San Francisco", became a hit in the United States and Europe. The lyrics, "If you're going to San Francisco, be sure to wear some flowers in your hair", inspired thousands of young people from all over the world to travel to San Francisco, sometimes wearing flowers in their hair and distributing flowers to passersby, earning them the name, "Flower Children". Bands like the Grateful Dead, Big Brother and the Holding Company (with Janis Joplin), and Jefferson Airplane lived in the Haight.

According to the hippies, LSD was the glue that held the Haight together. It was the hippie sacrament, a mind detergent capable of washing away years of social programming, a re-imprinting device, a consciousness-expander, a tool that would push us up the evolutionary ladder.

Jay Stevens[74]

In June 1967, Herb Caen was approached by "a distinguished magazine"[75] to write about why hippies were attracted to San Francisco. He declined the assignment but interviewed hippies in the Haight for his own newspaper column in the San Francisco Chronicle. Caen determined that, "Except in their music, they couldn't care less about the approval of the straight world."[75] Caen himself felt that the city of San Francisco was so straight that it provided a visible contrast with hippie culture.[75]

On July 7, 1967 Time magazine featured a cover story entitled, "The Hippies: The Philosophy of a Subculture." The article described the guidelines of the hippie code:

"Do your own thing, wherever you have to do it and whenever you want. Drop out. Leave society as you have known it. Leave it utterly. Blow the mind of every straight person you can reach. Turn them on, if not to drugs, then to beauty, love, honesty, fun."

[76]

It is estimated that around 100,000 people traveled to San Francisco in the summer of 1967. The media was right behind them, casting a spotlight on the Haight-Ashbury district and popularizing the "hippie" label. With this increased attention, hippies found support for their ideals of love and peace but were also criticized for their anti-work, pro-drug, and permissive ethos.[citation needed ]

At this point, The Beatles had released their groundbreaking album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band which was quickly embraced by the hippie movement with its colorful psychedelic sonic imagery.[78]

In 1967 Chet Helms brought the Haight Ashbury hippie and psychedelic scene to Denver, when he opened the Family Dog Denver, modeled on his Avalon Ballroom in San Francisco. The music venue created a nexus for the hippie movement in the western-minded Denver, which led to serious conflicts with city leaders, parents and the police, who saw the hippie movement as dangerous. The resulting legal actions and pressure caused Helms and Bob Cohen to close the venue at the end of that year.[79]

By the end of the summer, the Haight-Ashbury scene had deteriorated. The incessant media coverage led the Diggers to declare the "death" of the hippie with a parade.[80][81][82] According to poet Susan 'Stormi' Chambless, the hippies buried an effigy of a hippie in the Panhandle to demonstrate the end of his/her reign. Haight-Ashbury could not accommodate the influx of crowds (mostly naive youngsters) with no place to live. Many took to living on the street, panhandling and drug-dealing. There were problems with malnourishment, disease, and drug addiction. Crime and violence skyrocketed. None of these trends reflected what the hippies had envisioned.[83] By the end of 1967, many of the hippies and musicians who initiated the Summer of Love had moved on. Beatle George Harrison had once visited Haight-Ashbury and found it to be just a haven for dropouts, inspiring him to give up LSD.[84] Misgivings about the hippie culture, particularly with regard to substance use and lenient morality, fueled the moral panics of the late 1960s.[85]

1967''1969: Revolution and peak of influence [ edit ] By 1968, hippie-influenced fashions were beginning to take off in the mainstream, especially for youths and younger adults of the populous baby boomer generation, many of whom may have aspired to emulate the hardcore movements now living in tribalistic communes, but had no overt connections to them. This was noticed not only in terms of clothes and also longer hair for men, but also in music, film, art, and literature, and not just in the US, but around the world. Eugene McCarthy's brief presidential campaign successfully persuaded a significant minority of young adults to "get clean for Gene" by shaving their beards or wearing longer skirts; however the "Clean Genes" had little impact on the popular image in the media spotlight, of the hirsute hippy adorned in beads, feathers, flowers and bells.

A sign of this was the visibility that the hippie subculture gained in various mainstream and underground media. Hippie exploitation films are 1960s exploitation films about the hippie counterculture[86] with stereotypical situations associated with the movement such as cannabis and LSD use, sex and wild psychedelic parties. Examples include The Love-ins, Psych-Out, The Trip, and Wild in the Streets. Other more serious and more critically acclaimed films about the hippie counterculture also appeared such as Easy Rider and Alice's Restaurant. (See also: List of films related to the hippie subculture.) Documentaries and television programs have also been produced until today as well as fiction and nonfiction books. The popular Broadway musical Hair was presented in 1967.

People commonly label other cultural movements of that period as hippie, however there are differences. For example, hippies were often not directly engaged in politics, as contrasted with "Yippies" (Youth International Party), an activist organization. The Yippies came to national attention during their celebration of the 1968 spring equinox, when some 3,000 of them took over Grand Central Terminal in New York'--eventually resulting in 61 arrests. The Yippies, especially their leaders Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin, became notorious for their theatrics, such as trying to levitate the Pentagon at the October 1967 war protest, and such slogans as "Rise up and abandon the creeping meatball!" Their stated intention to protest the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago in August, including nominating their own candidate, "Lyndon Pigasus Pig" (an actual pig), was also widely publicized in the media at this time.[87]

In Cambridge, Massachusetts hippies congregated each Sunday for a large "be-in" at Cambridge Common with swarms of drummers and those beginning the Women's Movement. In the US the Hippie movement started to be seen as part of the "New Left" which was associated with anti-war college campus protest movements.[88] The New Left was a term used mainly in the United Kingdom and United States in reference to activists, educators, agitators and others in the 1960s and 1970s who sought to implement a broad range of reforms on issues such as gay rights, abortion, gender roles and drugs[88] in contrast to earlier leftist or Marxist movements that had taken a more vanguardist approach to social justice and focused mostly on labor unionization and questions of social class.[89][90]

In April 1969, the building of People's Park in Berkeley, California received international attention. The University of California, Berkeley had demolished all the buildings on a 2.8-acre (11,000 m2) parcel near campus, intending to use the land to build playing fields and a parking lot. After a long delay, during which the site became a dangerous eyesore, thousands of ordinary Berkeley citizens, merchants, students, and hippies took matters into their own hands, planting trees, shrubs, flowers and grass to convert the land into a park. A major confrontation ensued on May 15, 1969, when Governor Ronald Reagan ordered the park destroyed, which led to a two-week occupation of the city of Berkeley by the California National Guard.[91][92] Flower power came into its own during this occupation as hippies engaged in acts of civil disobedience to plant flowers in empty lots all over Berkeley under the slogan "Let a Thousand Parks Bloom".

In August 1969, the Woodstock Music and Art Fair took place in Bethel, New York, which for many, exemplified the best of hippie counterculture. Over 500,000 people arrived[93] to hear some of the most notable musicians and bands of the era, among them Canned Heat, Richie Havens, Joan Baez, Janis Joplin, The Grateful Dead, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Carlos Santana, Sly & The Family Stone, The Who, Jefferson Airplane, and Jimi Hendrix. Wavy Gravy's Hog Farm provided security and attended to practical needs, and the hippie ideals of love and human fellowship seemed to have gained real-world expression. Similar rock festivals occurred in other parts of the country, which played a significant role in spreading hippie ideals throughout America.[94]

In December 1969, a rock festival took place in Altamont, California, about 45 km (30 miles ) east of San Francisco. Initially billed as "Woodstock West", its official name was The Altamont Free Concert. About 300,000 people gathered to hear The Rolling Stones; Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young; Jefferson Airplane and other bands. The Hells Angels provided security that proved far less benevolent than the security provided at the Woodstock event: 18-year-old Meredith Hunter was stabbed and killed by one of the Hells Angels during The Rolling Stones' performance after he brandished a gun and waved it toward the stage.[95]

1969''present: Aftershocks, absorption into the mainstream, and new developments [ edit ] By the 1970s, the 1960s zeitgeist that had spawned hippie culture seemed to be on the wane.[96][97][98] The events at Altamont Free Concert shocked many Americans,[99] including those who had strongly identified with hippie culture. Another shock came in the form of the Sharon Tate and Leno and Rosemary LaBianca murders committed in August 1969 by Charles Manson and his "family" of followers. Nevertheless, the turbulent political atmosphere that featured the bombing of Cambodia and shootings by National Guardsmen at Jackson State University and Kent State University still brought people together. These shootings inspired the May 1970 song by Quicksilver Messenger Service "What About Me?", where they sang, "You keep adding to my numbers as you shoot my people down", as well as Neil Young's "Ohio", a song that protested the Kent State massacre, recorded by Crosby, Stills, Nash and Young.

Much of hippie style had been integrated into mainstream American society by the early 1970s.[100][101] Large rock concerts that originated with the 1967 KFRC Fantasy Fair and Magic Mountain Music Festival and Monterey Pop Festival and the British Isle of Wight Festival in 1968 became the norm, evolving into stadium rock in the process. The anti-war movement reached its peak at the 1971 May Day Protests as over 12,000 protesters were arrested in Washington, D.C.; President Nixon himself actually ventured out of the White House and chatted with a group of the hippie protesters. The draft was ended soon thereafter, in January 1973. During the mid-late 1970s, with the end of the draft and the Vietnam War, a renewal of patriotic sentiment associated with the approach of the United States Bicentennial, the decline in popularity of psychedelic rock, and the emergence of new genres such as prog rock, heavy metal, disco, and punk rock, the mainstream media lost interest in the hippie counterculture. At the same time there was a revival of the Mod subculture, skinheads, teddy boys and the emergence of new youth cultures, like the punks, goths (an arty offshoot of punk), and football casuals; starting in the late 1960s in Britain, hippies had begun to come under attack by skinheads.[102][103][104]

A group of hippies in

Tallinn, 1989

Couple attending Snoqualmie Moondance Festival, August 1993

Many hippies would adapt and become members of the growing countercultural New Age movement of the 1970s. While many hippies made a long-term commitment to the lifestyle, some people argue that hippies "sold out" during the 1980s and became part of the materialist, self-centered consumer yuppie culture.[106][107] Although not as visible as it once was, hippie culture has never died out completely: hippies and neo-hippies can still be found on college campuses, on communes, and at gatherings and festivals. Many embrace the hippie values of peace, love, and community, and hippies may still be found in bohemian enclaves around the world.[34] Hippie communes, where members tried to live the ideals of the hippie movement, continued to flourish. On the west coast, Oregon had quite a few.[108] Around 1994, a new term "Zippie" was being used to describe hippies that had embraced New Age beliefs, new technology, and a love for electronic music.[109]

Ethos and characteristics [ edit ] Tie-dyed clothes, associated with hippie culture

The bohemian predecessor of the hippie culture in San Francisco was the "Beat Generation" style of coffee houses and bars, whose clientele appreciated literature, a game of chess, music (in the forms of jazz and folk style), modern dance, and traditional crafts and arts like pottery and painting."[110] The entire tone of the new subculture was different. Jon McIntire, manager of the Grateful Dead from the late 1960s to the mid-1980s, points out that the great contribution of the hippie culture was this projection of joy. "The beatnik thing was black, cynical, and cold."[111] Hippies sought to free themselves from societal restrictions, choose their own way, and find new meaning in life. One expression of hippie independence from societal norms was found in their standard of dress and grooming, which made hippies instantly recognizable to one another, and served as a visual symbol of their respect for individual rights. Through their appearance, hippies declared their willingness to question authority, and distanced themselves from the "straight" and "square" (i.e., conformist) segments of society.[112] Personality traits and values that hippies tend to be associated with are "altruism and mysticism, honesty, joy and nonviolence".[113]

At the same time, many thoughtful hippies distanced themselves from the very idea that the way a person dresses could be a reliable signal of who he or she was'--especially after outright criminals such as Charles Manson began to adopt superficial hippie characteristics, and also after plainclothes policemen started to "dress like hippies" to divide and conquer legitimate members of the counterculture. Frank Zappa, known for lampooning hippie ethos, particularly with songs like "Who Needs the Peace Corps?" (1968), admonished his audience that "we all wear a uniform". The San Francisco clown/hippie Wavy Gravy said in 1987 that he could still see fellow-feeling in the eyes of Market Street businessmen who had dressed conventionally to survive.[114]

Art and fashion [ edit ] A 1967

VW Kombi bus decorated with hand-painting

Leading proponents of the 1960s Psychedelic Art movement were San Francisco poster artists such as: Rick Griffin, Victor Moscoso, Bonnie MacLean, Stanley Mouse & Alton Kelley, and Wes Wilson. Their Psychedelic Rock concert posters were inspired by Art Nouveau, Victoriana, Dada, and Pop Art. Posters for concerts in the Fillmore West, a concert auditorium in San Francisco, popular with Hippie audiences, were among the most notable of the time. Richly saturated colors in glaring contrast, elaborately ornate lettering, strongly symmetrical composition, collage elements, rubber-like distortions, and bizarre iconography are all hallmarks of the San Francisco psychedelic poster art style. The style flourished from roughly the years 1966 until 1972. Their work was immediately influential to album cover art, and indeed all of the aforementioned artists also created album covers.

Psychedelic light-shows were a new art-form developed for rock concerts. Using oil and dye in an emulsion that was set between large convex lenses upon overhead projectors, the lightshow artists created bubbling liquid visuals that pulsed in rhythm to the music. This was mixed with slide shows and film loops to create an improvisational motion picture art form, and to give visual representation to the improvisational jams of the rock bands and create a completely "trippy" atmosphere for the audience.[citation needed ]The Brotherhood of Light were responsible for many of the light-shows in San Francisco psychedelic rock concerts.

Out of the psychedelic counterculture there also arose a new genre of comic books: underground comix. Zap Comix was among the original underground comics, and featured the work of Robert Crumb, S. Clay Wilson, Victor Moscoso, Rick Griffin, and Robert Williams among others. Underground comix were ribald, intensely satirical, and seemed to pursue weirdness for the sake of weirdness. Gilbert Shelton created perhaps the most enduring of underground cartoon characters, The Fabulous Furry Freak Brothers, whose drugged-out exploits held a mirror up to the hippie lifestyle of the 1960s.

As in the beat movement preceding them, and the punk movement that followed soon after, hippie symbols and iconography were purposely borrowed from either "low" or "primitive" cultures, with hippie fashion reflecting a disorderly, often vagrant style.[115] As with other adolescent, whitebread middle-class movements, deviant behavior of the hippies involved challenging the prevailing gender differences of their time: both men and women in the hippie movement wore jeans and maintained long hair,[116] and both genders wore sandals, moccasins or went barefoot.[63] Men often wore beards,[117] while women wore little or no makeup, with many going braless.[63] Hippies often chose brightly colored clothing and wore unusual styles, such as bell-bottom pants, vests, tie-dyed garments, dashikis, peasant blouses, and long, full skirts; non-Western inspired clothing with Native American, Latin American, African and Asiatic motifs were also popular. Much hippie clothing was self-made in defiance of corporate culture, and hippies often purchased their clothes from flea markets and second-hand shops.[117] Favored accessories for both men and women included Native American jewelry, head scarves, headbands and long beaded necklaces.[63] Hippie homes, vehicles and other possessions were often decorated with psychedelic art. The bold colors, hand-made clothing and loose fitting clothes opposed the tight and uniform clothing of the 1940s and 1950s. It also rejected consumerism in that the hand-production of clothing called for self-efficiency and individuality.[118]

Love and sex [ edit ] Oz number 28, also known as the "

Schoolkids issue of Oz", which was the main cause of a 1971 high-profile obscenity case in the United Kingdom.

Oz was a UK underground publication with a general hippie / counter-cultural point of view.

The common stereotype on the issues of love and sex had it that the hippies were "promiscuous, having wild sex orgies, seducing innocent teenagers and every manner of sexual perversion."[119] The hippie movement appeared concurrently in the midst of a rising sexual revolution, in which many views of the status quo on this subject were being challenged.

The clinical study Human Sexual Response was published by Masters and Johnson in 1966, and the topic suddenly became more commonplace in America. The 1969 book Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex (But Were Afraid to Ask) by psychiatrist David Reuben was a more popular attempt at answering the public's curiosity regarding such matters. Then in 1972 appeared The Joy of Sex by Alex Comfort, reflecting an even more candid perception of love-making. By this time, the recreational or 'fun' aspects of sexual behavior were being discussed more openly than ever before, and this more 'enlightened' outlook resulted not just from the publication of such new books as these, but from a more pervasive sexual revolution that had already been well underway for some time.[119]

The hippies inherited various countercultural views and practices regarding sex and love from the Beat Generation; "their writings influenced the hippies to open up when it came to sex, and to experiment without guilt or jealousy."[120] One popular hippie slogan that appeared was "If it feels good, do it!"[119] which for many meant "you are free to love whomever you please, whenever you please, however you please". This encouraged spontaneous sexual activity and experimentation. Group sex, public sex, homosexuality; under the influence of drugs, all the taboos went out the window. This doesn't mean that straight sex or monogamy were unknown, quite the contrary. Nevertheless, the open relationship became an accepted part of the hippie lifestyle. This meant that you might have a primary relationship with one person, but if another attracted you, you could explore that relationship without rancor or jealousy."[119]

Hippies embraced the old slogan of free love of the radical social reformers of other eras; it was accordingly observed that "Free love made the whole love, marriage, sex, baby package obsolete. Love was no longer limited to one person, you could love anyone you chose. In fact love was something you shared with everyone, not just your sex partners. Love exists to be shared freely. We also discovered the more you share, the more you get! So why reserve your love for a select few? This profound truth was one of the great hippie revelations."[119] Sexual experimentation alongside psychedelics also occurred, due to the perception of their being uninhibitors.[121] Others explored the spiritual aspects of sex.[122]

Travel [ edit ] Hand-crafted Hippie Truck, 1968

Hippies tended to travel light, and could pick up and go wherever the action was at any time. Whether at a "love-in" on Mount Tamalpais near San Francisco, a demonstration against the Vietnam War in Berkeley, or one of Ken Kesey's "Acid Tests", if the "vibe" was not right and a change of scene was desired, hippies were mobile at a moment's notice. Planning was eschewed, as hippies were happy to put a few clothes in a backpack, stick out their thumbs and hitchhike anywhere. Hippies seldom worried whether they had money, hotel reservations or any of the other standard accoutrements of travel. Hippie households welcomed overnight guests on an impromptu basis, and the reciprocal nature of the lifestyle permitted greater freedom of movement. People generally cooperated to meet each other's needs in ways that became less common after the early 1970s.[123] This way of life is still seen among Rainbow Family groups, new age travellers and New Zealand's housetruckers.[124]

A derivative of this free-flow style of travel were the hippie trucks and buses, hand-crafted mobile houses built on a truck or bus chassis to facilitate a nomadic lifestyle, as documented in the 1974 book Roll Your Own.[125] Some of these mobile houses were quite elaborate, with beds, toilets, showers and cooking facilities.

On the West Coast, a unique lifestyle developed around the Renaissance Faires that Phyllis and Ron Patterson first organized in 1963. During the summer and fall months, entire families traveled together in their trucks and buses, parked at Renaissance Pleasure Faire sites in Southern and Northern California, worked their crafts during the week, and donned Elizabethan costume for weekend performances, and attended booths where handmade goods were sold to the public. The sheer number of young people living at the time made for unprecedented travel opportunities to special happenings. The peak experience of this type was the Woodstock Festival near Bethel, New York, from August 15 to 18, 1969, which drew between 400,000 and 500,000 people.[126][127]

Hippie trail [ edit ] One travel experience, undertaken by hundreds of thousands of hippies between 1969 and 1971, was the Hippie trail overland route to India. Carrying little or no luggage, and with small amounts of cash, almost all followed the same route, hitch-hiking across Europe to Athens and on to Istanbul, then by train through central Turkey via Erzurum, continuing by bus into Iran, via Tabriz and Tehran to Mashhad, across the Afghan border into Herat, through southern Afghanistan via Kandahar to Kabul, over the Khyber Pass into Pakistan, via Rawalpindi and Lahore to the Indian frontier. Once in India, hippies went to many different destinations, but gathered in large numbers on the beaches of Goa and Kovalam in Trivandrum (Kerala),[128] or crossed the border into Nepal to spend months in Kathmandu. In Kathmandu, most of the hippies hung out in the tranquil surroundings of a place called Freak Street,[129] (Nepal Bhasa: Jhoo Chhen) which still exists near Kathmandu Durbar Square.

Spirituality and religion [ edit ] Many hippies rejected mainstream organized religion in favor of a more personal spiritual experience. Buddhism and Hinduism often resonated with hippies, as they were seen as less rule-bound, and less likely to be associated with existing baggage.[130] Some hippies embraced neo-paganism, especially Wicca. Others were involved with the occult, with people like Timothy Leary citing Aleister Crowley as influences. By the 1960s, western interest in Hindu spirituality and yoga reached its peak, giving rise to a great number of Neo-Hindu schools specifically advocated to a western public.[131]

In his 1991 book, "Hippies and American Values", Timothy Miller described the hippie ethos as essentially a "religious movement" whose goal was to transcend the limitations of mainstream religious institutions. "Like many dissenting religions, the hippies were enormously hostile to the religious institutions of the dominant culture, and they tried to find new and adequate ways to do the tasks the dominant religions failed to perform."[132] In his seminal, contemporaneous work, "The Hippie Trip", author Lewis Yablonsky notes that those who were most respected in hippie settings were the spiritual leaders, the so-called "high priests" who emerged during that era.[133]

Timothy Leary, family and band on a lecture tour at State University of New York at Buffalo in 1969

One such hippie "high priest" was San Francisco State University Professor Stephen Gaskin. Beginning in 1966, Gaskin's "Monday Night Class" eventually outgrew the lecture hall, and attracted 1,500 hippie followers in an open discussion of spiritual values, drawing from Christian, Buddhist, and Hindu teachings. In 1970 Gaskin founded a Tennessee community called The Farm, and even late in life he still listed his religion as "Hippie."[134][135][136]

Timothy Leary was an American psychologist and writer, known for his advocacy of psychedelic drugs. On September 19, 1966, Leary founded the League for Spiritual Discovery, a religion declaring LSD as its holy sacrament, in part as an unsuccessful attempt to maintain legal status for the use of LSD and other psychedelics for the religion's adherents based on a "freedom of religion" argument. The Psychedelic Experience was the inspiration for John Lennon's song "Tomorrow Never Knows" in The Beatles' album Revolver.[137] Leary published a pamphlet in 1967 called Start Your Own Religion to encourage just that[138] and was invited to attend the January 14, 1967 Human Be-In a gathering of 20,000 to 30,000 hippies in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park In speaking to the group, he coined the famous phrase "Turn on, tune in, drop out".[139]

The English magician Aleister Crowley became an influential icon to the new alternative spiritual movements of the decade as well as for rock musicians. The Beatles included him as one of the many figures on the cover sleeve of their 1967 album Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band while Jimmy Page, the guitarist of The Yardbirds and co-founder of 1970s rock band Led Zeppelin was fascinated by Crowley, and owned some of his clothing, manuscripts and ritual objects, and during the 1970s bought Boleskine House, which appears in the band's 1976 film The Song Remains the Same. On the back cover of the Doors 1970 compilation album 13, Jim Morrison and the other members of the Doors are shown posing with a bust of Aleister Crowley. Timothy Leary also openly acknowledged Crowley's inspiration.[140]

After the hippie era, the Dudeist philosophy and lifestyle developed. Inspired by "The Dude", the neo-hippie protagonist of the Coen Brothers' 1998 film The Big Lebowski, Dudeism's stated primary objective is to promote a modern form of Chinese Taoism, outlined in Tao Te Ching by Laozi (6th century BC), blended with concepts by the Ancient Greek philosopher Epicurus (341-270 BC), and presented in a style as personified by the character of Jeffrey "The Dude" Lebowski, a fictional hippie character portrayed by Jeff Bridges in the film.[141] Dudeism has sometimes been regarded as a mock religion,[142][143] though its founder and many adherents regard it seriously.[144][145][146][147]

Politics [ edit ] "The hippies were heirs to a long line of bohemians that includes William Blake, Walt Whitman, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Herman Hesse, Arthur Rimbaud, Oscar Wilde, Aldous Huxley, utopian movements like the Rosicrucians and the Theosophists, and most directly the Beatniks. Hippies emerged from a society that had produced birth-control pills, a counterproductive war in Vietnam, the liberation and idealism of the civil rights movement, feminism, homosexual rights, FM radio, mass-produced LSD, a strong economy, and a huge number of baby-boom teenagers. These elements allowed the hippies to have a mainstream impact that dwarfed that of the Beats and earlier avant-garde cultures."

In Defense of Hippies by Danny Goldberg[130]

For the historian of the anarchist movement Ronald Creagh, the hippie movement could be considered as the last spectacular resurgence of utopian socialism.[148] For Creagh, a characteristic of this is the desire for the transformation of society not through political revolution, or through reformist action pushed forward by the state, but through the creation of a counter-society of a socialist character in the midst of the current system, which will be made up of ideal communities of a more or less libertarian social form.[148]

The peace symbol was developed in the UK as a logo for the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and was embraced by U.S. anti-war protesters during the 1960s. Hippies were often pacifists, and participated in nonviolent political demonstrations, such as Civil Rights Movement, the marches on Washington D.C., and anti-Vietnam War demonstrations, including draft-card burnings and the 1968 Democratic National Convention protests.[149] The degree of political involvement varied widely among hippies, from those who were active in peace demonstrations, to the more anti-authority street theater and demonstrations of the Yippies, the most politically active hippie sub-group.[150] Bobby Seale discussed the differences between Yippies and hippies with Jerry Rubin, who told him that Yippies were the political wing of the hippie movement, as hippies have not "necessarily become political yet". Regarding the political activity of hippies, Rubin said, "They mostly prefer to be stoned, but most of them want peace, and they want an end to this stuff."[151]

In addition to nonviolent political demonstrations, hippie opposition to the Vietnam War included organizing political action groups to oppose the war, refusal to serve in the military and conducting "teach-ins" on college campuses that covered Vietnamese history and the larger political context of the war.[152]

Scott McKenzie's 1967 rendition of John Phillips' song "San Francisco (Be Sure to Wear Flowers in Your Hair)", which helped to inspire the hippie Summer of Love, became a homecoming song for all Vietnam veterans arriving in San Francisco from 1967 onward. McKenzie has dedicated every American performance of "San Francisco" to Vietnam veterans, and he sang in 2002 at the 20th anniversary of the dedication of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial.[153] Hippie political expression often took the form of "dropping out" of society to implement the changes they sought.

Politically motivated movements aided by hippies include the back to the land movement of the 1960s, cooperative business enterprises, alternative energy, the free press movement, and organic farming.[101][154]

The San Francisco group known as the Diggers articulated an influential radical criticism of contemporary mass consumer society, and so they opened free stores which simply gave away their stock, provided free food, distributed free drugs, gave away money, organized free music concerts, and performed works of political art.[64] The Diggers took their name from the original English Diggers (1649''50) led by Gerrard Winstanley,[155] and they sought to create a mini-society free of money and capitalism.[156]

Such activism was ideally carried through anti-authoritarian and non-violent means; thus it was observed that "The way of the hippie is antithetical to all repressive hierarchical power structures since they are adverse to the hippie goals of peace, love and freedom... Hippies don't impose their beliefs on others. Instead, hippies seek to change the world through reason and by living what they believe."[157]

The political ideals of hippies influenced other movements, such as anarcho-punk, rave culture, green politics, stoner culture and the New Age movement. Arguments can be made that being "woke" is only the latest natural offshoot of hipness, since both seek heightened "awareness" of one's surroundings (social, political, sexual etc). For example, John Leland elaborates on the origins of coded language from African American slaves as a type of aware hipness and documents connections to downtrodden Jews and other minorities in American society in Hip: The History.[158]Penny Rimbaud of the English anarcho-punk band Crass said in interviews, and in an essay called The Last Of The Hippies, that Crass was formed in memory of his friend, Wally Hope.[159] Crass had its roots in Dial House, which was established in 1967 as a commune.[160] Some punks were often critical of Crass for their involvement in the hippie movement. Like Crass, Jello Biafra was influenced by the hippie movement, and cited the yippies as a key influence on his political activism and thinking, though he also wrote songs critical of hippies.[161][162]

Drugs [ edit ] Following in the footsteps of the Beats, many hippies used cannabis (marijuana), considering it pleasurable and benign. They used drugs such as marijuana, LSD, magic mushrooms, and mescaline (peyote) to gain spiritual awakening.

On the East Coast of the United States, Harvard University professors Timothy Leary,[163] Ralph Metzner and Richard Alpert (Ram Dass) advocated psychotropic drugs for psychotherapy, self-exploration, religious and spiritual use. Regarding LSD, Leary said, "Expand your consciousness and find ecstasy and revelation within."[164]

On the West Coast of the United States, Ken Kesey was an important figure in promoting the recreational use of psychotropic drugs, especially LSD, also known as "acid." By holding what he called "Acid Tests", and touring the country with his band of Merry Pranksters, Kesey became a magnet for media attention that drew many young people to the fledgling movement. The Grateful Dead (originally billed as "The Warlocks") played some of their first shows at the Acid Tests, often as high on LSD as their audiences. Kesey and the Pranksters had a "vision of turning on the world."[164] Harder drugs, such as cocaine, amphetamines and heroin, were also sometimes used in hippie settings; however, these drugs were often disdained, even among those who used them, because they were recognized as harmful and addictive.[165]

Legacy [ edit ] Culture [ edit ] Newcomers to the Internet are often startled to discover themselves not so much in some soulless colony of technocrats as in a kind of cultural Brigadoon - a flowering remnant of the '60s, when hippie communalism and libertarian politics formed the roots of the modern cyberrevolution...

Stewart Brand, "We Owe It All To The Hippies" (1995).[166]

"The '60s were a leap in human consciousness. Mahatma Gandhi, Malcolm X, Martin Luther King, Che Guevara, they led a revolution of conscience. The Beatles, The Doors, Jimi Hendrix created revolution and evolution themes. The music was like Dal­, with many colors and revolutionary ways. The youth of today must go there to find themselves."

'-- Carlos Santana[167]

The legacy of the hippie movement continues to permeate Western society.[168] In general, unmarried couples of all ages feel free to travel and live together without societal disapproval.[101][169] Frankness regarding sexual matters has become more common, and the rights of homosexual, bisexual and transgender people, as well as people who choose not to categorize themselves at all, have expanded.[170] Religious and cultural diversity has gained greater acceptance.[171]

Co-operative business enterprises and creative community living arrangements are more accepted than before.[172] Some of the little hippie health food stores of the 1960s and 1970s are now large-scale, profitable businesses, due to greater interest in natural foods, herbal remedies, vitamins and other nutritional supplements.[173]It has been suggested that 1960s and 1970s counterculture embraced certain types of "groovy" science and technology. Examples include surfboard design, renewable energy, aquaculture and client-centered approaches to midwifery, childbirth, and women's health.[174][175]Authors Stewart Brand and John Markoff argue that the development and popularization of personal computers and the Internet find one of their primary roots in the anti-authoritarian ethos promoted by hippie culture.[166][176]

Distinct appearance and clothing was one of the immediate legacies of hippies worldwide.[117][177] During the 1960s and 1970s, mustaches, beards and long hair became more commonplace and colorful, while multi-ethnic clothing dominated the fashion world. Since that time, a wide range of personal appearance options and clothing styles, including nudity, have become more widely acceptable, all of which was uncommon before the hippie era.[177][178] Hippies also inspired the decline in popularity of the necktie and other business clothing, which had been unavoidable for men during the 1950s and early 1960s. Additionally, hippie fashion itself has been commonplace in the years since the 1960s in clothing and accessories, particularly the peace symbol.[179] Astrology, including everything from serious study to whimsical amusement regarding personal traits, was integral to hippie culture.[180] The generation of the 1970s became influenced by the hippie and the 1960s countercultural legacy. As such in New York City musicians and audiences from the female, homosexual, Black, and Latino communities adopted several traits from the hippies and psychedelia. They included overpowering sound, free-form dancing, multi-colored, pulsating lighting, colorful costumes, and hallucinogens.[181][182][183] 1960s Psychedelic soul groups like The Chambers Brothers and especially Sly and The Family Stone influenced George Clinton, P-funk and the Temptations.[184] In addition, the perceived positivity, lack of irony, and earnestness of the hippies informed proto-disco music like M.F.S.B.'s album Love Is the Message.[181][185] Disco music supported 70s LGBT movement.

The hippie legacy in literature includes the lasting popularity of books reflecting the hippie experience, such as The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test.[186]

Music [ edit ] In music, the folk rock and psychedelic rock popular among hippies evolved into genres such as acid rock, world beat and heavy metal music. Psychedelic trance (also known as psytrance) is a type of electronic music influenced by 1960s psychedelic rock. The tradition of hippie music festivals began in the United States in 1965 with Ken Kesey's Acid Tests, where the Grateful Dead played tripping on LSD and initiated psychedelic jamming. For the next several decades, many hippies and neo-hippies became part of the Deadhead community, attending music and art festivals held around the country. The Grateful Dead toured continuously, with few interruptions between 1965 and 1995. Phish and their fans (called Phish Heads) operated in the same manner, with the band touring continuously between 1983 and 2004. Many contemporary bands performing at hippie festivals and their derivatives are called jam bands, since they play songs that contain long instrumentals similar to the original hippie bands of the 1960s.[187]

With the demise of Grateful Dead and Phish, nomadic touring hippies attend a growing series of summer festivals, the largest of which is called the Bonnaroo Music & Arts Festival, which premiered in 2002. The Oregon Country Fair is a three-day festival featuring handmade crafts, educational displays and costumed entertainment. The annual Starwood Festival, founded in 1981, is a seven-day event indicative of the spiritual quest of hippies through an exploration of non-mainstream religions and world-views, and has offered performances and classes by a variety of hippie and counter-culture icons.[188]

The Burning Man festival began in 1986 at a San Francisco beach party and is now held in the Black Rock Desert northeast of Reno, Nevada. Although few participants would accept the hippie label, Burning Man is a contemporary expression of alternative community in the same spirit as early hippie events. The gathering becomes a temporary city (36,500 occupants in 2005, 50,000+ in 2011), with elaborate encampments, displays, and many art cars. Other events that enjoy a large attendance include the Rainbow Family Gatherings, The Gathering of the Vibes, Community Peace Festivals, and the Woodstock Festivals.

United Kingdom [ edit ] In the UK, there are many new age travellers who are known as hippies to outsiders, but prefer to call themselves the Peace Convoy. They started the Stonehenge Free Festival in 1974, but English Heritage later banned the festival in 1985, resulting in the Battle of the Beanfield. With Stonehenge banned as a festival site, new age travellers gather at the annual Glastonbury Festival. Today[when? ], hippies in the UK can be found in parts of South West England, such as Bristol (particularly the neighborhoods of Montpelier, Stokes Croft, St Werburghs, Bishopston, Easton and Totterdown), Glastonbury in Somerset, Totnes in Devon, and Stroud in Gloucestershire, as well as in Hebden Bridge in West Yorkshire, and in areas of London and Cornwall. In the summer, many hippies and those of similar subcultures gather at numerous outdoor festivals in the countryside.

In New Zealand, between 1976 and 1981, tens of thousands of hippies gathered from around the world on large farms around Waihi and Waikino for music and alternatives festivals. Named Nambassa, the festivals focused on peace, love, and a balanced lifestyle. The events featured practical workshops and displays advocating alternative lifestyles, self sufficiency, clean and sustainable energy and sustainable living.[189]

In the UK and Europe, the years 1987 until 1989 were marked by a large-scale revival of many characteristics of the hippie movement. This later movement, composed mostly of people aged 18 to 25, adopted much of the original hippie philosophy of love, peace and freedom. In the summer of 1988 became known as the Second Summer of Love. Although the music favored by this movement was modern electronic music, especially house music and acid house, one could often hear songs from the original hippie era in the chill out rooms at raves. Also, there was a trend towards psychedelic indie rock in the form of Shoegaze, Dream Pop, Madchester and neo-Psychedelic bands like Jesus And Mary Chain, The Sundays, Spacemen 3, Loop, Stone Roses, Happy Mondays, Inspiral Carpets and Ride. This was effectively a parallel soundtrack to the rave scene that was rooted as much in 1960s psychedelic rock as it was in post-punk, though Madchester was more directly influenced by Acid House, funk and northern soul. Interestingly, many ravers were originally soul boys and football casuals, and football hooliganism declined after the Second Summer of Love.

In the UK, many of the well-known figures of this movement first lived communally in Stroud Green, an area of north London located in Finsbury Park. In 1995, The Sekhmet Hypothesis attempted to link both hippie and rave culture together in relation to transactional analysis, suggesting that rave culture was a social archetype based on the mood of friendly strength, compared to the gentle hippie archetype, based on friendly weakness.[190] The later electronic dance genres known as goa trance and psychedelic trance and its related events and culture have important hippie legacies and neo hippie elements. The popular DJ of the genre Goa Gil, like other hippies from the 1960s, decided to leave the US and Western Europe to travel on the hippie trail and later developing psychedelic parties and music in the Indian island of Goa in which the goa and psytrance genres were born and exported around the world in the 1990s and 2000s.[191]

Media [ edit ] Popular films depicting the hippie ethos and lifestyle include Woodstock, Easy Rider, Hair, The Doors, Across the Universe, Taking Woodstock, and Crumb.

In 2002, photojournalist John Bassett McCleary published a 650-page, 6,000-entry unabridged slang dictionary devoted to the language of the hippies titled The Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s. The book was revised and expanded to 700 pages in 2004.[192][193] McCleary believes that the hippie counterculture added a significant number of words to the English language by borrowing from the lexicon of the Beat Generation, through the hippies' shortening of beatnik words and then popularizing their usage.[194]

Hippies at the Nambassa 1981 Festival in New Zealand

Goa Gil, original 1960s hippie who later became a pioneering electronic dance music DJ and party organizer, here appearing in the 2001 film Last Hippie Standing

See also [ edit ] References [ edit ] ^ Hippie Cambridge Dictionary ^ "hippy - Definition of hippy in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries - English. Archived from the original on December 31, 2017. ^ "hippie | History, Lifestyle, & Beliefs". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2019-05-24 . ^ "Beat movement - History, Characteristics, Writers, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2 March 2019 . ^ Howard Smead (November 1, 2000). Don't Trust Anyone Over Thirty: The First Four Decades of the Baby Boom. iUniverse. pp. 155''. ISBN 978-0-595-12393-3. ^ Kilgallen, Dorothy (June 11, 1963). "Dorothy Kilgallen's Voice of Broadway". Syndicated column via The Montreal Gazette . Retrieved July 10, 2014 . New York hippies have a new kick '' baking marijuana in cookies... ^ To say "I'm hip to the situation" means "I'm aware of the situation. See: Sheidlower, Jesse (December 8, 2004), "Crying Wolof: Does the word hip really hail from a West African language?", Slate Magazine , retrieved May 7, 2007 ^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com . Retrieved February 3, 2014 . ^ "Hep - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. August 31, 2012 . Retrieved February 3, 2014 . ^ Davis, Fred; Munoz, Laura (June 1968). "Heads and Freaks: Patterns and Meanings of Drug Use Among Hippies". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 9 (2): 156''64. doi:10.2307/2948334. JSTOR 2948334. PMID 5745772. S2CID 27921802. ^ Allen, James R.; West, Louis Jolyon (1968). "Flight from violence: Hippies and the green rebellion". American Journal of Psychiatry. 125 (3): 364''370. doi:10.1176/ajp.125.3.364. PMID 5667202. ^ Festival, Monterey International Pop. "Monterey International Pop Festival". Monterey International Pop Festival. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017 . Retrieved 2 March 2019 . ^ "The attendance at the third Pop Festival at...Isle of Wight, England on 30 Aug 1970 was claimed by its promoters, Fiery Creations, to be 400,000." The Guinness book of Records, 1987 (p. 91), Russell, Alan (ed.). Guinness World Records, 1986 ISBN 0851124399. ^ Purcell, Fernando; Alfredo Riquelme (2009). Ampliando miradas: Chile y su historia en un tiempo global. RIL Editores. p. 21. ISBN 978-956-284-701-8. ^ "(Un)Civil Societies: September 3, 2007". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 November 2008. ^ "The Misconception About Baby Boomers and the Sixties". The New Yorker. 18 August 2019 . Retrieved 20 December 2021 . ^ Vitaljich, Shaun (December 8, 2004), Crying Wolof, Slate Magazine , retrieved 2007-05-07 ^ Jonathan Lighter, Random House Dictionary of Historical Slang ^ George Vere Hobart (January 16, 1867 '' January 31, 1926) ^ Harry "The Hipster" Gibson (1986), Everybody's Crazy But Me646456456654151, The Hipster Story, Progressive Records ^ Harry Gibson wrote: "At that time musicians used jive talk among themselves and many customers were picking up on it. One of these words was hep which described someone in the know. When lots of people started using hep, musicians changed to hip. I started calling people hipsters and greeted customers who dug the kind of jazz we were playing as 'all you hipsters.' Musicians at the club began calling me Harry the Hipster; so I wrote a new tune called 'Handsome Harry the Hipster.'" -- "Everybody's Crazy But Me" (1986). ^ Rexroth, Kenneth. (1961). "What's Wrong with the Clubs." Metronome. Reprinted in Assays ^ Booth, Martin (2004), Cannabis: A History, St. Martin's Press, p. 212. ^ Gilliland, John (1969). "Show 42 - The Acid Test: Defining 'hippy' " (audio) . Pop Chronicles. University of North Texas Libraries. Track 1. ^ Use of the term "hippie" did not become widespread in the mass media until early 1967, after San Francisco Chronicle columnist Herb Caen began to use the term; See "Take a Hippie to Lunch Today", S.F. Chronicle, January 20, 1967, p. 37. San Francisco Chronicle, January 18, 1967 column, p. 27 ^ a b "The Hippies", Time, July 7, 1968 , retrieved 2007-08-24 ^ Randal, Annie Janeiro (2005), "The Power to Influence Minds", Music, Power, and Politics, Routledge, pp. 66''67, ISBN 0-415-94364-7 ^ Kennedy, Gordon; Ryan, Kody (2003), Hippie Roots & The Perennial Subculture, archived from the original on August 30, 2007 , retrieved 2007-08-31 . See also: Kennedy 1998. ^ Elaine Woo, Gypsy Boots, 89; Colorful Promoter of Healthy Food and Lifestyles, Los Angeles Times, August 10, 2004, Accessed December 22, 2008. ^ Zablocki, Benjamin. "Hippies." World Book Online Reference Center. 2006. Retrieved on 2006-10-12. "Hippies were members of a youth movement...from white middle-class families and ranged in age from 15 to 25 years old." ^ a b Dudley 2000, pp. 193''194. ^ a b Hirsch 1993, p. 419. Hirsch describes hippies as: "Members of a cultural protest that began in the U.S. in the 1960s and affected Europe before fading in the 1970s...fundamentally a cultural rather than a political protest." ^ a b Pendergast & Pendergast 2005. Pendergast writes: "The Hippies made up the...nonpolitical subgroup of a larger group known as the counterculture...the counterculture included several distinct groups...One group, called the New Left...Another broad group called...the Civil Rights Movement...did not become a recognizable social group until after 1965...according to John C. McWilliams, author of The 1960s Cultural Revolution." ^ a b Stone 1999, Hippy Havens ^ August 28 - Bob Dylan turns The Beatles on to cannabis for the second time. See also: Brown, Peter; Gaines, Steven (2002), The Love You Make: An Insider's Story of the Beatles, NAL Trade, ISBN 0-451-20735-1 ;Moller, Karen (September 25, 2006), Tony Blair: Child Of The Hippie Generation, Swans , retrieved 2007-07-29 ^ Light My Fire: Rock Posters from the Summer of Love, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, 2006, archived from the original on August 15, 2007 , retrieved 2007-08-25 ^ Booth 2004, p. 214. ^ Oldmeadow 2004, pp. 260, 264. ^ Stolley 1998, pp. 137. ^ Yippie Abbie Hoffman envisioned a different society: "...where people share things, and we don't need money; where you have the machines for the people. A free society, that's really what it amounts to... a free society built on life; but life is not some Time Magazine, hippie version of fagdom... we will attempt to build that society..." See: Swatez, Gerald. Miller, Kaye. (1970). Conventions: The Land Around Us Anagram Pictures. University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Social Sciences Research Film Unit. qtd at ~16:48. The speaker is not explicitly identified, but it is thought to be Abbie Hoffman. Archived March 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Wiener, Jon (1991), Come Together: John Lennon in His Time, University of Illinois Press, p. 40, ISBN 0-252-06131-4 : "Seven hundred million people heard it in a worldwide TV satellite broadcast. It became the anthem of flower power that summer...The song expressed the highest value of the counterculture...For the hippies, however, it represented a call for liberation from Protestant culture, with its repressive sexual taboos and its insistence on emotional restraint...The song presented the flower power critique of movement politics: there was nothing you could do that couldn't be done by others; thus you didn't need to do anything...John was arguing not only against bourgeois self-denial and future-mindedness but also against the activists' sense of urgency and their strong personal commitments to fighting injustice and oppression..." ^ Yablonsky 1968, pp. 106''107. ^ Theme appears in contemporaneous interviews throughout Yablonsky (1968). ^ McCleary 2004, pp. 50, 166, 323. ^ Dudley 2000, pp. 203''206. Timothy Miller notes that the counterculture was a "movement of seekers of meaning and value...the historic quest of any religion." Miller quotes Harvey Cox, William C. 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Retrieved 2008-09-08 . ^ Shannon, Phil (June 18, 1997), Yippies, politics and the state, Cultural Dissent, Issue #, Green Left Weekly, archived from the original on January 26, 2009 , retrieved 2008-12-10 ^ Seale 1991, p. 350. ^ Junker, Detlef; Gassert, Philipp (2004), The United States and Germany in the Era of the Cold War, 1945-1990, Cambridge University Press, p. 424, ISBN 0-521-83420-1 ^ "Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund Frequently Asked Questions". www.vvmf.org . Retrieved 27 January 2022 . ^ Turner 2006, pp. 32''39. ^ "Overview: who were (are) the Diggers?". The Digger Archives . Retrieved 2007-06-17 . ^ Gail Dolgin; Vicente Franco (2007). American Experience: The Summer of Love. PBS. Archived from the original on 2017-03-25 . Retrieved 2007-04-23 . ^ Stone 1999, "The Way of the Hippy" ^ Leland, John (2004). Hip:The History. New York.: Ecco. ISBN 978-0-06-052817-1. ^ Rimbaud, Penny (1982), The Last Of The Hippies - An Hysterical Romance, Crass ^ Shibboleth: My Revolting Life, Rimbaud, Penny, AK Press, 1999. ISBN 978-1873176405. ^ Vander Molen, Jodi. "Jello Biafra Interview". The Progressive . Retrieved February 1, 2002 . ^ Colurso, Mary (2007-06-29). "Jello Biafra can ruffle feathers". The Birmingham News. The Birmingham News . Retrieved June 29, 2007 . ^ "Timothy Leary". Biography. 20 May 2021 . Retrieved 27 January 2022 . ^ a b Stolley 1998, pp. 139. ^ Yablonsky 1968, pp. 243, 257 ^ a b Brand, Stewart (Spring 1995), "We Owe It All to the Hippies", Time, vol. 145, no. 12 , retrieved 2007-11-25 ^ Carlos Santana: I'm Immortal interview by Punto Digital, October 13, 2010 ^ Prichard, Evie (June 28, 2007). "We're all hippies now". The Times. London . Retrieved 2010-05-04 . ^ Mary Ann Sieghart (May 25, 2007). "Hey man, we're all kind of hippies now. Far out". The Times. London . Retrieved 2007-05-25 . [dead link ] ^ Kitchell, Mark (Director and Writer) (January 1990). Berkeley in the Sixties (Documentary). Liberation . Retrieved 2009-05-10 . ^ Barnia, George (1996), The Index of Leading Spiritual Indicators, Dallas TX: Word Publishing, archived from the original on 2011-01-04 , retrieved 2009-05-11 ^ Hip Inc. "Hippies From A to Z by Skip Stone". Hipplanet.com . Retrieved 2012-11-21 . ^ Baer, Hans A. (2004), Toward An Integrative Medicine: Merging Alternative Therapies With Biomedicine, Rowman Altamira, pp. 2''3, ISBN 0-7591-0302-X ^ Eardley-Pryor, Roger (2017). "Love, Peace, and Technoscience". Distillations. Vol. 3, no. 2. pp. 38''41. ^ Kaiser, David; McCray, W. Patrick (2016). Groovy Science: Knowledge, Innovation, and American Counterculture. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-37291-4. ^ Markoff, John (2005), What the Dormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry , Penguin, ISBN 0-670-03382-0 ^ a b Connikie, Yvonne. (1990). Fashions of a Decade: The 1960s. Facts on File. ISBN 0-8160-2469-3 ^ Pendergast, Sara. (2004) Fashion, Costume, and Culture. Volume 5. Modern World Part II: 1946''2003. Thomson Gale. ISBN 0-7876-5417-5 ^ Sewing, Joy; Houston Chronicle; January 24, 2008; "Peace sign makes a statement in the fashion world". Retrieved June 10, 2012. ^ The musical Hair and a multitude of well known contemporary song lyrics such as The Age of Aquarius ^ a b Disco Double Take: New York Parties Like It's 1975. Village Voice.com. Retrieved on August 9, 2009. ^ (1998) "The Cambridge History of American Music", ISBN 978-0-521-45429-2, ISBN 978-0-521-45429-2, p.372: "Initially, disco musicians and audiences alike belonged to marginalized communities: women, gay, black, and Latinos" ^ (2002) "Traces of the Spirit: The Religious Dimensions of Popular Music", ISBN 978-0-8147-9809-6, ISBN 978-0-8147-9809-6, p.117: "New York City was the primary center of disco, and the original audience was primarily gay African Americans and Latinos." ^ Psychedelic soul AllMusic Retirved 17 January 2022 ^ "But the pre-Saturday Night Fever dance underground was actually sweetly earnest and irony-free in its hippie-dippie positivity, as evinced by anthems like M.F.S.B.'s 'Love Is the Message'." '--Village Voice, July 10, 2001. ^ Bryan, C. d. b. (August 18, 1968), " 'The Pump House Gang' and 'The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test' ", The New York Times , retrieved 2007-08-21 ^ JamBands.com - What is a Jam Band? Retrieved from Internet Archive December 23, 2013. ^ Clifton, Chas (2006). Her Hidden Children: The Rise of Wicca and Paganism in America. Rowman Altamira. p. 163. ISBN 9780759102026. ^ Nambassa: A New Direction, edited by Colin Broadley and Judith Jones, A. H. & A. W. Reed, 1979. ISBN 0-589-01216-9 ^ The Sekhmet Hypothesis, Iain Spence, 1995, Bast's Blend. ISBN 0952536501 ^ Time Out: Mumbai and Goa. London: Time Out Guides. 2011. p. 184. In 1969, Gilbert Levy left the Haigh Ashbury district of San Francisco and took the overland trail through Afghanistan and Pakistan, first to Bombay and then to Goa...Throughout the 1970s, Gil organized legendary parties at Anjuna- moonlight jams of non-stop music, dancing and chemical experimentation that lasted from Christmas Eve to New Year´s Day for a tribe of fellow overland travellers who called themselves the Goa Freaks...In the 90s, Gil started to use snippets from industrial music, etno techno, acid house and psychedelic rock to help create Goa Trance, dance music with a heavy spiritual accent...For Goa Gil, Goa Trance is a logical continuation of what hippies were doing back in the 60s and 70s. "The Psychedelic Revolution never really stopped" he said, "it just had to go halfway round the world to the end of a dirt road on a deserted beach, and there it was allowed to evolve and mutate, without government or media pressures. ^ McCleary, John Bassett. The Hippie Dictionary: A Cultural Encyclopedia of the 1960s and 1970s, Ten Speed Press, 2004. ISBN 1580085474 ^ Gates, David (July 12, 2004), "Me Talk Hippie", Newsweek , retrieved 2008-01-27 ^ Merritt, Byron (August 2004), A Groovy Interview with Author John McCleary, Fiction Writers of the Monterey Peninsula, archived from the original on October 12, 2007 , retrieved 2008-01-27 Works cited [ edit ] Booth, Martin (2004), Cannabis: A History , St. Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-32220-8 .Bugliosi, Vincent; Gentry, Curt (1994), Helter Skelter, V. W. Norton & Company, Inc., ISBN 0-393-32223-8 .Dudley, William, ed. (2000), The 1960s (America's decades), San Diego: Greenhaven Press. .Heath, Joseph; Potter, Andrew (2004), Nation of Rebels: Why Counterculture Became Consumer Culture, Collins, ISBN 0-06-074586-X .Grunenberg, Christoph; Harris, Jonathan (2005), Summer of Love: Psychedelic Art, Social Crisis and Counterculture in the 1960s, Liverpool University Press, ISBN 0-85323-929-0 .Hirsch, E.D. (1993), The Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-395-65597-8 .Katz, Jack (1988), Seductions of Crime: Moral and Sensual Attractions in Doing Evil, Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-07616-5 .Kennedy, Gordon (1998), Children of the Sun: A Pictorial Anthology From Germany To California, 1883''1949, Nivaria Press, ISBN 0-9668898-0-0 .Lattin, Don (2004), Following Our Bliss: How the Spiritual Ideals of the Sixties Shape Our Lives Today, HarperCollins, ISBN 0-06-073063-3 .Lee, Martin A.; Shlain, Bruce (1992), Acid Dreams: The Complete Social History of LSD: The CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond, Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-3062-3 .Lewis, James R.; Melton, J. Gordon (1992). "Introduction". In Lewis, James R.; Melton, J. Gordon (eds.). Perspectives on the New Age. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. pp. ix''xxi. ISBN 978-0-7914-1213-8. Lytle, Mark H. (2006), America's Uncivil Wars: The Sixties Era from Elvis to the Fall of Richard Nixon, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-517496-8 .McCleary, John (2004), The Hippie Dictionary, Ten Speed Press, ISBN 1-58008-547-4 .Marty, Myron A. (1997), Daily life in the United States, 1960''1990, Westport, CT: The Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-29554-9 .Oldmeadow, Harry (2004), Journeys East: 20th Century Western Encounters with Eastern Religious Traditions, World Wisdom, Inc, ISBN 0-941532-57-7 .Pendergast, Tom; Pendergast, Sara, eds. (2005), "Sixties Counterculture: The Hippies and Beyond", The Sixties in America Reference Library, vol. 1: Almanac, Detroit: Thomson Gale, pp. 151''171 .Perry, Charles (2005), The Haight-Ashbury: A History (Reprint ed.), Wenner Books, ISBN 1-932958-55-X .Seale, Bobby (1991), Seize the Time: The Story of the Black Panther Party and Huey P. Newton, Black Classic Press, ISBN 0-933121-30-X .Stevens, Jay (1998), Storming Heaven: LSD and the American Dream, Grove Press, ISBN 0-8021-3587-0 .Stolley, Richard B. (1998), Turbulent Years: The 60s (Our American Century), Time-Life Books, ISBN 0-7835-5503-2 .Stone, Skip (1999), Hippies From A to Z, Hip Inc. , retrieved 2017-08-13 .Tamony, Peter (Summer 1981), "Tripping out from San Francisco", American Speech, Duke University Press, 56 (2): 98''103, doi:10.2307/455009, JSTOR 455009, PMID 11623430 .Tompkins, Vincent, ed. (2001a), "Assimilation of the Counterculture", American Decades, vol. 8: 1970''1979, Detroit: Thomson Gale .Tompkins, Vincent, ed. (2001b), "Hippies", American Decades, vol. 7: 1960''1969, Detroit: Thomson Gale .Turner, Fred (2006), From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism, University Of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-81741-5 .Yablonsky, Lewis (1968), The Hippie Trip, Pegasus, ISBN 0-595-00116-5 .Further reading [ edit ] Binkley, Sam (2002), "Hippies", St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture, archived from the original on 2007-04-22 '' via FindArticles.com .Brand, Stewart (1995), "We Owe it All to the Hippies", Time , archived from the original on 2011-01-06 , retrieved 2006-09-24 .Buckley, William F. Jr.; Yablonsky, Lewis; Sanders, Ed; Kerouac, Jack (September 3, 1968). "113 The Hippies". Firing Line. Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Video Library. Archived from the original on 2021-10-30 . Retrieved 23 October 2021 '' via YouTube. .Gaskin, Stephen (1970), Monday Night Class, The Book Farm, ISBN 1-57067-181-8 .Kent, Stephen A. (2001), From slogans to mantras: social protest and religious conversion in the late Vietnam war era, Syracuse University Press, ISBN 0-8156-2923-0 .Mankin, Bill (2012), We Can All Join In: How Rock Festivals Helped Change America, Like the Dew, archived from the original on 2013-12-19 , retrieved 2012-03-16 .Lemke-Santangelo, Gretchen (2009), Daughters of Aquarius: Women of the Sixties Counterculture, University Press of Kansas, ISBN 978-0700616336 .MacLean, Rory (2008), Magic Bus: On the Hippie Trail from Istanbul to India, New York: Ig Publishing, ISBN 978-0-14-101595-8, archived from the original on 2009-05-08 , retrieved 2021-03-30 .Markoff, John (2006), What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry, Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-303676-9 .Mecchi, Irene (1991), The Best of Herb Caen, 1960''75, Chronicle Books, ISBN 0-8118-0020-2 .Stone, Skip (1999), Hippies From A to Z: Their Sex, Drugs, Music and Impact on Society From the Sixties to the Present, Hip Inc., ISBN 1-930258-01-1 .Young, Shawn David (2005), Hippies, Jesus Freaks, and Music, Ann Arbor: Xanedu/Copley Original Works, ISBN 1-59399-201-7 .Altman, Robert (Curator) (1997), "The Summer of Love '' Gallery", Summer of Love 30th Anniversary Celebration, The Council for the Summer of Love, archived from the original on 2008-01-25 , retrieved 2008-01-21 .Bissonnette, Anne (Curator) (April 12 '' September 17, 2000), Revolutionizing Fashion: The Politics of Style, Kent State University Museum, archived from the original on January 18, 2008 , retrieved 2008-01-21 .Brode, Douglas (2004), From Walt to Woodstock: How Disney Created the Counterculture, University of Texas Press, ISBN 0-292-70273-6 .Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (2006), Hippie Society: The Youth Rebellion, Life and Society, CBC Digital Archives , retrieved 2008-01-21 .Charters, Ann (2003), The Portable Sixties reader , New York: Penguin Books, ISBN 0-14-200194-5 .Curl, John (2007), Memories of DROP CITY: The First Hippie Commune of the 1960s and the Summer of Love, A Memoir, New York: iuniverse, ISBN 978-0595423439, archived from the original on April 13, 2009 .Howard, John Robert (March 1969), "The Flowering of the Hippie Movement", Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 382 (Protest in the Sixties): 43''55, doi:10.1177/000271626938200106, S2CID 146605321 .Laughead, George (1998), WWW-VL: History: 1960s, European University Institute , retrieved 2008-01-21 .Lemke-Santangelo, Gretchen (2009), Daughters of Aquarius: Women of the Sixties Counterculture, University Press of Kansas, ISBN 978-0700616336 .Lund, Jens; Denisoff, R. Serge (Oct''Dec 1971), "The Folk Music Revival and the Counter Culture: Contributions and Contradictions", The Journal of American Folklore, American Folklore Society, 84 (334): 394''405, doi:10.2307/539633, JSTOR 539633 .MacFarlane, Scott (2007), The Hippie Narrative: A Literary Perspective on the Counterculture, McFarland & Company, Inc., ISBN 978-0-7864-2915-8 .Neville, Richard (1995), Hippie, Hippie, Shake: The Dreams, the Trips, the Trials, the Love-ins, the Screw ups'--the Sixties., William Heinemann Australia, ISBN 0-85561-523-0 .Neville, Richard (1996), Out of My Mind: From Flower Power to the Third Millennium'--the Seventies, the Eighties and the Nineties, Penguin, ISBN 0-14-026270-9 .Partridge, William L. (1973), The Hippie Ghetto: The Natural History of a Subculture, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, ISBN 0-03-091081-1 .Pirsig, Robert M. (2006) [1991], Lila: An Inquiry into Morals, Bantam Books, ISBN 0-553-07873-9 .Rainbow Family (2004), Rainbow Family of the Living Light, Circle of Light Community Network, archived from the original on 2008-07-19 , retrieved 2008-01-21 . See also:Riser, George (Curator) (1998), The Psychedelic '60s: Literary Tradition and Social Change, Special Collections Department. University of Virginia Library, archived from the original on January 11, 2008 , retrieved 2008-01-21 .Staller, Karen M. (2006), Runaways: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped Today's Practices and Policies, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-12410-4 .Stone, Skip (2000), The Way of the Hippy, Hip Inc., archived from the original on 2009-07-05 .Thompson, Hunter S. (2000), "Owl Farm '' Winter of '68", Fear and Loathing in America: The Brutal Odyssey of an Outlaw Journalist 1968''1976, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-87315-X Walpole, Andy (2004), "Hippies, Freaks and the Summer of Love", Harold Hill: A People's History, haroldhill.org, archived from the original on 2007-07-12 , retrieved 2008-01-21 .Wolfe, Tom (1968), The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux .External links [ edit ] Wikimedia Commons has media related to

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Summer of Love Archived 2017-02-28 at the Wayback Machine. A film part of PBS´s American Experience series. Includes the film available to watch online Archived 2016-03-05 at the Wayback Machine and other information on the San Francisco event known as the Summer of Love as well as other material related to the hippie subculture.Hippie Society: The Youth Rebellion. A Canadian program by the CBC public network on the hippie rebellion including videos to watch.70's Origin Archived 2021-02-14 at the Wayback Machine. Seventies Origin History.Sixtiespix. An archive with photographs of hippie culture.Hippie Movies & TV Shows. 1960s and early 1970s hippie and youth culture on film and TV.Hippie Quotes Archived 2020-10-24 at the Wayback Machine. Hippie Quotes from all times.UKHippy . UK Based Hippy & New Age Traveller website; online since 2005 with historical links to the original UK hippy community.

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British socialist organisation founded in 1884

The Fabian SocietyFabian Society logo

AbbreviationFSFormation4 January 1884 ; 139 years ago ( 1884-01-04 ) Legal statusUnincorporated membership associationPurpose"To promote greater equality of power, wealth and opportunity; the value of collective action and public service; an accountable, tolerant and active democracy; citizenship, liberty and human rights; sustainable development; and multilateral international cooperation"HeadquartersLondon, EnglandLocationMembership

8,000Official language

EnglishGeneral Secretary

Andrew HarropChair

Martin EdoborVice-Chairs

Wes Streeting, Catriona MunroHon. Treasurer

Baron Kennedy of SouthwarkMain organ

Executive CommitteeSubsidiariesYoung Fabians, Fabian Women's Network, Scottish Fabians, around 60 local Fabian SocietiesAffiliationsLabour Party, Foundation for European Progressive StudiesWebsite fabians.org.uk The Fabian Society is a British socialist organisation whose purpose is to advance the principles of social democracy and democratic socialism via gradualist and reformist effort in democracies, rather than by revolutionary overthrow.[1][2] The Fabian Society was also historically related to radicalism, a left-wing liberal tradition.[3][4][5]

As one of the founding organisations of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, and as an important influence upon the Labour Party which grew from it, the Fabian Society has had a powerful influence on British politics. Members of the Fabian Society have included political leaders from other countries, such as Jawaharlal Nehru, who adopted Fabian principles as part of their own political ideologies. The Fabian Society founded the London School of Economics in 1895.

Today, the society functions primarily as a think tank and is one of twenty socialist societies affiliated with the Labour Party. Similar societies exist in Australia, in Canada, in New Zealand, and in Sicily.

Organisational history [ edit ] Establishment [ edit ] Blue plaque at 17 Osnaburgh St, where the Society was founded in 1884

Wolf in Sheep's Clothing, the original coat of arms

The Fabian Society was founded on 4 January 1884 in London as an offshoot of a society founded a year earlier, called The Fellowship of the New Life, which had been a forebear of the British Ethical and humanist movements.[6] Early Fellowship members included the visionary Victorian elite, among them poets Edward Carpenter and John Davidson, sexologist Havelock Ellis, and early socialist Edward R. Pease. They wanted to transform society by setting an example of clean simplified living for others to follow. Some members also wanted to become politically involved to aid society's transformation; they set up a separate society, the Fabian Society. All members were free to attend both societies. The Fabian Society additionally advocated renewal of Western European Renaissance ideas and their promulgation throughout the world.

The Fellowship of the New Life was dissolved in 1899,[7] but the Fabian Society grew to become a leading academic society in the United Kingdom in the Edwardian era. It was typified by the members of its vanguard Coefficients club. Public meetings of the Society were for many years held at Essex Hall, a popular location just off the Strand in central London.[8]

The Fabian Society was named'--at the suggestion of Frank Podmore'--in honour of the Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus (nicknamed Cunctator, meaning the "Delayer").[9] His Fabian strategy sought gradual victory against the superior Carthaginian army under the renowned general Hannibal through persistence, harassment, and wearing the enemy down by attrition rather than pitched, climactic battles.[citation needed ]

An explanatory note appearing on the title page of the group's first pamphlet declared:

For the right moment you must wait, as Fabius did most patiently when warring against Hannibal, though many censured his delays; but when the time comes you must strike hard, as Fabius did, or your waiting will be in vain, and fruitless.[10]

According to author Jon Perdue, "The logo of the Fabian Society, a tortoise, represented the group's predilection for a slow, imperceptible transition to socialism, while its coat of arms, a 'wolf in sheep's clothing', represented its preferred methodology for achieving its goal."[3] The wolf in sheep's clothing symbolism was later abandoned, due to its obvious negative connotations.[citation needed ]

Its nine founding members were Frank Podmore, Edward R. Pease, William Clarke, Hubert Bland,[11] Percival Chubb, Frederick Keddell,[12] H. H. Champion,[13] Edith Nesbit,[4] and Rosamund Dale Owen.[12][11] Havelock Ellis is sometimes also mentioned as a tenth founding member, though there is some question about this.[12]

Organisational growth [ edit ] Immediately upon its inception, the Fabian Society began attracting many prominent contemporary figures drawn to its socialist cause, including George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, Annie Besant, Graham Wallas, Charles Marson, Sydney Olivier, Oliver Lodge, Ramsay MacDonald and Emmeline Pankhurst. Bertrand Russell briefly became a member, but resigned after he expressed his belief that the Society's principle of entente (in this case, between countries allying themselves against Germany) could lead to war.

At the core of the Fabian Society were Sidney and Beatrice Webb. Together, they wrote numerous studies[14] of industrial Britain, including alternative co-operative economics that applied to ownership of capital as well as land.[citation needed ]

Many Fabians participated in the formation of the Labour Representation Committee in 1900 and the group's constitution, written by Sidney Webb, borrowed heavily from the founding documents of the Fabian Society. At the meeting that founded the Labour Representation Committee in 1900, the Fabian Society claimed 861 members and sent one delegate.[citation needed ]

The years 1903 to 1908 saw a growth in popular interest in the socialist idea in Great Britain, and the Fabian Society grew accordingly, tripling its membership to nearly 2500 by the end of the period, half of whom were located in London.[15] In 1912, a student section was organised called the University Socialist Federation (USF) and by the outbreak of World War I in 1914 this contingent counted its own membership of more than 500.[15]

Early Fabian views [ edit ] The first Fabian Society pamphlets[16] advocating tenets of social justice coincided with the zeitgeist of Liberal reforms during the early 1900s, including eugenics.[17] The Fabian proposals however were considerably more progressive than those that were enacted in the Liberal reform legislation. The Fabians lobbied for the introduction of a minimum wage in 1906, for the creation of a universal health care system in 1911 and for the abolition of hereditary peerages in 1917.[18] Agnes Harben and Henry Devenish Harben were among Fabians advocating women's emancipation and supporting suffrage movements in Britain, and internationally.[19]

Fabian socialists were in favour of reforming the foreign policy of the British Empire as a conduit for internationalist reform, and were in favour of a capitalist welfare state modelled on the Bismarckian German model; they criticised Gladstonian liberalism both for its individualism at home and its internationalism abroad. They favoured a national minimum wage in order to stop British industries compensating for their inefficiency by lowering wages instead of investing in capital equipment; slum clearances and a health service in order for "the breeding of even a moderately Imperial race" which would be more productive and better militarily than the "stunted, anaemic, demoralised denizens ... of our great cities"; and a national education system because "it is in the classrooms ... that the future battles of the Empire for commercial prosperity are already being lost".[20]

In 1900 the Society produced Fabianism and the Empire, the first statement of its views on foreign affairs, drafted by Bernard Shaw and incorporating the suggestions of 150 Fabian members. It was directed against the liberal individualism of those such as John Morley and Sir William Harcourt.[21] It claimed that the classical liberal political economy was outdated and that imperialism was the new stage of the international polity. The question was whether Britain would be the centre of a world empire or whether it would lose its colonies and end up as just two islands in the North Atlantic. It expressed support for Britain in the Boer War because small nations, such as the Boers, were anachronisms in the age of empires.[21]

In order to hold onto the Empire, the British needed to fully exploit the trade opportunities secured by war; maintain the British armed forces in a high state of readiness to defend the Empire; the creation of a citizen army to replace the professional army; the Factory Acts would be amended to extend to 21 the age for half-time employment, so that the thirty hours gained would be used in "a combination of physical exercises, technical education, education in civil citizenship ... and field training in the use of modern weapons".[22]

The Fabians also favoured the nationalisation of land rent, believing that rents collected by landowners in respect of their land's value were unearned, an idea which drew heavily from the work of American economist Henry George.[citation needed ]

Second generation [ edit ] In the period between the two World Wars, the "Second Generation" Fabians, including the writers R. H. Tawney, G. D. H. Cole and Harold Laski, continued to be a major influence on socialist thought.

But the general idea is that each man should have power according to his knowledge and capacity. [...] And the keynote is that of my fairy State: From every man according to his capacity; to every man according to his needs. A democratic Socialism, controlled by majority votes, guided by numbers, can never succeed; a truly aristocratic Socialism, controlled by duty, guided by wisdom, is the next step upwards in civilisation.[23]

'--'‰Annie Besant, a Fabian Society member and later president of Indian National Congress

It was at this time that many of the future leaders of the Third World were exposed to Fabian thought, most notably India's Jawaharlal Nehru, who subsequently framed economic policy for India on Fabian socialism lines. After independence from Britain, Nehru's Fabian ideas committed India to an economy in which the state owned, operated and controlled means of production, in particular key heavy industrial sectors such as steel, telecommunications, transportation, electricity generation, mining and real estate development. Private activity, property rights and entrepreneurship were discouraged or regulated through permits, nationalisation of economic activity and high taxes were encouraged, rationing, control of individual choices and Mahalanobis model considered by Nehru as a means to implement the Fabian Society version of socialism.[24][25][26] In addition to Nehru, several pre-independence leaders in colonial India such as Annie Besant'--Nehru's mentor and later a president of Indian National Congress '' were members of the Fabian Society.[5]

Obafemi Awolowo, who later became the premier of Nigeria's now-defunct Western Region, was also a Fabian member in the late 1940s. It was the Fabian ideology that Awolowo used to run the Western Region during his premiership with great success, although he was prevented from using it in a similar fashion on the national level in Nigeria. It is less known that the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah[citation needed ], was an avid member of the Fabian Society in the early 1930s. Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore, stated in his memoirs that his initial political philosophy was strongly influenced by the Fabian Society. However, he later altered his views, considering the Fabian ideal of socialism as impractical.[27] In 1993, Lee said:

They [Fabian Socialists] were going to create a just society for the British workers'--the beginning of a welfare state, cheap council housing, free medicine and dental treatment, free spectacles, generous unemployment benefits. Of course, for students from the colonies, like Singapore and Malaya, it was a great attraction as the alternative to communism. We did not see until the 1970s that that was the beginning of big problems contributing to the inevitable decline of the British economy.[27]

In the Middle East, the theories of Fabian Society intellectual movement of early 20th-century Britain inspired the Ba'athist vision. The Middle East adaptation of Fabian socialism led the state to control big industry, transport, banks, internal and external trade. The state would direct the course of economic development, with the ultimate aim to provide a guaranteed minimum standard of living for all.[28] Michel Aflaq, widely considered as the founder of the Ba'athist movement, was a Fabian socialist. Aflaq's ideas, with those of Salah al-Din al-Bitar and Zaki al-Arsuzi, came to fruition in the Arab world in the form of dictatorial regimes in Iraq and Syria.[29] Salāmah MÅsā of Egypt, another prominent champion of Arab Socialism, was a keen adherent of Fabian Society, and a member since 1909.[30]

In October 1940, the Fabian Society established the Fabian Colonial Bureau to facilitate research and debate British colonial policy.[31] The Fabian Colonial Bureau strongly influenced the colonial policies of the Attlee government (1945''51).[32] Rita Hinden founded the colonial bureau and was its secretary.[32]

Fabian academics of the late 20th century included the political scientist Sir Bernard Crick, the economists Thomas Balogh and Nicholas Kaldor, and the sociologist Peter Townsend.

20th century [ edit ] During the 20th century the group was always influential in Labour Party circles, with members including Ramsay MacDonald, Clement Attlee, Anthony Crosland, Roy Jenkins, Hugh Dalton, Richard Crossman, Ian Mikardo, Tony Benn, Harold Wilson and more recently Shirley Williams, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, Gordon Marsden and Ed Balls. 229 members of the Society were elected to Parliament at the 1945 general election.[33] Ben Pimlott served as its chairman in the 1990s. (A Pimlott Prize for Political Writing was organised in his memory by the Fabian Society and The Guardian in 2005, and continues annually.) The Society is affiliated to the Party as a socialist society. In recent years the Young Fabian group, founded in 1960, has become an important networking and discussion organisation for younger (under 31) Labour Party activists and played a role in the 1994 election of Tony Blair as Labour Leader. Today there is also an active Fabian Women's Network and Scottish and Welsh Fabian groups.

Influence on Labour government [ edit ] After the election of a Labour Party government in 1997, the Fabian Society was a forum for New Labour ideas and for critical approaches from across the party.[34] The most significant Fabian contribution to Labour's policy agenda in government was Ed Balls's 1992 discussion paper, advocating Bank of England independence. Balls had been a Financial Times journalist when he wrote this Fabian pamphlet, before going to work for Gordon Brown. Former BBC Business Editor Robert Peston, in his book Brown's Britain, calls this an "essential tract" and concludes that Balls "deserves as much credit '' probably more '' than anyone else for the creation of the modern Bank of England";[35] William Keegan offered a similar analysis of Balls's Fabian pamphlet in his book on Labour's economic policy,[36] which traces in detail the path leading up to this dramatic policy change after Labour's first week in office.

Contemporary Fabianism [ edit ] On 21 April 2009, the Society's website stated that it had 6,286 members: "Fabian national membership now stands at a 35 year high: it is over 20% higher than when the Labour Party came to office in May 1997. It is now double what it was when Clement Attlee left office in 1951."[citation needed ]

The latest edition of the Dictionary of National Biography (a reference work listing details of famous or significant Britons throughout history) includes 174 Fabians. Four Fabians, Beatrice and Sidney Webb, Graham Wallas, and George Bernard Shaw, founded the London School of Economics with the money left to the Fabian Society by Henry Hutchinson. Supposedly the decision was made at a breakfast party on 4 August 1894. The founders are depicted in the Fabian Window[37] designed by George Bernard Shaw. The window was stolen in 1978 and reappeared at Sotheby's in 2005. It was restored to display in the Shaw Library at the London School of Economics in 2006 at a ceremony over which Tony Blair presided.[38]

As of 2016, the Fabian Society had about 7,000 members.[39] In June 2019 it had 7,136 individual members.[40]

The Fabian Society Tax Commission of 2000 was widely credited[41] with influencing the Labour government's policy and political strategy for its one significant public tax increase: the National Insurance rise to raise £8 billion for National Health Service spending. (The Fabian Commission had in fact called for a directly hypothecated "NHS tax"[42] to cover the full cost of NHS spending, arguing that linking taxation more directly to spending was essential to make tax rise publicly acceptable. The 2001 National Insurance rise was not formally hypothecated, but the government committed itself to using the additional funds for health spending.) Several other recommendations, including a new top rate of income tax, were to the left of government policy and not accepted, though this comprehensive review of UK taxation was influential in economic policy and political circles, and a new top rate of income tax of 50% was introduced in 2010.[43]

In early 2017, Fabian general secretary Andrew Harrop produced a report[44] arguing the only feasible route for Labour to return to government would be to work with the Liberal Democrats and Scottish National Party. The report predicted Labour would win fewer than 150 seats in the 2017 United Kingdom general election, the lowest number since 1935, due to Brexit, lack of support in Scotland, and Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn's unpopularity, although in the event the party won 262.[45][46]

Fabianism outside the United Kingdom [ edit ] The major influence on the Labour Party and on the English-speaking socialist movement worldwide, has meant that Fabianism became one of the main inspirations of international social democracy.

In February 1895, an American Fabian Society was established in Boston by W. D. P. Bliss, a prominent Christian socialist.[47] The group published a periodical, The American Fabian, and issued a small series of pamphlets.[47] Around the same time a parallel organisation emerged on the Pacific coast, centred in California, under the influence of socialist activist Laurence Gronlund.[47] American Fabianism lasted for less than a decade.[48]

Similar societies exist in Australia the Australian Fabian Society, in Canada the Douglas''Coldwell Foundation and the now-disbanded League for Social Reconstruction, and in New Zealand The NZ Fabian Society.[49]

Direct or indirect Fabian influence may also be seen in the liberal socialism of Carlo Rosselli (founder, with his brother Nello, of the anti-fascist group Giustizia e Libert ) and all its derivatives such as the Action Party in Italy.[50]The Community Movement, created by the socialist entrepreneur Adriano Olivetti, was then the only Italian party which referred explicitly to Fabianism, among his main inspirations along with federalism, social liberalism, fighting partitocracy and social democracy.[51]

In 2000, the Sicilian Fabian Society was founded in Messina.[52]

Structure [ edit ] It is written into the rules of the society that it has no policies. All the publications carry a disclaimer saying that they do not represent the collective views of the society but only the views of the authors. "No resolution of a political character expressing an opinion or calling for action, other than in relation to the running of the Society itself, shall be put forward in the name of the Society."[53]

Executive committee [ edit ] The Fabian Society is governed by an elected executive committee. The committee consists of 10 ordinary members elected from a national list, three members nationally elected from a list nominated by local groups, representatives from the Young Fabians, Fabians Women's Network and Scottish and Welsh Fabians. There is also one staff representative and a directly elected honorary treasurer from the membership. Elections are held every other year, with the exception of the Young Fabians and staff representation which are elected annually. The committee meets quarterly and elect a chair and at least one vice-chair annually to conduct its business. The current chair of the Fabian Society is Martin Edobor.[54]

Secretariat [ edit ] The Fabian Society have a number of employees based in their headquarters in London. The secretariat is led by a general secretary, who is the organisation's CEO. The staff are arranged into departments including Research, Editorial, Events and Operations.

Fabian Review [ edit ] The Fabian Society publishes the Fabian Review, a quarterly magazine.[55]

Young Fabians [ edit ] Since 1960, members aged under 31 years of age are also members of the Young Fabians. This group has its own elected Chair, executive committee and sub-groups. The Young Fabians are a voluntary organisation that serves as an incubator for member-led activities such as policy and social events, pamphlets and delegations. Within the group are five special interest communities called Networks that are run by voluntary steering groups and elect their own Chair and officers. The current Networks are Economy & Finance, Health, International Affairs, Education, Communications (Industry), Environment, Tech, Devolution & Local Government, Law, and Arts & Culture.[56] It also publishes the quarterly magazine Anticipations.

Fabian Women's Network [ edit ] All female members of the Fabian Society are also members of the Fabian Women's Network. This group has its own elected Chair and Executive Committee which organises conferences and events and works with the wider political movement to secure increased representation for women in politics and public life. It has a flagship mentoring programme that recruits on an annual basis, and its president is Seema Malhotra, a Labour Party and Co-operative MP. The Network also publishes the quarterly magazine, Fabiana, runs a range of public speaking events, works closely in partnership with a range of women's campaigning organisations and regularly hosts a fringe at the Labour Party conference.

Local Fabians [ edit ] There are 45 local Fabian societies across the UK, bringing Fabian debates to communities around the country. Some, such as Bournemouth and Oxford, have long histories, dating from the 1890s,[57][58] though most have waxed and waned over the years. The Fabian local societies were given a major boost during the Second World War when re-founded by G. D. H. Cole and Margaret Cole,[59] who noted renewed interest in socialism and that wartime evacuation created chances for Fabians to strengthen influence outside London.[60] Many local societies are affiliated to their local constituency Labour Party and have their own executive bodies. These local branches are affiliated to the national Fabians and local members have the same voting rights as their national counterparts.

Influence on the political right [ edit ] When founded in 1884 as a parliamentarian organisation, there was no leftist party with which the Fabians could connect. As such, they initially attempted to 'permeate' the Liberals, with some success. The foundation of the Labour Party in 1900 signalled a change in tactics,[61] although Fabian-Liberal links on specific topics such as welfare reform lasted well into the interwar period.[62][63]

More recent studies have examined their impact on the Conservatives, such as the foundation of Ashridge College, explicitly designed in the 1930s to create Conservative Fabians.[64][65][66]

Critiques of the Fabians [ edit ] As one of the world's oldest and most prominent think tanks, the Fabians have sometimes fallen under attack, more often from the left than the right.

Most older critiques focused on the Fabians' political organisation efforts, and claims to have been influential.

Although H. G. Wells was a member of the Fabian Society from 1903 to 1908, he was a critic of its operations, particularly in his 1905 paper "The Faults of the Fabian", in which he claimed the Society was a middle-class talking shop.[67] He later parodied the society in his 1910 novel The New Machiavelli.[68]

During the First World War, Vladimir Lenin wrote that the Fabians were "social-chauvinists", "undoubtedly the most consummate expression of opportunism and of Liberal-Labour policy". Drawing from Friedrich Engels, Lenin declared the Fabians were "a gang of bourgeois rogues who would demoralise the workers, influence them in a counter-revolutionary spirit".[69]

In the 1920s, Leon Trotsky critiqued the Fabian Society as provincial, boring and unnecessary, particularly to the working class. He wrote that their published works "serve merely to explain to the Fabians themselves why Fabianism exists in the world".[70]

The post-war Communist Party Historians Group was critical of the Fabians, and indeed the post-war consensus, with its strong social-democratic influence. The Marxist historian Eric Hobsbawm wrote his PhD thesis attacking claims from the early Fabians to have been originators of the Labour Party and the post-war consensus. Instead he argued that the credit should be given to the more autonomous, working-class Independent Labour Party.[71][72]

In more recent years, critiques of the early Fabians have focused on other areas.

In an article published in The Guardian on 14 February 2008 (following the apology offered by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd to the "stolen generations"), Geoffrey Robertson criticised Fabian socialists for providing the intellectual justification for the eugenics policy that led to the stolen generations scandal.[73][74] Similar claims have been repeated in The Spectator.[75]

In 2009, making a speech in the United States, the then British MP George Galloway denounced the Fabian Society for its failure to support the uprising of Easter 1916 in Dublin during which an Irish Republic was proclaimed.[76]

Funding [ edit ] The Fabian Society has been rated as "broadly transparent" in its funding by Transparify.[77] In November 2022, the funding transparency website Who Funds You? gave the Fabian Society an A grade, the highest transparency rating (rating goes from A to E).[78]

See also [ edit ] Ethical movementKeir HardieLabour Research DepartmentList of Fabian Tracts to 1915List of think tanks in the United KingdomNew StatesmanThe New Age [ edit ] ^ Thomson, George (1 March 1976). "The Tindemans Report and the European Future" (PDF) . ^ Cole, Margaret (1961). The Story of Fabian Socialism . Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804700917. ^ a b Perdue, Jon B. (2012). The War of All the People: The Nexus of Latin American Radicalism and Middle Eastern Terrorism (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-1597977043. ^ a b Matthews, Race (1993). Australia's First Fabians: Middle-class Radicals, Labour Activists and the Early Labour Movement. Cambridge University Press. ^ a b Dunham, William Huse (1975). "From Radicalism to Socialism: Men and Ideas in the Formation of Fabian Socialist Doctrines, 1881''1889". History: Reviews of New Books. 3 (10): 263. doi:10.1080/03612759.1975.9945148. ^ Edward R. Pease, A History of the Fabian Society. New York: E.P. Dutton & Co., 1916. ^ Pease, 1916 ^ "The History of Essex Hall by Mortimer Rowe, Lindsey Press, 1959, chapter 5". Unitarian.org.uk. Archived from the original on 16 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . ^ "Fabian Society". Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Quoted in McBriar, A.M., Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884''1918. [1962] Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966; p. 9. ^ a b McBriar, Alan M. (1962). Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884''1918. Cambridge University Press. ^ a b c Cole, Margaret (1961). The Story of Fabian Socialism . Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1163700105. ^ Pease, Edward R. (1916). The History of the Fabian Society. ^ See The Webbs on the Web bibliography ^ a b Kevin Morgan, Labour Legends and Russian Gold: Bolshevism and the British Left, Part 1. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 2006; p. 63. ^ A full list of Fabian pamphlets is available at the Fabian Society Online Archive Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Freedland, Jonathan (17 February 2012). "Eugenics: the skeleton that rattles loudest in the left's closet | Jonathan Freedland". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 15 June 2020 . ^ "Fabian Society". Archived from the original on 7 December 2006. ^ Crawford, Elizabeth (1999). The women's suffrage movement : a reference guide, 1866-1928. London: UCL Press. pp. 269''271, 694. ISBN 1-84142-031-X. ^ Bernard Semmel, Imperialism and Social Reform: English Social-Imperial Thought 1895''1914 (New York: Anchor, 1968), p. 63. ^ a b Semmel, p. 61. ^ Semmel, p. 62. ^ Annie Besant. "The Future Socialism". Bibby's Annual (reprinted by Adyar Pamphlet). OCLC 038686071. Archived from the original on 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 10 July 2012 . ^ Padma Desai and Jagdish Bhagwati (April 1975). "Socialism and Indian economic policy". World Development. 3 (4): 213''21. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(75)90063-7. ^ B.K. Nehru (Spring 1990). "Socialism at crossroads". India International Centre Quarterly. 17 (1): 1''12. JSTOR 23002177. ^ Virmani, Arvind (October 2005). "Policy Regimes, Growth and Poverty in India: Lessons of Government Failure and Entrepreneurial Success" (PDF) . Working Paper No. 170. Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations, New Delhi. ^ a b Michael Barr (March 2000). "Lee Kuan Yew's Fabian Phase". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 46 (1): 110''26. doi:10.1111/1467-8497.00088. ^ Amatzia Baram (Spring 2003). "Broken Promises". Wilson Quarterly. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. ^ L. M. Kenny (Winter 1963''1964). "The Goal of Arab Unification". International Journal. 19 (1): 50''61. doi:10.2307/40198692. JSTOR 40198692. ^ Kamel S. Abu Jaber (Spring 1966). "Salāmah MÅsā: Precursor of Arab Socialism". Middle East Journal. 20 (2): 196''206. JSTOR 4323988. ^ "Collection: Papers of the Fabian Colonial Bureau | Bodleian Archives & Manuscripts". archives.bodleian.ox.ac.uk . Retrieved 16 March 2022 . ^ a b Kahler, Miles (1984). Decolonization in Britain and France: The Domestic Consequences of International Relations. Princeton University Press. p. 236. ISBN 978-1-4008-5558-2. ^ "Our History". Fabians . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . ^ "The Fabian Society: a brief history". The Guardian. 13 August 2001. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . ^ Mark Wickham-Jones (2005). "Party Officials, Experts and Policy-making: The Case of British Labour" (PDF) . r/ French Political Science Association. ^ Sunder Katwala (14 September 2003). "Observer review: The Prudence of Mr Gordon Brown by William Keegan | By genre | guardian.co.uk Books". London: Politics.guardian.co.uk . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . ^ Press release, A piece of Fabian history unveiled at LSE Archived 5 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine, London School of Economics & Political Science Archives, Last accessed 23 February 2007 ^ Andrew Walker, Wit, wisdom and windows, BBC News, Last accessed 23 February 2007 ^ Annual Report 2016 (PDF) (Report). Fabian Society. 2016 . Retrieved 7 July 2017 . ^ Annual Report 2019 (PDF) (Report). Fabian Society. 2019 . Retrieved 19 March 2020 . ^ Andrew Rawnsley, columnist of the year (22 December 2001). "Honesty turns out to be the best policy". The Observer. London . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . ^ "Think tank calls for NHS tax". BBC News. 27 November 2000 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . ^ "In defence of earmarked taxes '' FT 07/12/00". Samuelbrittan.co.uk. 15 December 1994. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012 . Retrieved 2 January 2012 . ^ Harrop, Andrew (3 January 2017). Stuck '' How Labour is too weak to win and too strong to die (PDF) (Report). Fabian Society . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ Walker, Peter (2 January 2017). "Labour could slump to below 150 MPs, Fabian Society warns". The Guardian . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ MacLellan, Kylie (3 January 2017). "UK's opposition Labour 'too weak' to win an election: think tank". Reuters . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . ^ a b c William D.P. Bliss (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Social Reforms. Third Edition. New York: Funk and Wagnalls Co., 1897; pg. 578. ^ Jenkin, Thomas P. (June 1948). "The American Fabian Movement". Western Political Quarterly. 1 (2): 113''123. doi:10.1177/106591294800100202. ISSN 0043-4078. S2CID 153833198. ^ "The NZ Fabian Society". www.fabians.org.nz. 18 November 2019. ^ Leo Valiani, Socialismo liberale. Carlo Rosselli, tra Critica Sociale e Fabian Society ^ "Olivetti: comunitarismo e sovranit industriale nell'Italia postbellica". millennivm.org. Archived from the original on 29 May 2014 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . ^ "Societ Fabiana Siciliana '' Associazione dei Socialisti Riformisti della Sicilia '' Sedi regionali a Messina e Palermo". www.fabiana.it. ^ "Rules of the Fabian Society November 2017" (PDF) . Fabian Society . Retrieved 17 June 2018 . ^ "POLITICO London Influence December 17 2020". politico. 17 December 2020 . Retrieved 17 December 2020 . ^ "Fabian Review". Fabian Society. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022 . Retrieved 12 January 2023 . ^ "Networks". Young Fabians. ^ Hatts, Leigh, Fabians in Bournemouth (1984) ^ Weatherburn, Michael, et al, "The First Century of Oxford Fabianism, 1895-1995", Oxfordshire Local History (2020) ^ Fabian Quarterly, 1944. ^ Cole, Margaret. The life of G.D.H. Cole. Macmillan; New York: St. Martin's Press, 1971. ^ Clarke, Peter, and P. F. Clarke. Liberals and social democrats. Cambridge University Press, 1981. ^ Clarke, Peter, and P. F. Clarke. Liberals and Social Democrats. Cambridge University Press, 1981. ^ Briggs, Asa. A Study of the Work of Seebohm Rowntree, 1871-1954.(Social Thought and Social Action). Longmans, 1961. ^ Berthez¨ne, Clarisse. "Creating Conservative Fabians: the Conservative party, political education and the founding of Ashridge College." Past & Present 182 (2004): 211-240. ^ Berthez¨ne, Clarisse. "Archives: Ashridge College, 1929''54: A Glimpse at the Archive of a Conservative Intellectual Project." Contemporary British History 19.1 (2005): 79-93. ^ Berthez¨ne, Clarisse. Training Minds for the war of ideas: Ashridge College, the Conservative Party and the cultural politics of Britain, 1929-54. 2015. ^ Taunton, Matthew. "H G Wells's politics". The British Library . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . ^ H. G. Wells, The New Machiavelli, Dunfield & co., New York (1910) ^ V.I. Lenin, British Pacifism and the British Dislike of Theory. Written in June 1915. First published on July 27, 1924, in Pravda. https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1915/jun/x02.htm ^ Leon Trotsky, The Fabian 'Theory' of Socialism (1925). https://fabians.org.uk/permeating-politics/ ^ Hobsbawm, Eric J. Labouring men: Studies in the history of labour. Basic Books, 1965. ^ Evans, Richard J. Eric Hobsbawm: a life in history. Hachette UK, 2019. ^ Geoffrey Robertson (13 February 2008). "We should say sorry, too". The Guardian. London. ^ L.J. Ray (1983). "Eugenics, Mental Deficiency and Fabian Socialism between the Wars". Oxford Review of Education. 9 (3): 213''22. doi:10.1080/0305498830090305. ^ "How eugenics poisoned the welfare state | The Spectator". The Spectator. 25 November 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2016 . ^ pas1888 (29 December 2009). "George Galloway Easter Rising 1916" '' via YouTube. ^ "Round-Up of Transparify 2018 Ratings". Transparify . Retrieved 7 July 2019 . ^ "Who Funds You? The Fabian Society". {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) Further reading [ edit ] Howell, David (1983). British Workers and the Independent Labour Party, 1888''1906. Manchester: Manchester University Press. McBriar, A.M. (1962). Fabian Socialism and English Politics, 1884''1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McKernan, James A., "The origins of critical theory in education: Fabian socialism as social reconstructionism in nineteenth-century Britain". British Journal of Educational Studies 61.4 (2013): 417''433.Pease, Edward R. (1916). A History of the Fabian Society. New York: E. P. Dutton & Co. The History of the Fabian Society public domain audiobook at LibriVoxRadice, Lisanne (1984). Beatrice and Sidney Webb: Fabian Socialists. London: Macmillan. Shaw, George Bernard, ed. (1906) [1892]. The Fabian Society: Its Early History. London: Fabian Society. Shaw, George Bernard, ed. (1931). Fabian Essays in Socialism. London: Fabian Society. Wolfe, Willard (1975). From Radicalism to Socialism: Men and Ideas in the Formation of Fabian Socialist Doctrines, 1881''1889 . New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300013030. MacKenzie, Norman & Jeanne (1977). The First Fabians. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 9780297770909. External links [ edit ] Official website Finding Aid for the Fabian Society archives, British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of EconomicsFabian Society and Young Fabian Collection, British Library of Political and Economic Science, London School of EconomicsAnnual Reports 1894''1918Fabian Tracts 1893''1990

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

American Nazi organization

The German American Bund, or the German American Federation (German: Amerikadeutscher Bund; Amerikadeutscher Volksbund, AV), was a German-American Nazi organization which was established in 1936 as a successor to the Friends of New Germany (FoNG, FDND in German). The organization chose its new name in order to emphasize its American credentials after the press accused it of being unpatriotic. The Bund was allowed to consist only of American citizens of German descent.[6] Its main goal was to promote a favorable view of Nazi Germany.

History [ edit ] Friends of New Germany [ edit ] In May 1933, Nazi Deputy F¼hrer Rudolf Hess gave German immigrant and German Nazi Party member Heinz Spankn¶bel authority to form an American Nazi organization.[7] Shortly thereafter, with help from the German consul in New York City, Spankn¶bel created the Friends of New Germany[7] by merging two older organizations in the United States, Gau-USA[8][9][10][11][12] and the Free Society of Teutonia, which were both small groups with only a few hundred members each. The FoNG was based in New York City but had a strong presence in Chicago.[7] Male members wore a uniform, a white shirt, black trousers and a black hat adorned with a red symbol. Female members wore a white blouse and a black skirt.[13]

The organization which was led by Spankn¶bel was openly pro-Nazi, and it engaged in activities such as storming the German language New Yorker Staats-Zeitung and demanding that it publish pro-Nazi articles, and infiltrating other non-political German-American organizations. One of the Friends' early initiatives was to use propaganda to counter the Jewish boycott of German goods, which was started in March 1933 as a protest against Nazi anti-Semitism.[14]

In an internal battle for control of the Friends, Spankn¶bel was ousted as its leader and subsequently, he was deported in October 1933 because he had failed to register as a foreign agent.[7]

At the same time, Congressman Samuel Dickstein, Chairman of the Committee on Naturalization and Immigration, became aware of the substantial number of foreigners who were legally and illegally entering the country and residing in it, and the growing anti-Semitism along with vast amounts of anti-Semitic literature which were being distributed in the country. This led him to independently investigate the activities of Nazi and fascist groups, leading to the formation of the Special Committee on Un-American Activities which was Authorized to Investigate Nazi Propaganda activities and Certain Other Propaganda Activities. Throughout the rest of 1934, the Committee conducted hearings, bringing most of the major figures in the American fascist movement before it.[15] Dickstein's investigation concluded that the Friends represented a branch of German dictator Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party in the United States.[16][17]

The organization existed into the mid-1930s, although it always remained small, with a membership of between 5,000 and 10,000, mostly consisting of German citizens who were living in the United States and German emigrants who had only recently become citizens.[7] In December 1935, Rudolf Hess ordered all German citizens to leave the FoNG and all of its leaders were recalled to Germany.[7]

Bund's activities [ edit ] German American Bund parade on East 86th St., New York City, October 30, 1939

On March 19, 1936, the German American Bund was established as a follow-up organization for the Friends of New Germany in Buffalo, New York.[7][18] The Bund elected a German-born American citizen Fritz Julius Kuhn as its leader (Bundesf¼hrer).[19] Kuhn was a veteran because he served in the Bavarian infantry during World War I and he was also an Alter K¤mpfer (old fighter) for the Nazi Party who was granted American citizenship in 1934. Kuhn was initially effective as a leader because he was able to unite the organization and expand its membership but later, he simply came to be seen as an incompetent swindler and a liar.[7]

The administrative structure of the Bund mimicked the regional administrative subdivision of the Nazi Party. The German American Bund divided the United States into three Gaue: Gau Ost (East), Gau West and Gau Midwest.[20] Together the three Gaue comprised 69 Ortsgruppen (local groups): 40 in Gau Ost (17 in New York), 10 in Gau West and 19 in Gau Midwest.[20] Each Gau had its own Gauleiter and staff to direct the Bund operations in the region in accordance with the F¼hrerprinzip.[20] The Bund's national headquarters was located at 178 East 85th Street in the New York City borough of Manhattan.[2]

A

sig rune on the flag of the Bund's youth organization

The Bund established a number of training camps, including Camp Nordland in Sussex County, New Jersey, Camp Siegfried in Yaphank, New York, Camp Hindenburg in Grafton, Wisconsin, and the Deutschhorst Country Club in Sellersville, Pennsylvania,[21] Camp Bergwald in Bloomingdale, New Jersey,[7][22][23][24][21] and Camp Highland in Windham, New York.[25] The Bund held rallies with Nazi insignia and procedures such as the Hitler salute and attacked the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jewish-American groups, Communism, "Moscow-directed" trade unions and American boycotts of German goods.[7][26] The organization claimed to show its loyalty to America by displaying the flag of the United States alongside the flag of Nazi Germany at Bund meetings, and declared that George Washington was "the first Fascist" who did not believe democracy would work.[27]

Kuhn and a few other Bundmen traveled to Berlin to attend the 1936 Summer Olympics. During the trip, he visited the Reich Chancellery, where his picture was taken with Hitler.[7] This act did not constitute an official Nazi approval for Kuhn's organization: German Ambassador to the United States Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff expressed his disapproval and concern over the group to Berlin, causing distrust between the Bund and the Nazi regime.[7] The organization received no financial or verbal support from Germany. In response to the outrage of Jewish war veterans, Congress in 1938 passed the Foreign Agents Registration Act requiring foreign agents to register with the State Department. On March 1, 1938, the Nazi government decreed that no Reichsdeutsche [German nationals] could be a member of the Bund, and that no Nazi emblems were to be used by the organization.[7] This was done both to appease the U.S. and to distance Germany from the Bund, which was increasingly a cause of embarrassment with its rhetoric and actions.[7] The Bund held its sixth annual convention in early September 1938 in New York.[28]

Arguably, the zenith of the Bund's activities was the rally at Madison Square Garden in New York City on February 20, 1939.[29] Some 20,000 people attended and heard Gerhard Wilhelm Kunze, the Bund's National Public Relations Officer,[30] criticize President Roosevelt by repeatedly referring to him as "Frank D. Rosenfeld", calling his New Deal the "Jew Deal", and denouncing what he believed to be Bolshevik-Jewish American leadership.[31] Most shocking to American sensibilities was the outbreak of violence between protesters and Bund storm troopers. The rally was the subject of the 2017 short documentary A Night at the Garden by Marshall Curry.[32]

Decline [ edit ] In 1939, a New York tax investigation determined that Kuhn had embezzled $14,000 from the Bund (equivalent to $295,000 in 2022). The Bund did not seek to have Kuhn prosecuted, operating on the principle (F¼hrerprinzip) that the leader had absolute power. However, New York City's district attorney prosecuted him in an attempt to cripple the Bund. On December 5, 1939, Kuhn was sentenced to two and a half to five years in prison for tax evasion and embezzlement.[33]

New Bund leaders replaced Kuhn, most notably Gerhard Kunze, but only for brief periods. A year after the outbreak of World War II, Congress enacted a peacetime military draft in September 1940. The Bund counseled members of draft age to evade conscription, a criminal offense punishable by up to five years in jail and a $10,000 fine. Gerhard Kunze fled to Mexico in November 1941. However, Mexican authorities forced him to return to the United States, where he was sentenced to 15 years in prison for espionage.[13][34]

U.S. Congressman Martin Dies (D-Texas) and his House Committee on Un-American Activities were active in denying any Nazi-sympathetic organization the ability to operate freely during World War II. In the last week of December 1942, led by journalist Dorothy Thompson, fifty leading German-Americans (including baseball icon Babe Ruth) signed a "Christmas Declaration by men and women of German ancestry" condemning Nazism, which appeared in ten major American daily newspapers.

While Kuhn was in prison, his citizenship was canceled on June 1, 1943. Upon his release after he served 43 months in state prison, Kuhn was re-arrested on June 21, 1943, as an enemy alien and interned by the federal government at a camp in Crystal City, Texas. After the war, Kuhn was interned at Ellis Island and deported to Germany on September 15, 1945.[35] He died on December 14, 1951, in Munich, West Germany.[36]

According to historian Leland V. Bell, George Froboese,[37] the Midwestern leader of the group (who had traveled to the 1936 Berlin Olympics with Kuhn to meet Hitler)[38] and "a few lesser known Bundists committed suicide," and "some Bundists had their naturalizations revoked and spent a few months in detention camps". In addition, 24 officers of the organization were convicted of conspiracy to violate the 1940 Selective Service Act in 1942. All of the defendants received the maximum 5-year sentences which were allowed under the charge. However, they were released after their convictions were overturned in a 5-4 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in June 1945.[39][40]

See also [ edit ] Christian Front (United States)Christian Nationalist CrusadeChristian Party (United States, 1930s)Fascist League of North AmericaSilver Legion of AmericaJoe K spy ring, recruited Nazi spies out of the Bund 1940''41References [ edit ] Notes

^ Bell, L. V. (1970). "The Failure of Nazism in America: The German American Bund, 1936-1941". Political Science Quarterly. 85 (4): 598. doi:10.2307/2147597. JSTOR 2147597. ^ a b Federal Bureau of Investigation. "German American Federation/Bund Part 11 of 11". Federal Bureau of Investigation. ^ "American Nazi organization rally at Madison Square Garden, 1939". Rare Historical Photos. February 19, 2014. ^ "German American Bund". Holocaust Encyclopedia. July 2, 2016. ^ William, Chris. "The German American Bund: The Enemy Within". Military Trader . Retrieved October 3, 2021 . Gau USA was a domestic offshoot of the German Nazi party and took orders from its superiors in the old Fatherland. Because of internal issues and a lack of adequate organization, Gau USA was ordered dissolved in 1933 when Hitler came to power. In April 1933, the Gau USA Detroit leader, Heinz Spanknobel, traveled to Germany and was granted permission to reorganize a new group in the US. The following July, he formed Die Freunde des Neuen Deutschland (FDND '-- The Friends of the New Germany). Many of the old Teutonia Club and Gau USA leaders were brought in to help run the new organization under the strict guidance of Spanknobel. However, due to poor management skills, overbearing direction, and political wrangling, Spanknobel left the US and was later replaced by Teutonia founder, Fritz Gissibl. ^ Van Ells, Mark D. (August 2007). Americans for Hitler '' The Bund. America in WWII. Vol. 3. pp. 44''49 . Retrieved May 13, 2016 . ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "American Bund". Archived from the original on January 24, 2018 . Retrieved March 2, 2011 . ^ Diamond, Sander A. (1970). "The Years of Waiting: National Socialism in the United States, 1922''1933". American Jewish Historical Quarterly. Johns Hopkins University Press, American Jewish Historical Society. 59 (3): 265. JSTOR 23877858. In one swift move that was to have an enormous implication for the infant Nazi movement in America, Nieland over looked Teutonia and designated the New York City cell as a Department (Gau) of the NSDAP. By June, local units of the New York Gau were opened in Seattle, St. Louis, Milwaukee and Chicago. By September, the American section of the NSDAP claimed to have over 1,500 members and it even had a Women's Division in Chicago. Nieland's decision threw the Teutonia Group into a state of complete dismay. But Not only had he dismissed Teutonia as the potential base on which Gau-USA could have been built, he also engendered a situation that caused Party members to withdraw from the organization because they wanted to belong to a "real" Nazi movement. (The official name of Nieland's organization was the Auslands Abteilung der Reichs Leitung der NSDAP. On the formation of a Women's Division, Application to Kameradschaft-USA, Martha Schnieder, Leiterin der Frauenschaft der Ortsgruppen Chicago, 1932 1935. RUckwanderer Materials, 3/140/177983; on the development of Gau-XJSA, cf. Alfred Erinn to Gauleitung Hamburg, Feb. 2, 1931. 3/147/185886.) ^ Nazi Party/Foreign Organization ^ de:NSDAP/AO ^ William, Chris. "The German American Bund: The Enemy Within". Military Trader . Retrieved October 3, 2021 . Gau USA was a domestic offshoot of the German Nazi party and it took orders from its superiors in the old Fatherland. Because of internal issues and a lack of adequate organization, Gau USA was ordered to dissolve itself in 1933 when Hitler came to power. In April 1933, the Gau USA's Detroit leader, Heinz Spanknobel, traveled to Germany and he was granted permission to reorganize a new group in the US. The following July, he formed Die Freunde des Neuen Deutschland (FDND '-- The Friends of the New Germany). Many of the leaders of the old Teutonia Club and Gau USA were brought in to help run the new organization under the strict guidance of Spanknobel. However, due to his poor management skills, his overbearing direction, and political wrangling, Spanknobel left the US and he was later replaced by Teutonia's founder, Fritz Gissibl. ^ Smith, Arthur L. (October 2003). "Kurt Ludecke: The Man Who Knew Hitler". German Studies Review. 26 (3): 597''606. doi:10.2307/1432749. JSTOR 1432749 . Retrieved October 3, 2021 . Reichsschatzmeister to the Auslands - Abteilung der NSDAP ^ a b Fritz Kuhn: Biography IMDb ^ Hawkins, Richard A. (2010), "The internal politics of the Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League to Champion Human Rights, 1933''1939", Management & Organizational History, 5 (2): 251''78, doi:10.1177/1744935910361642, S2CID 145170586 Hawkins, Richard A. (2010), "The internal politics of the Non-Sectarian Anti-Nazi League to Champion Human Rights, 1933''1939", Management & Organizational History, 5 (2): 251''278, doi:10.1177/1744935910361642, S2CID 145170586 ^ Berlet, Chip; Lyons, Matthew Nemiroff (2000). Right-Wing Populism in America: Too Close for Comfort . Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-57230-562-5. ^ Shaffer, Ryan (Spring 2010). "Long Island Nazis: A Local Synthesis of Transnational Politics". Vol. 21, no. 2. Journal of Long Island History. Archived from the original on June 21, 2010 . Retrieved November 19, 2010 . ^ Investigation of un-American propaganda activities in the United States. Hearings before a Special Committee on Un-American Activities, House of Representatives, Seventy-fifth Congress, third session-Seventy-eighth Congress, second session, on H. Res. 282, to investigate (l) the extent, character, and objects of un-American propaganda activities in the United States, (2) the diffusion within the United States of subversive and un-American propaganda that is instigated from foreign countries or of a domestic origin and attacks the principle of the form of government as guaranteed by our Constitution, and (3) all other questions in relation thereto that would aid Congress in any necessary remedial legislation ^ "Fritz Kuhn Death in 1951 Revealed. Lawyer Says Former Leader of German-American Bund Succumbed in Munich". The New York Times. AP. February 2, 1953 . Retrieved July 20, 2008 . Fritz Kuhn, once the arrogant, noisy leader of the pro-Hitler German-American Bund, died here more than a year ago '' a poor and obscure chemist, unheralded and unsung. ^ Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 270. ISBN 0-8223-0772-3. ^ a b c Wilhelm, Cornelia [in German] (1998). Bewegung oder Verein?: nationalsozialistische Volkspolitik in dem USA [Movement or Association: National Socialism in the USA] (in German). Franz Steiner Verlag. p. 167. ISBN 3-515-06805-8. ^ a b "German-American Bund". Encyclop...dia Britannica . Retrieved February 5, 2012 . ^ "German films about Camp Bergwald, the Bund Camp on Federal Hill, Riverdale, NJ". Motion Picture, Sound, and Video Branch (NWDNM), National Archives . Retrieved February 5, 2012 . ^ Jackson, Kenneth T. The Encyclopedia of New York City. The New York Historical Society, Yale University Press, 1995, 462. ^ Chalmers, David Mark (1987). Hooded Americanism: The History of the Ku Klux Klan. ISBN 1-57607-940-6. When Arthur Bell, your Grand Giant, and Mr. Smythe asked us about using Camp Nordlund for this patriotic meeting, we decided to let them have it ... ^ "Windham was home to Nazi summer camp in 1937," by Julia Reischel, (Watershed Post; Monday, August 18, 2014 - 12:10 pm) ^ Kollander, Patricia; O'Sullivan, John (2005). "I must be a part of this war": a German American's fight against Hitler and Nazism. Fordham Univ Press. p. 37. ISBN 0-8232-2528-3. ^ "Nazis Hail George Washington as First Fascist". Life. March 7, 1938. p. 17 . Retrieved November 25, 2011 . ^ Taylor, Alan (June 5, 2017). "American Nazis in the 1930s'--The German American Bund - The Atlantic". The Atlantic . Retrieved May 6, 2023 . ^ "Bund Activities Widespread. Evidence Taken by Dies Committee Throws Light on Meaning of the Garden Rally". The New York Times. February 26, 1939 . Retrieved February 19, 2015 . Disorders attendant upon Nazi rallies in New York and Los Angeles this week again focused attention upon the Nazi movement in the United States and inspired conjectures as to its strength and influence. ^ "Vonsiatsky Espionage". FBI.gov. Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved March 14, 2022 . In August, 1937, [Kunze] was appointed by Fritz Kuhn, then National Leader of the Fund, as National Public Relations Officer and from October, 1937, on he was employed on a full-time basis at the national headquarters of the Bund in New York City. ^ "When Nazis Rallied at Madison Square Garden". WNYC Archives. Event occurs at 1:05:54 . Retrieved March 14, 2022 . ...and in our political life, where a Henry Morgenthau takes the place of men like Alexander Hamilton, and a Frank D. Rosenfeld takes the place of a George Washington. ^ Buder, Emily (October 10, 2017). "When 20,000 American Nazis Descended Upon New York City". The Atlantic . Retrieved December 6, 2017 . In 1939, the German American Bund organized a rally of 20,000 Nazi supporters at Madison Square Garden in New York City. ^ Adams, Thomas (2005). Germany and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A MultiDisciplinary Encyclopedia. G '' N, volume 2. ABC-CLIO. p. 631. ISBN 1-85109-628-0 . Retrieved January 11, 2011 . ^ "Vonsiatsky Espionage". Federal Bureau of Investigation . Retrieved February 21, 2023 . ^ "Fritz Kuhn, Former Bund Chief, Ordered Back to Germany". The Evening Independent. September 7, 1945. ^ "Fritz Kuhn Death in 1951 Revealed; Lawyer Says Former Leader of German-American Bund Succumbed in Munich". The New York Times. February 2, 1953. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved January 29, 2020 . ^ "Bund Aide Ends Life on Way to Hearing; Milwaukee Man a Suicide Under Train, FBI Reports" . The New York Times. June 17, 1942. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved October 7, 2022 . ^ Giles, Diane (May 9, 2020). "Old Kenosha: The dark times of The Kenosha Volksbund". Kenosha News. Archived from the original on November 1, 2021 . Retrieved October 7, 2022 . ^ Bell, Leland V. (December 1, 1970) [December 1970]. "The Failure of Nazism in America: The German American Bund, 1936-1941". Political Science Quarterly. 85 (4): 585''599. doi:10.2307/2147597. JSTOR 2147597. ^ "Ellensburg Daily Record - Google News Archive Search". news.google.com . Retrieved March 7, 2023 . Further reading

Allen, Joe (2012-2013) "'It Can't Happen Here?': Confronting the Fascist Threat in the US in the Late 1930s". International Socialist Review Part One: n.85 (September-October 2012), pp. 26''35; Part Two: n.87 (January-February 2013) pp. 19''28.Bell, Leland V. (1973) In Hitler's Shadow; The Anatomy of American Nazism. Associated Faculty Press.Canedy, Susan (1990) Americas Nazis: A Democratic Dilemma a History of the German American Bund Markgraf Publications GroupDiamond, Sander (1974) The Nazi Movement in the United States: 1924''1941. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University PressGrams, Grant W. (2021) Coming Home to the Third Reich: Return Migration of German Nationals from the United States and Canada, 1933''1941. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland PublishersJenkins, Philip (1997) Hoods and Shirts: The Extreme Right in Pennsylvania, 1925''1950 University of North Carolina Press.de Jong, Louis (1956). The German Fifth Column in the Second World War. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9781787203242. OCLC 2023177. translated from the Dutch by C.M. Geyl McCartan, Gerald Joseph (1976). An analysis of press coverage of the German American Bund by selected American publications (Thesis). Michigan State University. doi:10.25335/M5T87X . Retrieved October 3, 2021 . Journalism Masters Thesis MacDonnell, Francis (1995) Insidious Foes: The Axis Fifth Column and the American Home Front Oxford University Press.McKale, Donald M. (1977). The Swastika Outside Germany. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-209-9. Miller, Marvin D. (1983) Wunderlich's Salute: The Interrelationship of the German-American Bund, Camp Siegfried, Yaphank, Long Island, and the Young Siegfrieds and Their Relationship with American and Nazi Institutions Malamud-Rose Publishers.Norwood, Stephen H (2003) "Marauding Youth and the Christian Front: Antisemitic Violence in Boston and New York during World War II" American Jewish History, v.91Schneider, James C. (1989) Should America Go to War? The Debate over Foreign Policy in Chicago, 1939''1941 University of North Carolina PressSt. George, Maximiliam and Dennis, Lawrence (1946)A Trial on Trial: The Great Sedition Trial of 1944 National Civil Rights Committee.Strong, Donald S. (1941) Organized Anti-Semitism in America: The Rise of Group Prejudice during the Decade 1930''40Van Ells, Mark D. (August 2007). Americans for Hitler '' The Bund. America in WWII. Vol. 3. pp. 44''49. External links [ edit ] Home Grown Nazis - A 13 part series for the Chicago Times in Sept. 1937 on Nazi activities in Chicago based on undercover reporting of Chicago Times reporters.Collection of articles in the Mid-Island Mail related to Bund activity in Yaphank, New York (1935''1941) (Longwood Public Library)Mp3 of National Leader Fritz Julius Kuhn address at the 1939 Madison Square Garden rally (from Talking History: The Radio Archives)What Price the Federal Reserve? '' Illustrated anti-Semitic pamphlet issued by the BundAwake and Act '' Pamphlet listing the purposes and aims of the German American BundU.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum article on German-American Bund"Louis Lochner". Archived from the original on January 24, 2018 . Retrieved March 2, 2011 . '' Article by Jim BredemusFBI Records: German American Federation/BundMaterials produced by the Bund are found in the Florence Mendheim Collection of Anti-Semitic Propaganda (#AR 25441); Leo Baeck Institute, New York."A Night at the Garden". Field of Vision. October 11, 2017 . Retrieved December 6, 2017 .

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Spotify will cut 200 jobs from its podcast business in its second round of redundancies this year, as the streaming giant continues to reel from its expensive bets on celebrity presenters such as the Duke and Duchess of Sussex.

The Swedish music company said it will make the cuts, equivalent to around 2pc of its workforce, as part of a reorganisation of its podcast business.

It comes less than five months after Spotify laid off around 600 employees and parted ways with Dawn Ostroff, the executive who oversaw its recent move into podcasting.

The cuts are the latest sign that Spotify is failing to reap the benefits of its heavy investment in the popular audio format.

In January, chief executive Daniek Ek admitted he got a ''little carried away'' with the spending binge as the company sank to a '‚¬430m loss last year.

Spotify has pumped billions of euros into podcasting in recent years, signing up stars including the Sussexes and Joe Rogan.

But the Duchess's Archetypes podcast series has struggled to gain traction. After debuting as Spotify's number one new podcast last summer, by November it had fallen to number 22 in the charts.

The Joe Rogan deal, worth a reported $200m, has been beset with controversies after the host spread Covid vaccine misinformation and used a racial slur.

Spotify also spent hundreds of millions of euros buying podcast studios Parcast and Gimlet as it looked to establish a leading position in the sector.

But the company will now merge the two studios into a single operation as it scales back its focus on original programming.

Instead, Spotify will rely more heavily on deals with third-party producers.

Sahar Elhabashi, head of Spotify's podcast division, wrote in a blog post: ''We are expanding our partnership efforts with leading podcasters from across the globe with a tailored approach optimised for each show and creator.

''This fundamental pivot from a more uniform proposition will allow us to support the creator community better.

''However, doing so requires adapting ... As a result, we have made the difficult but necessary decision to make a strategic realignment of our group and reduce our global podcast vertical and other functions by approximately 200 people, or 2pc of Spotify's workforce.''

The scaling back of Spotify's podcast ambitions comes amid a slowdown in the sector, while an advertising downturn is putting further pressure on its margins.

Daniel Ek, the chief executive, has hinted at an increase in subscription prices this year following similar moves by Apple Music and Amazon Music, but has yet to confirm the changes.

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:39

An Ozempic craze has swept across the United States. So many prescriptions were written for the type 2 diabetes drug marketed by Novo Nordisk (NVO -1.76% ) that supplies weren't enough to meet the demand in late 2022.

It wasn't because so many patients were newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. Instead, Ozempic gained widespread popularity for helping people lose weight.

A sibling product, Wegovy, a higher-dose version of the active ingredient in Ozempic that is actually approved for weight loss, has flown off pharmacies' shelves as well. Unsurprisingly, Novo Nordisk's market cap has soared close to 40% over the past 12 months.

But the clock might be ticking on Ozempic's time in the sun. Could Pfizer (PFE 0.86% ) have an Ozempic killer on the way?

Weighing inPfizer presented data from its phase 2 study evaluating danuglipron at a medical conference in late 2022. The experimental drug is targeting type 2 diabetes and weight loss.

However, Pfizer didn't compare danuglipron against other weight-loss drugs in its presentation. But a peer-reviewed study published recently did. And it found that Pfizer's drug compares favorably with Ozempic.

In Pfizer's phase 2 study, patients who received a 120 mg dose of danuglipron lost close to 10 pounds on average over a 16-week period. That's nearly identical to the amount of weight lost by patients in a phase 3 study who received a 1 mg dose of Ozempic.

You might have noticed the big difference in dosage levels administered. That shouldn't be an issue for Pfizer for one key reason: Danuglipron is a pill, while Ozempic is an injection. The convenience to patients offered by an oral medication could give Pfizer a significant competitive advantage if danuglipron faces Ozempic in the marketplace.

Wait in lineAs promising as danuglipron seems, though, it won't compete against Ozempic (or Wegovy) anytime soon. Pfizer's phase 2 study of the drug in treating obesity isn't scheduled to wrap up until October. Danuglipron would then need to advance into a late-stage study. Pfizer is at least a few years away from a potential commercial launch -- and that assumes all goes well with clinical testing.

Danuglipron will have to wait in line behind at least one other rival to Ozempic. Eli Lilly (LLY -0.40% ) already markets Mounjaro as a treatment for type 2 diabetes. It hopes to win U.S. approval for the drug in treating weight loss as quickly as late 2023.

In the meantime, physicians can prescribe Mounjaro as an off-label treatment for weight loss. People taking Lilly's drug have often lost more weight than those taking Ozempic, according to GoodRx.

Other weight-loss drugs could eventually compete against Ozempic and Wegovy as well. Viking Therapeutics announced promising results from a phase 1 study of VK2735 earlier this year. Novo Nordisk, Lilly, and Pfizer also each have other pipeline candidates targeting weight loss.

Multiple winnersI don't think that Pfizer's danuglipron will be an Ozempic killer. My view is that none of the other potential rivals will be, either. Why? The market will be big enough for multiple winners.

Barclays projects that the global weight-loss drug market could be as much as $200 billion within the next decade. Other analysts aren't quite so optimistic but still estimate a market of around $100 billion.

Ozempic's sales could decline over time. That's to be expected with more effective and potentially more convenient therapies making it to market. However, it should still be a big moneymaker for Novo Nordisk for years to come.

But Lilly will also generate massive revenue with Mounjaro. Pfizer has a great chance to eventually have another blockbuster with danuglipron. The Ozempic craze could be just the beginning of a burgeoning weight-loss drug market.

Keith Speights has positions in Pfizer. The Motley Fool has positions in and recommends GoodRx and Pfizer. The Motley Fool recommends Novo Nordisk. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:38

Share on Pinterest The medication Ozempic may become available in a pill form. FreshSplash/Getty ImagesNovo Nordisk is testing if an Ozempic pill is as effective as the popular injectable form of the medication.Early research has shown promising results. Semaglutide is a medication that was developed to treat type 2 diabetes by regulating insulin by mimicking a hormone in the body called GLP-1. The weight loss journey for many individuals is a struggle but with the recent uptick and use of medications such as Ozempic and Wegovy '' people are finding it easier to shed their extra weight.

Semaglutide, the drug in Ozempic and Wegovy, is currently delivered into the body through injections. However, pharmaceutical companies are trialing an oral pill form of this medication for weight loss with promising results.

In a recent press release, Novo Nordisk '' the company that manufactures Ozempic and Wegovy, announced promising results in a phase 3a trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of this medication for weight management.

The trial involved 667 adults with obesity or overweight with at least one comorbidity. It found that the oral form of 50 mg of semaglutide resulted in 15.1% weight loss compared to 2.4% in the placebo group.

Martin Holst Lange, executive vice president of Development at Novo Nordisk, said he was pleased with the results and ''the choice between a daily tablet or weekly injection for obesity has the potential to offer patients and health care providers the opportunity to choose what best suits individual treatment preferences,'' in a company statement.

Dr. Louis J. Aronne, Director of the Comprehensive Weight Control Center at Weill Cornell Medicine finds the oral option compelling and creates a greater outreach.

''Many people prefer oral dosing. Once a weekly injections, however, are very simple to administer and in some ways more convenient. Oral dosing increases the range of people who can be treated with these medications,'' he tells Healthline.

According to Harvard University, about 69% of US adults are considered to have overweight or obesity. The CDC reports that as of 2020, the prevalence of severe obesity increased from 4.7% to 9.2%.

Obesity and being overweight increase one's risk of heart disease, stroke, and diabetes, and can raise the risk of developing some cancers.

Semaglutide is a medication that was developed to treat type 2 diabetes by regulating insulin by mimicking a hormone in the body called GLP-1.

GLP-1 also can tell the brain that the stomach is full, even if it is not, resulting in decreased appetite, less desire to eat, and eventual weight loss.

Ozempic is currently approved for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, but Wegovy '' which uses the same drug semaglutide, has been approved for weight loss.

In the current form, these medications are currently administered through injection into the waist, thigh, or even the upper arm once a week. At times this can not only be uncomfortable for patients but creates a greater hesitancy in taking the medications as well.

An oral form of semaglutide is already available under a different brand name, Rysbelsus. However, at the dose it is prescribed, it has not shown efficacy regarding weight loss. This medication is prescribed maximally at 14 mg and at that dose, it does not assist in weight loss.

The recent trial of the oral medication from Novo Nordisk did show weight loss results at 50 mg.

''It may be likely that higher doses taken orally as opposed to subcutaneous injection may result in greater GI upset for some patients but that remains to be seen once the medication makes its way to the market,'' said Dr. Sahar Takkouche, lead expert in Bariatric and Obesity Medicine and Assistant Professor in the Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism at the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Tennessee.

''Some patients may be more tolerant than others when it comes to side effects as with any medications there is variation.''

Despite the new popularity of these medications, they come with side effects, both in the injection and the oral forms. The trial showed that the most common side effect associated with these medications is GI upset. However, gastrointestinal issues are also associated with injection forms including nausea, constipation, diarrhea, vomiting, burping, and generalized abdominal pain.

With semaglutide causing GI upset, Aronne advises that these ''have to be taken on an empty stomach at least half an hour away from food and other medications and you can't take it with all of your other medications.''

In addition to the side effects, these medications can also be costly. Some insurance companies cover these medications for diabetic treatment however many do not cover them for weight loss costing people around $1,000 out of pocket per month for treatment.

''Many insurance companies fail to recognize obesity as a medical condition and view the treatment of this disease as purely cosmetic,'' says Takkouche.

She continues, ''This paradigm is invalid and places our patients and the US population at risk for further decline, while raising the cost of health care for everyone.''

Other companies are quickly racing to also create oral diabetic and weight loss medications.

Pfizer is currently developing danuglipron, another oral medication for diabetes and weight loss. The company recently published a study in the journal JAMA Network Open regarding a twice-a-day tablet that is said to be able to be taken with food, which is different than the oral forms of semaglutide.

Similarly, to semaglutide, this medication mimics GLP-1 not only to help regulate insulin but to also tell the brain that the stomach is full and helping to regulate weight loss.

Although these medications are compelling, not everyone is the perfect fit for them.

''The best candidates for this medication are patients with a BMI over 30 or a BMI over 27 plus an obesity related comorbidity such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea, or fatty liver,'' explained Takkouche.

Medication therapy is a compelling way for many to lose weight if diet and exercise are not suitable options for an individual and with several companies working to approve oral medications '' the number of people that can benefit from these medications may be increasing.

Dr. Rajiv Bahl, MBA, MS, is an emergency medicine physician, board member of the Florida College of Emergency Physicians, and health writer. You can find him at RajivBahlMD.

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James Spargo | June 7, 2023 | News story | Research and Development | NHS, Novo Nordisk, Obesity, Wegovy, clinical trial, obesity

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The UK Government has announced plans to launch a pilot programme which will provide GPs with Novo Nordisk's Wegovy (semaglutide), a drug which has shown to help obesity patients lose up to 15% of their body weight in combination with diet changes and exercise. The two-year pilot has already been backed by £40m in funding.

Currently, Wegovy has been approved by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) as a once-weekly injection and recommended for NHS use by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), but only through specialist weight loss services. The Government highlighted that this limits the care to around 35,000 people, whereas allowing GPs to prescribe the drug would open it up to ''tens of thousands'' more patients.

However, Novo Nordisk has admitted to struggling with building production capacity while the drug is increasingly being greenlit globally '' sales of Wegovy have more than tripled in the first quarter of 2023 to $666m.

To combat this, the Government has said it will consider drugs which work in a similar way to Wegovy, including Eli Lilly's once-weekly injectable Mounjaro (tirzepatide) and Novo Nordisk's oral version of Wegovy. Both drugs have phase 3 data proving their efficacy.

NHS medical director, Professor Sir Stephen Powis, commented: ''Pharmaceutical treatments offer a new way of helping people with obesity [achieve] a healthier weight and this new pilot will help determine if these medicines can be used safely and effectively in non-hospital settings.''

James Spargo

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:37

Following weeks of acrimonious debate in Congress, President Joe Biden signed into law on Friday a bill that suspends the debt ceiling until 2025. The compromise deal caps spending on a range of programs and risks throwing as many as 750,000 adults off of food stamps, according to the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities.

One agency '-- the Department of Defense '-- managed to evade cuts completely. Despite making up the majority of federal discretionary spending, the Pentagon will lock in a roughly 3 percent boost over last year's budget, bringing the total defense budget to $886 billion for 2024.

As David Dayen of the American Prospect recently noted, there is one path that would lead to defense cuts. The deal includes a provision that would force a 1 percent haircut to all discretionary spending if Congress fails to pass any of its 12 annual appropriations bills by January 1, 2024.

But, Pentagon budget watchers argue, the more likely scenario is that lawmakers will take advantage of spending tricks to keep military funding increasing to historic highs.

Military spending experts say an emergency supplemental for Ukraine aid '-- likely to come this summer or early fall '-- is the prime candidate for a ''bonus'' defense budget. As Politico reported Friday, one reason the deal passed was Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer's promise that it ''does nothing to limit the Senate's ability to appropriate emergency supplemental funds'' for dealing with foreign threats.

Some members of Congress have already signaled their openness to such an approach: Sen. Lindsey Graham (R-S.C.) stated plainly that a Ukraine supplemental ''will create an opportunity for me and others to fill in the deficiencies that exist from this budget deal,'' and Rep. Doug Lamborn (R-Colo.) said, ''I fully expect there will be more defense spending through the rest of the fiscal year.'' In other words, leaders on both sides of the aisle appear ready to boost defense spending while cutting social programs and funds for tax collection.

''They're saying one thing and doing another,'' said Lindsay Koshgarian of the Institute for Policy Studies. When it comes to defense spending, ''you have lawmakers saying that cap isn't really a cap,'' Koshgarian added, while limits on domestic discretionary spending appear all but guaranteed to lead to actual cuts.

As the Congressional Budget Office noted in a recent letter to Speaker Kevin McCarthy, '''‹'‹funding designated as an emergency requirement or for overseas contingency operations [OCO] would not be constrained'' under the new deal. The CBO predicted that these budget vehicles will add a total of $400 billion in spending in 2024 and 2025, though it didn't specify which agencies would be most likely to receive that extra money.

''Everyone understands what's about to happen here,'' wrote Dayen in the American Prospect. ''[T]he military 'caps' are a joke.''

In the past, Congress has used similar loopholes to bypass any restraints on military spending. Following the 2011 Budget Control Act, lawmakers avoided caps on the Pentagon by steadily pouring more money into OCO spending, a pool of money initially meant to ensure continuous funding for military operations abroad, mostly Afghanistan. In 2020, fully $47 billion of unrelated military outlays came through the uncapped spending mechanism.

The old budget caps expired in 2021, leaving Congress free to pump whatever funds it saw fit into the regular defense budget. But the debt ceiling deal appears destined to force a return to the accounting tricks of the 2010s.

The revival of OCO-style budgets will no doubt frustrate Pentagon spending hawks, who have long pushed for reforms to some of the unusual aspects of the military budget process.

Take ''unfunded priority lists,'' often known as UPLs or ''wish lists.'' Despite opposition from the Pentagon's current top brass, Congress mandates that each military service and combatant command provide it with a list of the most important programs that didn't make it into President Biden's budget.

In theory, these wish lists give lawmakers a better understanding of what the Pentagon needs in order to deter enemies and win a war, if necessary. In practice, they encourage DoD to ignore potential budget trade-offs and provide a map for hawks looking to boost spending for pet programs, as Dan Grazier of the Project on Government Oversight told RS earlier this year.

''The unfunded priority process is just a way to add more money into the budget at the end,'' Grazier said. ''It just creates opportunities for shenanigans on Capitol Hill.''

While some in Congress '-- like Sens. Elizabeth Warren (D-Mass.), Angus King (I-Maine), and Mike Braun (R-Ind.) '-- have fought against the practice, many of their colleagues will likely use this year's lists as a guide for what to tack onto an emergency Ukraine spending bill.

In other words, the defense spending ''caps'' will simply add a little bit of extra math for those who keep track of the military budget. Despite widespread reports of price gouging by weapons makers and less-than-outstanding financial practices, annual military spending now appears poised to reach $1 trillion in the coming years, and the average American will continue to fork over about $1,000 in taxes to weapons makers each year.

''Why is it you can be a serious person and endlessly raise the Pentagon budget?,'' asked Koshgarian. ''Even after we all saw the report from '60 Minutes' on the price gouging by Pentagon contractors, none of that compromises your seriousness as a policy person inside DC. Meanwhile, you can cut food benefits for a poor, unemployed, possibly disabled 50-year-old, and that's seen as a serious move.''

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:33

European Commission Vice President, Vera Jourova, said that companies deploying generative AI tools with the potential to spread disinformation should be publicly labeled.

News Officials in the European Union have discussed additional measures that would make artificial intelligence (AI) tools, such as OpenAI's ChatGPT, more transparent to the public.

On June 5, Vera Jourova, the European Commission's vice president for values and transparency, told the media that companies deploying generative AI tools with the ''potential to generate disinformation'' should place labels on their content as an effort to combat ''fake news.''

''Signatories who have services with a potential to disseminate AI generated disinformation should, in turn, put in place technology to recognize such content and clearly label this to users.''Jourova also referenced companies that integrate generative AI into their services '-- such as Microsoft's Bing Chat and Google's Bard '-- as needing to create ''safeguards'' to prevent malicious actors from utilizing them for disinformation purposes.

In 2018 the EU created its ''Code of Practice on Disinformation,'' which acts as both an agreement and a tool for players in the tech industry on self-regulatory standards to combat disinformation.

Related: '‹'‹OpenAI gets warning from Japanese regulators on data collecting

Major tech companies, including Google, Microsoft and Meta Platforms, have already signed onto the EU's 2022 Code of Practice on Disinformation. Jourova said those companies and others should report on new safeguards for AI this upcoming July.

She also highlighted Twitter's withdrawal from the code of practice, saying the company should anticipate more scrutiny from regulators.

''By leaving the Code, Twitter has attracted a lot of attention, and its actions and compliance with EU law will be scrutinized vigorously and urgently.''These statements from the vice president come as the EU prepares its forthcoming EU Artificial Intelligence Act, which will be a comprehensive set of guidelines for the public use of AI and the companies deploying it.

Despite the official laws scheduled to take effect in the next two to three years, European officials have urged companies to create a voluntary code of conduct for generative AI developers in the meantime.

Magazine: BitCulture: Fine art on Solana, AI music, podcast + book reviews

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:33

Kremlin spokesperson Dmitry Peskov confirmed to state-affiliated news agency TASS that the deep fake video had aired, adding there was no state media address made by Putin on Monday.

''There was a hack in some regions. In particular, I know that there was a hack on Mir radio and in some networks,'' Peskov said. The government has taken control of the affected networks, and are ''sorting out'' the situation, he added.

Those responsible for the hack have yet to be identified.

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:32

https://sputnikglobe.com/20230606/scott-ritter-kakhovka-dam-attack-designed-to-cure-wests-ukraine-fatigue-1110958667.html

Scott Ritter: Kakhovka Dam Attack Designed to Cure West's 'Ukraine Fatigue'

Scott Ritter: Kakhovka Dam Attack Designed to Cure West's 'Ukraine Fatigue'

The Kakhovka Hydroelectric Plant's dam suffered critical damage Tuesday, with its wall bursting and sending a surge of water downstream, forcing evacuations along both sides of the Dnepr River and threatening to leave Crimea and the Zaporozhye nuclear plant without enough water. Scott Ritter explains Kiev's motive for targeting the infrastructure.

2023-06-06T17:01+0000

2023-06-06T17:01+0000

2023-06-06T17:33+0000

analysis

sergei shoigu

volodymyr zelensky

russia

ukraine

nato

united nations security council

high mobility artillery rocket system (himars)

dam

hydroelectric power

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Russia and Ukraine have each requested emergency United Nations Security Council meetings to discuss Tuesday morning's attack on the Kakkovka hydroelectric plant, and blamed each other for what they both agreed was an act of terror.Moscow has spent over a year warning the world about attacks on the plant and its environs, including civilian infrastructure in the town of Novaya Kazkovka, where the dam is situated, using tactical ballistic missiles and its NATO-sourced HIMARS rocket artillery.Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu said Tuesday that Kiev targeted the dam to allow it to transfer forces near the border with the Russian-held part of Kherson to other fronts. As evidence, he cited the construction of defensive emplacements in the area.Former UN weapons inspector and US Marine Corps intelligence officer Scott Ritter says there's another compelling reason: a bid to attract fresh sympathy for Kiev from the West and cure the United States and its allies of growing ''Ukraine fatigue'' against the backdrop of Kiev's failing counteroffensive, and the upcoming NATO summit in Vilnius next month.Ritter explained that if all that Kiev ''can deliver [at the Vilnius] summit is yet another Ukrainian defeat with little hope of NATO being able to reverse this defeat,'' the situation would threaten to become ''dire'' for the Zelensky regime as far as Western support is concerned.But Ritter isn't sure that the ploy will work this time around, saying there appears to be ''wide recognition around the world that the principle culprit in this is Ukraine.''Why Not Russia?The former UN weapons inspector also offered a compelling reason as to why Russia could not have destroyed the Kakhovka dam, despite claims to the contrary by the Ukrainian government and Western governments and media.Ultimately, Ritter said, there's ''no amount of propaganda, no amount of falsification of data'' that will allow Kiev ''to sustain the notion that Russia did this. Ukraine committed an act of terrorism against its own civilian population, against Russia, and indeed against every nation in the Black Sea through the destruction of the Kakhovka dam. The question now is, what is the world going to do about it?''

https://sputnikglobe.com/20230606/us--its-himars-provided-to-criminal-kiev-regime-responsible-for-kakhovka-hpp-attack-1110947364.html

https://sputnikglobe.com/20230606/what-do-we-know-about-kakhovka-hydroelectric-power-plant-attacked-by-kiev-forces-1110941220.html

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Scott Ritter: Kakhovka Dam Attack Designed to Cure West's 'Ukraine Fatigue'

Scott Ritter: Kakhovka Dam Attack Designed to Cure West's 'Ukraine Fatigue'

2023-06-06T17:01+0000

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attack, hydroelectric dam, kakhovka hydroelectric plant, dam, damage, destruction, scott ritter, ukraine, russia, nato, united states

attack, hydroelectric dam, kakhovka hydroelectric plant, dam, damage, destruction, scott ritter, ukraine, russia, nato, united states

17:01 GMT 06.06.2023 (Updated: 17:33 GMT 06.06.2023 )The Kakhovka Hydroelectric Plant's dam suffered critical damage Tuesday, with its wall bursting and sending a surge of water downstream, forcing evacuations along both sides of the Dnepr River and threatening to leave Crimea and the Zaporozhye nuclear plant without enough water. Scott Ritter explains Kiev's motive for targeting the infrastructure.

Russia and Ukraine have each

requested emergency United Nations Security Council meetings to discuss Tuesday morning's attack on the Kakkovka hydroelectric plant, and blamed each other for what they both agreed was an act of terror.

Moscow has spent over a year warning the world about attacks on the plant and its environs, including civilian infrastructure in the town of Novaya Kazkovka, where the dam is situated, using tactical ballistic missiles and its NATO-sourced

HIMARS rocket artillery.

Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu

said Tuesday that Kiev targeted the dam to allow it to transfer forces near the border with the Russian-held part of Kherson to other fronts. As evidence, he cited the construction of defensive emplacements in the area.

Former UN weapons inspector and US Marine Corps intelligence officer Scott Ritter says there's another compelling reason: a bid to attract fresh sympathy for Kiev from the West and cure the United States and its allies of growing ''Ukraine fatigue'' against the backdrop of Kiev's failing counteroffensive, and the upcoming NATO summit in Vilnius next month.

''The objective here is to create a source of international controversy,'' Ritter told Sputnik. ''The United States and Europe '' the collective West, have shown a propensity to accept at face value anything the Ukrainian government says regarding allegations against Russia even though there's no evidence to back it up. We saw this back in April of 2022 when Ukraine created the Bucha Massacre controversy, accusing Russian forces of slaughtering unarmed Ukrainian civilians in the Bucha suburb of Kiev. This was done in order to get the West to move away from the potential of a negotiated settlement between Ukraine and Russia that was about to be consummated in Istanbul on April 1.''

Ritter explained that if all that Kiev ''can deliver [at the Vilnius] summit is yet another Ukrainian defeat with little hope of NATO being able to reverse this defeat,'' the situation would threaten to become ''dire'' for the Zelensky regime as far as Western support is concerned.

''So what Ukraine is seeking to do through the destruction of the Kahkovka dam is to create a new controversy, a new outrage, around which they hope to rally international support for their cause, allowing the conflict to continue by rekindling a desire upon the West to continue to fund Ukraine both fiscally and to provide the tens of billions of dollars that would be necessary to rebuild the Ukrainian army after this current counteroffensive fails,'' he said.

But Ritter isn't sure that the ploy will work this time around, saying there appears to be ''wide recognition around the world that the principle culprit in this is Ukraine.''

Why Not Russia?

The former UN weapons inspector also offered a compelling reason as to why Russia could not have destroyed the Kakhovka dam, despite claims to the contrary by the Ukrainian government and Western governments and media.

''Russia's been warning about the intent of the Ukrainian government to destroy the Kakhovka dam for some time now,'' Ritter recalled. ''Back in October of last year, Russia sent a message to the Security Council of the United Nations saying that the Ukrainian government was threatening to destroy this dam and that the consequences of that would be grave. It appears that the Ukrainian government has indeed accomplished this mission. Of course the Ukrainian government is quick to blame Russia, saying that it's the Russians who destroyed this. But the forensic evidence in terms of the ongoing artillery attacks against the structure by the Ukrainian military makes it clear that Ukraine is responsible.''

Ultimately, Ritter said, there's ''no amount of propaganda, no amount of falsification of data'' that will allow Kiev ''to sustain the notion that Russia did this. Ukraine committed an act of terrorism against its own civilian population, against Russia, and indeed against every nation in the Black Sea through the destruction of the Kakhovka dam. The question now is, what is the world going to do about it?''

Link to Article

Archived Version

Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:31

June 06, 2023

New Nord Stream Cover-Up Story Is Based On Dubious 'Leak'On April 10 some briefing slides for the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff appeared on the internet. They seemed to be genuine. But later a second larger batch was claimed to have come into the hands of so called journalist. I had and still have strong doubts about that second round:

When media reported on the first batch of 'leaked' Pentagon briefing slides they also published pictures of the originals.

Then came a second round which conveniently was more about bashing Russia than on the releases itself. Those leaks were labeled as new or from a previously unknown source. Among those stories were: ... ...We have pictures of the first stash of the files. The briefing slides seem real to me. The language is correct Pentagon lingo. The abbreviations used are typical. But some of the information therein, like the casualty numbers, is dubious. Do the Joint Chiefs of Staff really get briefed with Ukrainian defense ministry numbers that are know to be mere fantasies? The Pentagon and/or the CIA certainly have their own casualty estimates. Why not brief those?

We have seen no picture of any slide that the additional stories are based on. Why were those not published?

A plausible explanation is that the first release was a real leak but that someone is now pushing new 'leaks' to dedicated outlets that are only half true or mere propaganda.

Another 'exclusive' in today's Washington Post, allegedly based on the same leak, only increases my doubt about that alleged second stash of documents:

U.S. had intelligence of detailed Ukrainian plan to attack Nord Stream pipeline

Three months before saboteurs bombed the Nord Stream natural gas pipeline, the Biden administration learned from a close ally that the Ukrainian military had planned a covert attack on the undersea network, using a small team of divers who reported directly to the commander in chief of the Ukrainian armed forces.Details about the plan, which have not been previously reported, were collected by a European intelligence service and shared with the CIA in June 2022. They provide some of the most specific evidence to date linking the government of Ukraine to the eventual attack in the Baltic Sea, which U.S. and Western officials have called a brazen and dangerous act of sabotage on Europe's energy infrastructure.

The European intelligence reporting was shared on the chat platform Discord, allegedly by Air National Guard member Jack Teixeira. The Washington Post obtained a copy from one of Teixeira's online friends.

How convenient!

The U.S. had motives and means in place to blow up the pipeline. Seymour Hersh has sources who claim the U.S. did it.

But now WaPo gets its hands on a 'leaked document' that says Ukraine's General Zaluzny was the man in charge of the issue:

The European intelligence made clear that the would-be attackers were not rogue operatives. All those involved reported directly to Gen. Valerii Zaluzhnyi, the country's highest-ranking military officer, who was put in charge so that Ukraine's president, Volodymyr Zelensky, wouldn't know about the operation, the intelligence report said.Zaluzny is in charge of Ukrainian military. He is busy and not the man to run secret missions and to get direct reports from everyone involved in them.

Kyrylo Budanov, Ukraine's military intelligence chief, or the SBU, the civil intelligence service of Ukraine, would be in charge of such a mission.

(Budanov probably died on May 30 during a Russian attack on the bunker of the Military Intelligence headquarter in Kiev. He hasn't been seen or heard of since.)

The claim that Zaluzny was involved thus makes me even more skeptical.

I am not the only one who has doubts about the new 'leak':

Aaron Mat(C) @aaronjmate - 15:34 UTC · Jun 6, 2023The CIA gave its first Nord Stream cover-up story to the NYT, only fair to give their follow-up cover-up story to the Washington Post.(https://mate.substack.com/p/in-nord-stream-attack-us-officials)

I will file the Washington Post report in the same 'nonsense' folder as this:

biggerA 'Russian soldier' ... with a beard?

According to the Chapter 8 Article 344 of the Charter of the Armed Forces servicemen are obliged 'to regularly bath, brush teeth, cut nails, hair and shave clean'.Just two months ago that order was reinforced:

The commander of Russia's forces in Ukraine has ordered soldiers to cut their hair and shave, sparking a row with his bearded Chechen and mercenary allies. ...Western intelligence said that General Valery Gerasimov, appointed overall commander of Russia's forces earlier in January by Vladimir Putin, was trying to promote more discipline in the Russian army.The 'Russian soldier' claim is as real as the WaPo's claim about the Ukrainian involvement in the Nord Stream case.

The person in Kiev who tweeted the above clip has probably filmed his neighbor.

Posted by b on June 6, 2023 at 16:32 UTC | Permalink

Beyond lame and false.But idiots will dutifully lap it up as truth and regurgitate it.

Posted by: jpc | Jun 6 2023 16:41 utc | 1

ah, another step in the new propaganda campaign as the US throws Ukraine under the bus. MY GOD UKRAINE ATTACKED A NATO ALLY!! right after the New York Times rediscovers "apparent" Nazi influences in the Ukraine Army, which they had forgotten about for 3 years or so.

Posted by: pretzelattack | Jun 6 2023 16:45 utc | 2

...the eventual attack in the Baltic Sea, which U.S. and Western officials have called a brazen and dangerous act of sabotage on Europe's energy infrastructure.

This suggests a growing confidence on the part of 'western officials' that they are going to get away with it, and that the attention of the overall public has been diverted by The Shiny Thing. They certainly would not label the destruction of the pipeline 'a brazen and dangerous act of sabotage on Europe's energy infrastructure' if they believed they would one day be held accountable for it. And what's with this We Will Stand With Ukraine For As Long As It Takes, and force our European allies to hang tough as well even though it was their access to cheap energy which was forcibly removed? I know - let's punish the Ukrainians who blew up the pipelines by giving them even more money and weapons. That will teach them. Got to keep the big picture in mind here.

Just not a coherent storyline at all.

Posted by: Mark | Jun 6 2023 16:51 utc | 3

Some new articles have come out during the last month that support Seymour Hersh's version of events. I have added them to my wiki page on the bombing of Nord Stream pipelines. This one is particularly interesting:

Aircraft and Vessels in Seymour Hersh's Nord Stream Story - Andersson Erik, May 22, 2023A summary of the information given below is that Seymour Hersh's story survives scrutiny based on ''open source'' information about ship and aircraft movements. Of course it can't be ''proven'' (using open source only), that the Alta mine hunter was used to place the bombs, or the P8-A ''Poseidon'' aircraft was used to trigger them or that USS Paul Ignatius was involved in cleaning the site from unexploded bombs. But we do see in the open sources that all of these vessel types were actually in the right place and the right time to carry out the roles ascribed to them by Seymour Hersh. His story stands this test, and reports of his story being ''debunked'' by open source information are greatly exaggerated.

Posted by: Petri Krohn | Jun 6 2023 16:56 utc | 4

bottom line, Biden people will blame a dead man for nordstream blow-up. They just need to work out which Uke leader wil be tagged. My money is on Budonov since he's probably dead already but Biden people will need to make sure his inner circle is bribed or taken out to assure silence.

Posted by: migueljose | Jun 6 2023 17:02 utc | 5

all they need now is to tie the private yacht to blowing up the dam.

Posted by: pretzelattack | Jun 6 2023 17:12 utc | 6

I refuse to believe US could be upstaged by anyone in blowing up undersea pipelines............it is simply not conceivable..........imagine how terrified they would be in British North Sea and Norwegian North Sea and Gulf of Mexico ..........if someone other than USA had the capability and experience

Posted by: Paul Greenwood | Jun 6 2023 17:19 utc | 7

https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article245710694/Ukraine-News-Frau-in-Koeln-wegen-Billigung-des-russischen-Angriffskriegs-verurteilt.html

48 year old Ukrainian woman sentenced to '‚¬900 Fine by Amtsgericht in Cologne for public support of Russia during a demo

https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/gg/art_5.html

Grundgesetz f¼r die Bundesrepublik DeutschlandArt 5

(1) Jeder hat das Recht, seine Meinung in Wort, Schrift und Bild frei zu ¤uŸern und zu verbreiten und sich aus allgemein zug¤nglichen Quellen ungehindert zu unterrichten. Die Pressefreiheit und die Freiheit der Berichterstattung durch Rundfunk und Film werden gew¤hrleistet. Eine Zensur findet nicht statt.

So German "constitutional right" to freedom of thought and speech - is as worthless as it was in the Hitler era although the Weimar Constitution of 1919 ........

Art. 118 Weimarer Reichsverfassung: 'žJeder Deutsche hat das Recht, innerhalb der Schranken der allgemeinen Gesetze seine Meinung durch Wort, Schrift, Druck, Bild oder in sonstiger Weise frei zu ¤uŸern. ('...) Eine Zensur findet nicht statt'...''

provided Freedom of Speech and Thought............

So we are back in 1943

Posted by: Paul Greenwood | Jun 6 2023 17:26 utc | 8

re: All those involved reported directly to Gen. Valerii Zaluzhnyi, the country's highest-ranking military officer, who was put in charge so that Ukraine's president, Volodymyr Zelensky, wouldn't know about the operation, the intelligence report said.

General Zaluzhnyi has been missing for a month; perhaps he refused to lie.

Posted by: Don Bacon | Jun 6 2023 17:27 utc | 9

Zaluzny is in charge of Ukrainian military. He is busy and not the man to run secret missions and to get direct reports from everyone involved in them.I mean, you could argue that there was no greater imperative than to try and escalate and trap/involve the Western powers by say blowing up NordStream otherwise you're just overseeing a lost war waiting for the US state department to decide when it's had it's fill of Ukrainian blood tribute.

But even if you take for granted that the Ukrainians conceived and did this on their own, the US/Poland allowed it to happen and therefore approved of it.

Posted by: Altai | Jun 6 2023 17:39 utc | 10

German intelligence claims it had to have been a state actor.

CNN insinuates it might have been Russian naval vessels.

Washington post claims there is no evidence of Russian involvement after 3 months.

Investigation by several European nations concludes but claims perpetrators cannot be revealed.

NYTimes spill the beans that it's pro-Ukraine non-state actors breaking the pact that perpetrators should not be revealed.

German media and intelligence finds the boat with which the bombing was conducted several months after the investigation concluded.

German intelligence now changes it's mind by claiming that it is a non-state actor months after the investigation concluded.

BBC and Netherlands media find new evidence it could be the Russia contracting the NY Times, US and German intelligence.

Russia, China, Brazil demand independent investigation in the UN which is refused by the west.

NYTimes reports more evidence it could be either Ukraine or Russian actors who are opposed to Putin, knows their political views but not their names.

US leaked documents now reveal the pro-ukraine group are working for Ukraine's military general, a state actor and the narrative switches between state to non-state a record seventh time.

While I gave a gist, someone could gather all the western media and "intelligence" reports, put them all together, publish the contradictions and let's open a bottle of whiskey and have laugh riot!!!

Posted by: FieryButMostPeaceful | Jun 6 2023 17:50 utc | 11

My first thought when reading this was: So Zaluzny is already dead or on the brink of death. Easy scapegoat if he cannot defend himself anymore.

Posted by: Ernesto | Jun 6 2023 17:58 utc | 12

speaking of actors, Zelensky explains it as any actor would . . .

Ð'оÐ>>Ð¾Ð´Ð¸Ð¼Ð¸Ñ Ð—ÐµÐ>>енський@ZelenskyyUaThis is just one day of Russian aggression. This is just one Russian act of terrorism. This is just one Russian war crime. Now Russia is guilty of brutal ecocide. Any comments are superfluous.The world must react. Russia is at war against life, against nature, against civilization. Russia must leave the Ukrainian land and must be held fully accountable for its terror. . .here

Posted by: Don Bacon | Jun 6 2023 17:59 utc | 13

(Budanov probably died on May 30 during a Russian attack on the bunker of the Military Intelligence headquarter in Kiev. He hasn't been seen or heard of since.)The claim that Zaluzny was involved thus makes me even more skeptical.

Indeed, there is every reason to believe Bodanov died during that attack. Zaluzhnyi has been absent even longer, except for some very strange short video clips that should not convince anyone.

I could be wrong, but I think they are most likely both gone.

Posted by: Norwegian | Jun 6 2023 18:04 utc | 14

b - thanks for this and the previous post...

bullshit, bullshit and more bullshit..

we are living in a narrative management world right now, with the cia and friends in the control center.. that is the sad reality..

Posted by: james | Jun 6 2023 18:05 utc | 15

@ Paul Greenwood | Jun 6 2023 17:26 utc | 8

germany certainly is!! canada is working hard to get their too..

Posted by: james | Jun 6 2023 18:07 utc | 16

We now know why 15 FAB-500 kg Glide Bombs were dropped on the village Velika Novoselka yesterday.

( 15 )

https://twitter.com/rybar_en/status/1666091375358779395

Posted by: Derek Henry | Jun 6 2023 18:09 utc | 17

Thanks b. Well spotted!!I've no serious quibbles with your best guess, or those of the barflies. But I would like to add a guess of my own.

What if it's becoming so obvious that Ukraine couldn't fight its way out of a paper bag, and provoking Russia was the dumbest act of self-sabotage in the history of warfare, that its New Best Friends have decided to enhance its reputation by pretending that that it did something requiring Courage AND Skill?

Posted by: Hoarsewhisperer | Jun 6 2023 18:25 utc | 19

Andromeda sails again!

Posted by: erniesfo | Jun 6 2023 18:30 utc | 20

Zaluhski and Budonov were conveniently eliminated so they could take the whole blame for the NS2 destruction.

Posted by: Virgile | Jun 6 2023 18:51 utc | 21

"The Biden administration received an intelligence report that Ukraine had a plan for an attack on the Nord Stream pipelines three months before an underwater explosion disabled the natural gas link from Russia to Germany, the Washington Post has reported.

A European intelligence service told the CIA that the Ukrainian military was planning an attack using a small team of divers who reported directly to the commander in chief of the Ukrainian armed forces, the paper reported."

"The six-person team reported directly to General Valerii Zaluzhnyi, the report claimed, so that president Volodymyr Zelenskiy would not know about the operation."

"A small team of divers". What were they, dolphins?

Posted by: ThusspakeZarathustra | Jun 6 2023 18:53 utc | 22

''So German "constitutional right" to freedom of thought and speech - is as worthless as it was in the Hitler era although the Weimar Constitution of 1919 ........''

Pardon the OT, Mr. Greenwood, but what you imply is fact: The Hitler regime never abrogated the Weimar constitution. It derived all its authority from the emergency powers granted under Article (IIRC) 48.

Posted by: malenkov | Jun 6 2023 19:04 utc | 23

Pretzelattack no. 6

Good one. 🤣

Posted by: ThusspakeZarathustra | Jun 6 2023 19:52 utc | 24

Have they explained why no one in Washington DC told Zelensky?

Also this leak was apparently made in February but the first entirely different version of 'Ukraine did it' was published in March.

Posted by: SB | Jun 6 2023 19:57 utc | 25

SB no. 25

"Have they explained why no one in Washington DC told Zelensky"

Er, no.

Posted by: ThusspakeZarathustra | Jun 6 2023 20:06 utc | 26

Thanks b.

I do not know about what did CIA knew about anyone's plan to do anything to the North Stream or Kerch Bridge or whatever covert thing that was and will be. Nobody really knows, as a compartmentalized intelligence agency has various filters on various levels on such sensitive information. So access to one ''Deep Throat'' is not 100% reliable, and Hersh should and might know that.

Hersh claims of fore-planted explosive with remote activation via dropped buoys. All right, it is doable, but there is no proof as there was no investigation done that is independent and transparent.

But, the German story of Bavaria 50' sail boat can compete with the best of Grimm's fairy tales. To put up a deep-dive equipment and hundreds of kilos of explosive on board is not possible on such boat. That is, if you go under 50 m.

So Germans are pointing at Ukrainians that blew NS?And CIA didn't know and US was appalled by it?

Let us be very clear '' this was done by the USA (how is not important).Who knew this is about the same level of question, as who knew about 9/11 before it happened.

On the other side, if such installation is critical to the untrusted partner, I would imagine a nice-to-have feature with inbuilt 200 kg of RDX or C4 every 100 km. I doubt RF did so.

Posted by: whirlX | Jun 6 2023 20:26 utc | 27

I would say Grayzone creditability has eroded. I mean really, right before this story! What are the odds?

Posted by: Donald W. | Jun 6 2023 21:13 utc | 28

Zaluhski and Budonov were conveniently eliminated so they could take the whole blame for the NS2 destruction.

Posted by: Virgile | Jun 6 2023 18:51 utc | 21-----------------------------------------------------Virgile, I think you are absolutely right, depending on how you actually phrase it.

I suspect that BECAUSE Zaluhski and Budonov were conveniently eliminated by the Russians, the CIA and the Biden White House (and probably Germany and Norway as well) saw a great opportunity to let dead generals them take responsibility for the whole NS2 destruction: Case Closed as the say about the JFK assassination.:

Posted by: Ed | Jun 6 2023 21:16 utc | 29

"....let dead THE dead generals THE take responsibility...."Sorry about that, I failed to proofread.

Posted by: Ed | Jun 6 2023 21:22 utc | 30

I'm out of here.

Posted by: Ed | Jun 6 2023 21:24 utc | 31

Simplicius76 wrote that there's a rumour that even if Zaluzhny's alive, he's been sacked by Elensky and is under some kind of arrest; but Elensky can't openly announce his dismissalbecausehe's very popular with the troops. This would be a good time to blame him so he can be formally dismissed.

Posted by: Biswapriya Purkayast | Jun 6 2023 21:26 utc | 32

Posted by: migueljose | Jun 6 2023 17:02 utc | 5

My 5 cents take is :Zaluzhny was slated to replace Zelenskyy. Russia disrupted this plan by incapacitating Zaluzhny. Budarov was next choice to replace Ze. Plans were hatched and docs etc created to pin blame on Zaluzhny, stories released. Boom! Russia's taken out Budarov, and US is left with Zelenskyy who has zero creditability with anyone including fair weather friends.

Posted by: Suresh | Jun 6 2023 21:57 utc | 33

Washington Post: "All those involved reported directly to Gen. Valerii Zaluzhnyi, the country's highest-ranking military officer, who was put in charge so that Ukraine's president, Volodymyr Zelensky, wouldn't know about the operation...."

The passive voice is a clear clue of the unreliability of the "leak." Zaluzhnyi "was put in charge." OK. By whom? The article doesn't say or hint. It is enough to simply say this somehow happened to make it true?

Back in March, the Russians dismissed Ukrainian involvement, indicating the U.S. as a primary suspect. From Al Jazeera:

"The Kremlin last week described the claims about Ukrainian involvement in the explosions as part of a cover-up by the West."

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/3/15/putin-calls-ukraine-role-in-nord-stream-blasts-sheer-nonsense

The U.S. has lied about so much for so long, the basic assumption is that anything that comes from U.S. government sources is suspect.

Posted by: Jeffrey Kaye | Jun 6 2023 22:42 utc | 34

[23]

That is I believe historical fact

Posted by: Paul Greenwood | Jun 6 2023 22:43 utc | 35

They can do all the song and dance routines they want, but everyone in the world knows who was behind this attack. Well perhaps everyone in the world but the ignorant and brainwashed pubic in the Western World.

The world won't forget either. Nor will the world forget the outright theft of Russia's money.

Joe Biden and the other psychos in Washington have sown the seeds of America's destruction, and those seeds are growing rapidly.

Posted by: JustAMaverick | Jun 6 2023 22:46 utc | 36

As you can see, hundreds if not thousands of pro Russian Twitter feeds are now cherry picking the Western media " IF " it massages their own confirmation bias.

That's a huge mistake to make. They should just ignore it and say " Yeah sure, we know who really did it "

Posted by: Derek Henry | Jun 6 2023 22:50 utc | 37

It just reminds me of George Galloway for decades saying " countries should have the right to self determination and be free independent nation states. "

Unless that countries name is Scotland of course. That's the hypocritical landscape you always find yourself in. When you cherry pick the news as much as George does to prove a point. Apart from he is also stupid enough to believe English tax payers fund Scotland.

Posted by: Derek Henry | Jun 6 2023 22:58 utc | 38

Posted by: Donald W. | Jun 6 2023 21:13 utc | 28

?? The Grayzone's credibility is eroded ??

Posted by: Tom_Q_Collins | Jun 6 2023 23:00 utc | 39

The only information you can believe in a Washington Post article is the date at the top .. and probably best to double-check that too.

Posted by: TEP | Jun 6 2023 23:01 utc | 40

Still waiting for someone to ask Sholz about this nonsense.

He'll be in trouble in either "scenario":

Scenario 1. The US did NOT share its "Intel" with Germany.This would be akin to the US stabbing its Primary EU + NATO partner in the back.Selling them and their Economy out, on behalf of Ukraine

Scenario 2. The US DID share its "Intel" with Germany.Sholz committed de facto Treason against his Nation, its Industry and Citizenry.He could be subject to No Confidence, and Indictment.

Posted by: The Archivist | Jun 6 2023 23:10 utc | 41

Note the trade craft similarities with MH17.

Although the only possible motives were pure accident or deliberate false flag by the losing side, western media immediately went with the idea that the Russians did it (long before any evidence had been assembled).Then somehow a crazy story of how a BUK travelled through the night into Ukraine and then straight out again with only the dodgiest of social media evidence was presented as proof that Russia must have done it rather than one of the 3 or 4 Ukrainian BUKs in the area.And a US statement by John Kerry claimed to have seen the launch of the BUK missile but convenient did not (and still haven't) stated where that launch was. This allowed the JIT all the time in the world to match the social media concocted by Bellingcat to a launch site without being limited to anything the Americans might actually have described.Whole thing stitched up as a JIT report with no explanation of any evidence or even a description of how bits of BUK were found (presumably by Ukraine intelligence services), or who identified the BUK as Russian.(Come the court case many years later the JIT report was read out, a bland letter from a US colonel about the launch having been bserved was read out, and none of JIT, Ukrainian intelligence or US colonel were allowed to be questioned at all.

Rinse and repeat...

Posted by: mickey Dr | Jun 6 2023 23:19 utc | 42

The best way to avoid the hypocritical minefields placed everywhere. Is stay true to yourself at all times, even if your enemies are massaging your confirmation bias. They are only doing it to decapitate you later, on topics that really matter.

Posted by: Derek Henry | Jun 6 2023 23:19 utc | 43

The quote "In war, truth is the first casualty" cannot be reliably attributed to anyone because it is ancient.

Any one, believing anything, any side asserts as truth, is a fool.

So if the shoe fits, wear it.

Posted by: Longhorn | Jun 6 2023 23:34 utc | 44

Convenient for the US to say that "European intelligence" attributes the order for the sabotage of Nordstream II pipelines to General Zaluzhny, without naming which European intel agency might have passed on the information. That in itself might suggest that the middleman party is a major part of the fiction. More smoke and mirrors, more hugger-mugger cover-up!

By now, the US probably doesn't care much at all about who heads the SBU and who heads the Ukrainian armed forces, especially if (as suspected) both Budanov and Zaluzhny are now in an incommunicado state. The important thing perhaps is to put distance between itself and any other acts of terrorism and sabotage that may be committed, and to protect Zelensky until such time as he reaches his use-by date which must be coming sooner rather than later.

Posted by: Refinnejenna | Jun 6 2023 23:40 utc | 45

ZelensKy :** Now Russia is guilty of brutal ecocide. Any comments are superfluous.The world must react. Russia is at war against life, against nature, against civilization.**

Daily Telegraph 6 june 2023:** Water companies not monitoring most 'emergency overflows' of raw sewageSewage discharge into UK's rivers may be ten times higher than previously thought according to research by the Marine Conservation Society **

Rivers, lakes and beaches full of raw sewage -- pumped out not because of emergencies, but because it is more profitable for the (private) companies to do so. Britain has literally become a cesspit.

Posted by: Cynic | Jun 6 2023 23:53 utc | 46

Will Schryver weighs in.....https://twitter.com/imetatronink/status/1666216756124463105?cxt=HHwWgsDRufnTy58uAAAAWill Schryver@imetatronink'¼¸ Russian Ministry of Defense battle statistics over the past few days only seem excessively exaggerated to those who have failed to take into account the tactics currently being employed by both the Russians and the Ukrainians.

Using multiple APC trips, the AFU shuttled whole battalions to geographically constricted zones on the front lines, leaving the poor suckers for long periods of time without any heavy fire support, and only when the infantry placement was completed did they then begin to move their mobile firepower to support them.

The Russians seemed to perceive the plan, and waited until the maximum number of infantry was concentrated ... and then they rained down fires from the sky, inflicting huge losses on them.

In addition, the Russians have, over the past several days, identified locations behind the lines where reserves were being assembled to support any possible breakthrough, and done things like drop 15 500kg precision-guided glide bombs on a single concentration of forces, blowing dozens or even hundreds to smithereens in a matter of minutes.

I believe relatively few observers of this war appreciate the degree to which Russian firepower has grown in weight, frequency, and accuracy over the past several months.

The Ukies are getting creamed...

INDY

Posted by: Dr. George W Oprisko | Jun 7 2023 0:04 utc | 47

I said when the leak first happened that it would be used to pre-vet future disclosures. Essentially, anytime that the US wants to 'release' some dubious claim with out any backing it can just say that it was a new document from the leak that just came to light.

But what is most interesting here is the timing. This new claim that Zaluzny did it and Washington knew three months in advance would normally big a big deal in the news cycle, but falling right after the Ukrainian offensive and the dam failure it isn't going to receive as much scrutiny.

I suspect that there will be another big event, like the dam failure, in the next day or two to divert any more attention away from this story. It will go down on Wikipedia and with the MSM as confirmation of the official narrative. The US may suck at fighting wars these days, but they are still great at PR.

Posted by: team10tim | Jun 7 2023 0:09 utc | 48

team10tim | Jun 7 2023 0:09 utc | 48*** US may suck at fighting wars these days, but they are still great at PR.***

No need to be particularly good at it, given near enough total control of mass-media.

Posted by: Cynic | Jun 7 2023 0:19 utc | 49

microsoft news is stiĺl running USA intelligence had information Ukraine was planning nordstream. im sortof suprised no estae journalist doesnt due the next obvious question , which is if we believe that version why didnt they stop them if they knew. lol did i ask too much of a modern investigative reporter

Posted by: hankster | Jun 7 2023 0:20 utc | 50

Derek [email protected]This is unfair, Galloway's position on Scotland, right or wrong, is more nuanced than the caricature you offer. Two points that he makes are obviously worth thinking about. The first is his critique of the SNP as being another neo-liberal party, committed to the EU, and to NATO and intent on living up to the old charge that it is a party of Tartan Tories, with nothing to offer the working people of Scotland except the cheap nationalism that they grew out of centuries ago. The second point he makes is that the SNP is part of a strategy to split the British working class and to enable the power of the neo-liberals in their, almost completed, campaign to eradicate all the gains, in terms of social security, regulation of the economy and the rights of Trade Unions and citizens in order to increase the extent of exploitation.

It has to be said that, with the exception of having protected Israel and the US by breaking the socialist parliamentary tradition in Scotland, nothing that the SNP has done in its years of considerable power has contradicted George's warnings.

Posted by: bevin | Jun 7 2023 0:36 utc | 51

I am a local to Norfolk VA Metro. At least, once a week I pass a shipyard with a LHD in drydock.

Best way to do a Nordstream type op is with a LHD and UDT (sub specialty of USN Seals). I have said so here before a few times. Ye'all have to figure out what is needed to execute them there details. Experience mmatters.

Posted by: Acco Hengst | Jun 7 2023 0:49 utc | 52

And what about the mystery boot found on the sea floor near the damaged pipeline? Apparently it looks a lot like the ones that US Navy divers use...

Posted by: farm ecologist | Jun 7 2023 0:51 utc | 53

@tram10tim 48 and Cynic 49:

They are not good at it at all, but they do not care. The stories they peddle are absurd, but they make no attempt to make them credible, because the stories are deliberately stupid. Believing these ludicrous stories is a loyalty test.

Posted by: Biswapriya Purkayast | Jun 7 2023 1:20 utc | 54

@tram10tim 48 and Cynic 49:

They are not good at it at all, but they do not care. The stories they peddle are absurd, but they make no attempt to make them credible, because the stories are deliberately stupid. Believing these ludicrous stories is a loyalty test.

Posted by: Biswapriya Purkayast | Jun 7 2023 1:20 utc | 55

That the Imperialist States of Amerikastan is now trying to blame NordStream on Zaluzhny is as close as it comes to an admission that he's dead or as good as dead or under arrest. In any case he's in no condition to defend himself.

Posted by: Biswapriya Purkayast | Jun 7 2023 1:31 utc | 56

"To be America's enemy is dangerous. To be America's friend is deadly".Henry Kissinger

Posted by: Dferg | Jun 7 2023 2:15 utc | 57

-b- thanks for post- agree with you how lame this is, every single day some new ''plot'''... honestly, must be film crews with fantasy writers running the West, we've been taken over by a fiction simulator.

Posted by: Trubind1 | Jun 7 2023 2:32 utc | 58

Western military intelligence already knows that the lastest and greatest Ukrainian offensive has failed and will continue to fail. They know from the failure of the recent AFU's offensive that they can not defeat Russia on the ground using their proxy of Ukraine.

From this point, the USA and the rest of NATO will quickly shift away from supporting Ukraine's ground offensive. This will open the door for the Russian forces to quickly take the Donbas and Zaporizhzhia. Most likely the West's excuse to cut back support for Ukraine will be their corruption and mismanagement of the expensive war effort.

All blame is now going to be shifted upon Ukraine, including the take down of the NORD STREAM. Any and everything that the West can blame Ukraine for, they will.

Soon, the West will greatly reduce or stop their support of the AFU. Instead, the West will prepare for a false flag event blaming Russia for a nuclear incident. This will give the USA their justification for a full scale nuclear launch against Russia.

Yet, the Russians will beat the West to the launch. This will allow Russia to achieve the first strike advantage which is substantial in nuclear war.

Posted by: young | Jun 7 2023 2:32 utc | 59

53 Cinderella red herring boot. All divers must come to the castle to see if it fits .

Posted by: hankster | Jun 7 2023 2:59 utc | 60

I do believe the best story dissapeared quickly . German media and a few low level /iq politicians floated. A fisherman accidentally caught an old ww2 sea mine in a net and dragged it onto the pipe. 3 times and simultaneously In different locations . That story died quietly and for good reasons

Posted by: hankster | Jun 7 2023 3:03 utc | 61

did anyone fail to notice the daily shock releases from the stolen Bush administration? As bad as the previous scandal may have been, they would follow up with more horrific disclosures the next day, and the day after that. It almost seemed like a free and inquisitive press was on the job. They were, as they always have been, on their knees doing what they were told by those who wanted people reeling from Shock and Awe while their very real crimes were never truly addressed.

Posted by: Not Ewe | Jun 7 2023 3:17 utc | 62

NS2. Joe. Gloating to media. ''There will be no NS2''Hapless hack: How will you do that?Joe. Sinister smile spreading sinisterly across his silly sundial. Sidekick Scholz/Schultz sycophantically shuffling.Joe: ''I promise you. We can do that''.

Case closed.

Posted by: Melaleuca | Jun 7 2023 3:23 utc | 63

America - all fake and gay.

Posted by: Sentient | Jun 7 2023 3:46 utc | 64

The stories they peddle are absurd, but they make no attempt to make them credible, because the stories are deliberately stupid. Believing these ludicrous stories is a loyalty test.

Posted by: Biswapriya Purkayast | Jun 7 2023 1:20 utc | 54

That makes complete sense, well sleuthed! A loyalty test that requires repeating and supporting the lies no matter how bizarre, until gradually this causes so much cognitive dissonance that the lies are accepted as true.

Posted by: K | Jun 7 2023 4:23 utc | 65

ZH has a posting up with the title

Tucker's Back! In Triumphant Return, Demolishes Ukraine Dam Propaganda, Massacres MSM For Ignoring UFO 'Bombshell Of The Millennium'

Tucker Carlson has pulled his finger out of the Western MSM dike and the results will make the Nova Kakhova dam breach travesty look mild in comparison.

Watch the 10 minute introductory Tucker Carlson show on Twitter...no link

Posted by: psychohistorian | Jun 7 2023 4:34 utc | 66

The counter offensive jig is up. Just inefficient kamikaze suicide now.

There are probably, surprisingly, people in Pentagram and intel community who understand this that there won't ever be a chance to get better force balance ratio and it's only losing game. MSM is running BS status quo for counter offensive narrative and Biden will forget and dump Ukraine to be problem of UK and EU. It serves a secondary purpose to weaken and make them more dependent on US, anyway.

Posted by: unimperator | Jun 7 2023 4:41 utc | 67

[email protected]You are right, Biswapriya Purkayast made an important and profound observation. The truth is that such loyalty oaths are becoming increasingly frequent. Both the Me Too movement and the multi gender craze are examples of the insistence, by those controlling society, that we all publicly subscribe, with straight faces, to nonsense on request from above. There is nothing new about this. It used to be a requirement of every citizen to swear belief in the Holy Trinity, a concept which it is almost impossible to understand, let alone subscribe to sincerely. And yet those who refused were often burned at the stake, imprisoned, tortured and otherwise encouraged to think again.

Posted by: bevin | Jun 7 2023 4:53 utc | 68

The stories they peddle are absurd, but they make no attempt to make them credible, because the stories are deliberately stupid. Believing these ludicrous stories is a loyalty test.Posted by: Biswapriya Purkayast | Jun 7 2023 1:20 utc | 54

They are absurd to us, but they aren't aimed at us. They're aimed at the 90% of the population that doesn't bother to check sources and think critically.

Most Propaganda Looks Nothing Like Thishttps://caitlinjohnstone.substack.com/p/most-propaganda-looks-nothing-like

Caitlin pointed out the infamous vial of yellow powder that led the US to invade Iraq and contrasted that with everyday coverage, the overton window, omissions, and denials, etc.

When we think of propaganda we think of the little yellow vial, not the continuous coverage of identity politics or covid scaremongering.

MSM coverage looks like garbage to us, but the fact is that huge swaths of the western world take it at face value. I'm sure that all of you bar flies have met people that think Putin hacked the DNC, the vaccine is safe and effective, Ukraine blew up Nord Stream, etc.

Posted by: team10tim | Jun 7 2023 5:17 utc | 69

For the record, I agree 100% with b's assessment of the fakery of these leaks.

However, Budanov is/was the head of the GUR, not the SBU.

Posted by: Sam (in Tiraspol) | Jun 7 2023 7:08 utc | 72

What does it matter who did it? It was bound to happen anyway.

That Russian troops were caught out by the flash floods and had to evacuate after the fact is enough to clue you in.

In other news, I hope Zelenskky is nominated for the Hero of Russian Federation. No, seriously, the "organist" pianist has single handedly manage to do all these things.

https://cluborlov.wordpress.com/2023/06/07/vladimir-zelensky-russian-hero/

Posted by: Suresh | Jun 7 2023 7:33 utc | 73

These loyalty tests are above all a feature (not a bug) of totalitarian societies. It serves 2 purposes. 1. Every time a person is forced to actively commit to a nonsensical claim he is forced to give up on his own judgement, thus making him more inclind to blindly believe the authorities and less likely to ever insist on the right to be an individual person. Succesfully implemented most people would do anything to avoid the cognitive dissonance that arises out of the question "does this claim make any sense"? 2. It is a constant reminder to the opposition of who is in charge causing stress and fear in the outliners.

Posted by: Orgel | Jun 7 2023 7:34 utc | 74

Scholz committed de facto Treason against his Nation, its Industry and Citizenry.He could be subject to No Confidence, and Indictment.Posted by: The Archivist | Jun 6 2023 23:10 utc

I completely agree Archivist. I saw a viral video on DW I believe where a crowd heckled and taunted Scholz. He exploded by saying that everything is Putin's fault, that he is a warmonger, when the crowd roars "you are the warmonger." I would add high treason too. The polls are confirming the freefall in the coalition's fortunes and the rise of the AfD. The Greens have sunk to 13% or thereabouts. Olaf Scholz was always an oaf but I had no idea just how he could lose sight of Germany's minimal economic interests.

Posted by: Stierlitz | Jun 7 2023 7:46 utc | 75

It looks like the illegal US government is trying to was its hands off Ukraine, especially off Zelensky. Zaluzhny is out, Budanov is out, and a few more...

Posted by: ostro | Jun 7 2023 7:54 utc | 76

Paul Greenwood | Jun 6 2023 17:26 utc | 8

If you continue reading, it says:

(2) Diese Rechte finden ihre Schranken in den Vorschriften der allgemeinen Gesetze, den gesetzlichen Bestimmungen zum Schutze der Jugend und in dem Recht der pers¶nlichen Ehre.

Meaning there are exceptions to freedom of speech, such as slander or expressing disbelief about the Holocaust. Another thing that is illegal in Germany is to express support for crimes and that is the law they have been using against people who speak out in favor of Russia since the start of the war. So even though this is obviously political persecution, the persecutors are technically following the law.

Posted by: Hamburger | Jun 7 2023 8:02 utc | 77

Hamburger | Jun 7 2023 8:02 utc | 77--------------

In Buddhism, there is no ever-powerful god, but in certain countries in the EU/NATO it is illegal to say that there is no god, for that would be "offending the religious feelings of others".

Posted by: ostro | Jun 7 2023 8:24 utc | 78

The destruction of Kakhowka dam by the Ukrainians was a tactical and political mistake by NATO. All the dams in the river Dnieper was built by the Soviets, meaning by Russians, as the Soviets were generally called by the "West".

The Ukraine and the NATO would pay for that destruction, one way or other. I still say that the SMO will only conclude after the capitulation of the Ukraine (and NATO), and when it finishes, Kiev oblast will have to be connected to the Russian Federation. Prawoslavny Russians, by the way, won't forgive the desecration of Pechersk Lavra in Kiev few weeks ago.

Posted by: ostro | Jun 7 2023 8:58 utc | 79

Daily Mail is reporting that the Ukrainian government is warning that Russia may try to blow up the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power station next. So we all what that means...Posted by: Ludovic | Jun 7 2023 6:47 utc | 71

I think dirty bombs are much easier to do for natoids than blowing up ZNPP. Or they can target an NPP close to Poland where they have full control, then blame it on Russia. Duda really wants to do better than Zeli but lacks public support to kamikaze his country like Ukr did. He's looking for things to do until a plan is found, for the moment there are 500 daily shells over Belgorod (tass.com/emergencies/1628853) and the Russian tank biathlon expert has no idea how to stop it, pretends it doesn't exist.

But some in Russia also think ZNPP might be next:tass.com/russia/1628727, tass.com/politics/1628665, tass.com/defense/1628661

Posted by: rk | Jun 7 2023 9:01 utc | 80

Posted by: bevin | Jun 7 2023 0:36 utc | 51

" This is unfair, Galloway's position on Scotland, right or wrong, is more nuanced than the caricature you offer. "

I know Bevin I was in the heart of the debate and was interviewed by the BBC after putting on events in both Glasgow and Edinburgh. For a free and independent nation state - free from Brussels and NATO.

https://m.youtube.com/results?sp=mAEA&search_query=MMT+Scotland

I understand money Bevin because I studied it for 20 years now. For 4 hours every week night for years.

You can't deny what George does. George invokes the national debt myth, the deficit myth and the tax payer money myth to scare people to get his point of view across.

He uses the framing and narratives of his enemy the Tory and neoliberal globalist gold standard, fixed exchange rate brigade. Which are the foundation stones of laffer curve austerity driven economics. The economics of colonialism.

I know exactly what the SNP are like as we spoke with Kieth Brown the number 2 in charge. We spoke with people very close to George Galloway. Some of his very close friends he interviews on his shows. Chris Williamson and many others.

Yet George continues to go down the Andrew Neil route. invokes the national debt myth, the deficit myth and the tax payer money myth like confetti.

He is terrified if the truth about money ever gets out then Scottish voters will realise that Scotland can be a free, independent nation state. Galloway is a hypocrite.

Oh, and we spoke with Corbyn's top team who were flooded with neoliberal globalists. The gold standard, fixed exchange rate brigade. Run by the liberal metropolitan middle class- Simon Wren Lewis and Jonathon Portes. The Oxbridge brigade.

Brighton Labour Party Fringe Event with Chris Williamson '' full audio coverage

https://billmitchell.org/blog/?p=43245

Q&A from British Labour Party Annual Conference Event, September 2017

https://billmitchell.org/blog/?p=37265

The New Keynesian fiscal rules that mislead British Labour '' Part 1

https://billmitchell.org/blog/?p=38776

The New Keynesian fiscal rules that mislead British Labour '' Part 2

https://billmitchell.org/blog/?p=38779

A summary of the meeting with John McDonnell in London

https://billmitchell.org/blog/?p=40659

The millions of us who now understand how money works Bevin stopped listening to George Galloway years ago. He is a crack pot who uses his enemies narratives and framing.

https://billmitchell.org/blog/?p=43678

I know what is going on I was in the heart of the beast and repulsed by what I saw. Attacked the SNP ever since. However, I stay true to myself and the facts and grab them by the scruff of the neck and attack them head on. Ask them to debate the issue.

I NEVER EVER use my enemies narratives and framing to do so. Galloway is a hypocrite of epic porportions.

Posted by: Derek Henry | Jun 7 2023 9:05 utc | 81

Bevin

We were the ones holding the SNP to account.

B>https://billmitchell.org/blog/?s=Scottish+independence

Oh Scotland, don't you dare! '' Part 1

https://billmitchell.org/blog/?p=39501

Oh Scotland, don't you dare! '' Part 2

https://billmitchell.org/blog/?p=39506

Using facts not our enemies narratives and framing

Posted by: Derek Henry | Jun 7 2023 9:29 utc | 82

State Department Deputy Spokesman Vedant Patel declined to comment on a December 2022 article in The Washington Post that indicated that the AFU was shelling the Kakhovka hydroelectric power station with American HIMARS multiple launch rocket systems.

Well?

Posted by: ostro | Jun 7 2023 9:29 utc | 83

bevin | Jun 7 2023 0:36 utc | 51, who addressed [email protected] 38's attempted character assassination of George Galloway. Thank you once more for contributing to my adult education, it's much appreciated. Derek stick to your tax preoccupation, but perhaps ask why money and taxes confuse modern populations rather than continually proselytise.

Biswapriya Purkayast | Jun 7 2023 1:20 utc | 55, who wrote;''Believing these ludicrous stories is a loyalty test.'' Worth repeating IMO thank you. Apparently adding my praise to both, [email protected] and [email protected] 68 (and to bevin's example I would add the periodic requirement to declare loyalty to Roman emperors/empire to bevin's example as an illustration of how old the play-book is).

Posted by: Lantern Dude | Jun 7 2023 10:32 utc | 84

Our resident MMT loon ignores the fact that Scotland has the remnants of a Central Bank inside LloydsTSB and its own two flags plus banknotes worthless outside Scotland and a tax policy to call its own

It has no foreign currency reserves and cannot use BofE reserves as collateral. It has no definition of Scottish nationality or passport eligibility

It is free to issue Non-Sterling Currency as U.K. firms can post accounts in any currency they choose but taxes are due in Sterling

I think Scots could be paid in Darien Vouchers

Posted by: Paul Greenwood | Jun 7 2023 11:28 utc | 86

Bevin ,

Did you know ??????

The Scottish consolidated fund doesn't really exist - not in the way that the Northern Irish one does. As ever it's a Gordon Brown illusion.

Section 64(8) of the Scotland Act 1998 states:

"The Fund shall be held with the Paymaster General", which essentially means that it is just a departmental budget account like the one DEFRA uses and which is held,these days, with the Government Banking Service.

Similarly section 64(2) states:

"The Secretary of State shall from time to time make payments into the Fund out of money provided byParliament of such amounts as he may determine." - which means that Scotland only has access to funding that the Secretary of State has specifically allocated to the Scottish Parliament.

Strictly speaking Scottish Ministers only have the right to set a Scottish income tax rate, but any income that is raised goes into the UK Consolidated Fund not the Scottish Consolidated fund - as required by the Exchequer and Audit Departments Act of 1866.

"Other" taxes Scotland collects have to be transferred to the Scottish Consolidated Fund, However, HM Treasury can 'designate' those receipts - requiring them to be paid back to the UK Exchequer.

Which means Scotland runs much like the BBC. The BBC is actually funded by a grant-in-aid, but also has a job to collect tax on behalf of the UK government.

The Scottish parliament is much the same, except that the Scottish parliament can increase and decrease the taxation abit.

A sufficiently wily UK chancellor could simply starve Scotland of spending capacity if they wanted to - without even having to change the law - assuming they could withstand the political stink. Which they have been doing for over a decade now.

However,if the Scottish Parliament and the UK Parliament were of the same political party then it would be straightforward to re-centralise.

The agreement at present is that HMRC essentially guesses what the amount of Scottish income tax has been collected, tells HM Treasury and HM Treasury then marks up the Scottish Consolidated Fund with that amount to cover what is known under the Fiscal Framework as 'assigned taxes'.

They guess because they can't measure it as both Scottish government spending and tax collection flows across borders into the rest of the UK and ROW. Scottish government spending leaks out of Scotland into England -because of the trade deficit with England. The Barnett formula puts that back, and the requirement for a quasi balanced budget in Scotlandensures that circulation can't get too far out of whack.

If Scotland ever started running a budget surplus, then the Barnett formula would be cut back, or Treasury would start designating further receipts.

This is the VERY IMPORTANT part. ALL income taxes collected throughout the UK end up in the UK consolidated fund. The UK consolidated fund gets reset to zero every night of the week. So it starts with a zero balance for the next working day.

https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=7JJJcB3X3ag&pp=ygUkYWNjb3VudGluZyBtb2RlbCBvZiB0aGUgdWsgZXhjaGVxdWVy

What does this mean ?

The taxes are lost forever gone vanished. It is impossible and no accounting exists that allows taxes to be respent back into the economy.

They ISSUE -----> Then COLLECT -----> Then DESTROY what they collected. Like a football or concert ticket.

How many voters know that. Did you know that Bevin?

They don't know it because they never looked. Instead like George Galloway they shout and wave ideologically driven placards around.

It's disgusting bordering on insanity !

Posted by: Derek Henry | Jun 7 2023 11:29 utc | 87

Archivist @41

Indeed. Both options are pretty bad and of the two the second scenario is worse, at least in my eyes.

It is very very difficult to get Germans to look at things this way given the way the mainstream media marches in lockstep to protect the sacred narrative.

As a Brit I have much more leeway to commit 'thought crime'here. Sad.

However the American media for all it's faults is less under control than the UK or Germany where no dissent is tolerated. God bless Seymour Hersch.

Posted by: Judge Barbier | Jun 7 2023 11:52 utc | 88

Bevin,

The only difference between us and them is we switch our TV's and internet off and shred newspapers and magazines.

Instead we go and take a look and study what actually happens. The balance sheets , the assets and liabilities.

https://gimms.org.uk/2021/02/21/an-accounting-model-of-the-uk-exchequer/

That cuts right through the ideological drivel and allows us to see their gold standard, fixed exchange rate BS from a million miles away.

That's the difference.

Posted by: Derek Henry | Jun 7 2023 12:02 utc | 89

"...It's disgusting bordering on insanity !" Derek [email protected]

Indeed.

Posted by: bevin | Jun 7 2023 13:27 utc | 90

From Grayzone; The M/s Baltic Explorer went to the NS blast position,with a special robotvehicle and find that special diver's boot, maybe belonging to a US diver.The Swedish investiga-tors missed it,The Good News it is the Swedish police! Unprofessional performance, and 1 boot on the bottom is better than 10 boots on the shore.US is the culprit.

Posted by: Reader | Jun 7 2023 14:17 utc | 91

Link to Article

Archived Version

Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:30

Three months before saboteurs bombed the Nord Stream natural gas pipeline, the Biden administration learned from a close ally that the Ukrainian military had planned a covert attack on the undersea network, using a small team of divers who reported directly to the commander in chief of the Ukrainian armed forces.

Details about the plan, which have not been previously reported, were collected by a European intelligence service and shared with the CIA in June 2022. They provide some of the most specific evidence to date linking the government of Ukraine to the eventual attack in the Baltic Sea, which U.S. and Western officials have called a brazen and dangerous act of sabotage on Europe's energy infrastructure.

The European intelligence report was shared on the chat platform Discord, allegedly by Air National Guard member Jack Teixeira. The Washington Post obtained a copy from one of Teixeira's online friends.

The intelligence report was based on information obtained from an individual in Ukraine. The source's information could not immediately be corroborated, but the CIA shared the report with Germany and other European countries last June, according to multiple officials familiar with the matter, who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss sensitive intelligence operations and diplomatic discussions.

The highly specific details, which include numbers of operatives and methods of attack, show that for nearly a year, Western allies have had a basis to suspect Kyiv in the sabotage. That assessment has only strengthened in recent months as German law enforcement investigators uncovered evidence about the bombing that bears striking similarities to what the European service said Ukraine was planning.

Officials in multiple countries confirmed that the intelligence summary posted on Discord accurately stated what the European service told the CIA. The Post agreed to withhold the name of the European country as well as some aspects of the suspected plan at the request of government officials, who said exposing the information would threaten sources and operations.

Ukrainian officials, who have previously denied the country was involved in the Nord Stream attack, did not respond to requests for comment.

The White House declined to comment on a detailed set of questions about the European report and the alleged Ukrainian military plot, including whether U.S. officials tried to stop the mission from proceeding.

The CIA also declined to comment.

On Sept. 26, three underwater explosions caused massive leaks on the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines, leaving only one of the four gas links in the network intact. Some Biden administration officials initially suggested that Russia was to blame for what President Biden called ''a deliberate act of sabotage,'' promising that the United States would work with its allies ''to get to the bottom of exactly what ... happened.'' With winter approaching, it appeared the Kremlin might have intended to strangle the flow of energy, an act of ''blackmail,'' some leaders said, designed to intimidate European countries into withdrawing their financial and military support for Ukraine, and refraining from further sanctions.

Zelensky, in private, pushed for bold attacks inside Russia, leak shows

Biden administration officials now privately concede there is no evidence that conclusively points to Moscow's involvement. But publicly they have deflected questions about who might be responsible. European officials in several countries have quietly suggested that Ukraine was behind the attack but have resisted publicly saying so over fears that blaming Kyiv could fracture the alliance against Russia. At gatherings of European and NATO policymakers, officials have settled into a rhythm; as one senior European diplomat said recently, ''Don't talk about Nord Stream.''

The European intelligence made clear that the would-be attackers were not rogue operatives. All those involved reported directly to Gen. Valery Zaluzhny, Ukraine's highest-ranking military officer, who was put in charge so that the nation's president, Volodymyr Zelensky, wouldn't know about the operation, the intelligence report said.

Keeping Zelensky out of the loop would have given the Ukrainian leader a plausible way to deny involvement in an audacious attack on civilian infrastructure that could ignite public outrage and jeopardize Western support for Ukraine '-- particularly in Germany, which before the war got half its natural gas from Russia and had long championed the Nord Stream project in the face of opposition from other European allies.

While Gazprom, the Russian state-owned gas conglomerate, owns 51 percent of Nord Stream, Western energy companies, including from Germany, France and the Netherlands, are partners and invested billions in the pipelines. Ukraine had long complained that Nord Stream would allow Russia to bypass Ukrainian pipes, depriving Kyiv of huge transit revenue.

The intelligence summary says that the Ukrainian military operation was ''put on hold,'' for reasons that remain unclear. The Ukrainians had planned to attack the pipeline on the heels of a major allied naval exercise, known as BALTOPS, that ran from June 5 to 17, 2022, according to the report.

But according to German law enforcement officials investigating September's Nord Stream bombing, key details emerging of that operation line up with the earlier plot.

For instance, the Ukrainian individual who informed the European intelligence service in June said that six members of Ukraine's special operations forces using false identities intended to rent a boat and, using a submersible vehicle, dive to the floor of the Baltic Sea and then damage or destroy the pipeline and escape undetected. In addition to oxygen, the team planned to bring helium, which is recommended for especially deep dives.

German investigators now believe that six individuals using fake passports rented a sailing yacht in September, embarked from Germany and planted explosives that severed the pipelines, according to officials familiar with that investigation. They believe the operatives were skilled divers, given that the explosives were planted at a depth of about 240 feet, in the range that experts say helium would be helpful for maintaining mental focus.

Investigators have matched explosive residue found on the pipeline to traces found inside the cabin of the yacht, called Andromeda. And they have linked Ukrainian individuals to the rental of the boat via an apparent front company in Poland. Investigators also suspect that at least one individual who serves in the Ukrainian military was involved in the sabotage operation.

A collaboration of German media organizations previously reported the suspected involvement of the Ukrainian military service member.

IAEA chief pushes plan to secure nuclear plant in Ukraine

The June plot differs from the September attack in some respects. The European intelligence report notes that the Ukrainian operatives planned to attack the Nord Stream 1 pipeline, but it makes no mention of Nord Stream 2, a newer line. The intelligence report also says that the saboteurs would embark from a different location in Europe, not Warnem¼nde, a German port town on the Baltic, where the Andromeda was rented.

The CIA initially questioned the credibility of the information, in part because the source in Ukraine who provided the details had not yet established a track record of producing reliable information, according to officials familiar with the matter. The European service, a trusted U.S. partner, felt that the source was reliable.

But despite any reservations the CIA might have had, the agency communicated the June intelligence to counterparts in Germany and other European countries, officials said. The European service also shared it with Germany, one person said. German intelligence personnel briefed lawmakers in Berlin in late June before they left for their summer break, according to an official with knowledge of the closed-door presentation.

Officials familiar with the European report conceded that it is possible that the suspected Ukrainian plotters might have been apprised that the intelligence was shared with several countries and that they may have changed some elements of the plan.

But the report from the European intelligence service isn't the only piece of evidence pointing to Kyiv's role in the pipeline bombing.

The Post previously reported that governments investigating the explosions uncovered communications that showed pro-Ukrainian individuals or entities discussed the possibility of carrying out an attack on the Nord Stream pipelines. Those conversations took place before the attack, but were only discovered in its aftermath, when spy agencies scoured data for possible clues, a senior Western security official said.

Despite waiving Trump-era sanctions on the Russia-to-Germany natural gas pipeline as an attempt to mend fences with Berlin, the Biden administration had long harbored concerns about Nord Stream and did not shed tears over its September demise.

After months of pressure from Washington, the German government halted final authorization of Nord Stream 2 just days before Russian forces invaded Ukraine in February 2022, surprising many U.S. and European officials who had worried that Berlin would find Russia too important an energy source to sever ties. At the time of the attack, the pipeline was intact and had already been pumped full with 300 million cubic meters of natural gas to ready it for operations.

Nearly a month before the rupture, the Russian energy giant Gazprom stopped flows on Nord Stream 1, hours after the Group of Seven industrialized nations announced a forthcoming price cap on Russian oil, a move intended to put a dent in the Kremlin's treasury.

Officials have said that the cost of repairing the pipelines would run into the hundreds of millions of dollars.

While U.S. intelligence officials were initially skeptical of the European reporting, they have long been concerned about aggressive operations by Ukraine that could escalate the war into a direct conflict between Russia and the United States and its NATO allies.

In February of this year, on the eve of the war's first anniversary, Ukraine's military intelligence agency agreed, ''at Washington's request,'' to postpone planned strikes on Moscow, according to another intelligence document leaked on Discord. That incident illustrated a broader tension that has existed throughout the war: Ukraine, eager to bring the fight to Russia's home turf, is sometimes restrained by the United States.

Officials in Washington and Europe have admonished Ukraine for attacks outside its territory that they felt went too far. After a car bomb near Moscow in August killed Daria Dugina, in an attack that appeared intended for her father '-- a prominent Russian nationalist whose writing had helped shape a Kremlin narrative about Ukraine '-- Western officials said they made clear to Zelensky that they held operatives in his government responsible. The attack was seen as provocative and risked a severe Russian response, officials said.

Ukraine has persisted with strikes inside Russia, including drone strikes on an airfield and on targets in Moscow that U.S. officials have linked to Kyiv.

Samuel Oakford, Isabelle Khurshudyan, Michael Birnbaum and Greg Miller contributed to this report.

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:28

In another censorship move, YouTube has deleted several high-profile interviews with US Presidential candidate Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

Among the videos removed from the platform was an hour-and-a-half-long podcast featuring Kennedy in conversation with boxing legend Mike Tyson, as noticed by video journalist Matt Orfalea. This takedown occurred just ten days ago, following the disappearance of another RFK Jr. interview '' this time with comedian Theo Von '' from the video-sharing platform.

The two deleted interviews, both dating back to 2020, had garnered significant popularity among YouTube's vast user base. The interview conducted by Von had received almost a quarter of a million views, while Tyson's podcast with Kennedy had been viewed almost half a million times. This popularity underscores the wide reach these videos had and the potential impact of their removal.

YouTube's justification for this sudden takedown remains unclear, particularly as Kennedy is currently running for President and the videos were safely on the platform for almost three years.

The only explanation provided to viewers was a vague notification stating, ''This video has been removed for violating YouTube's Community Guidelines.'' However, this statement offers no concrete details about which specific guidelines were violated, leaving users to speculate about the exact reasons behind the removal.

Some observers are questioning whether the takedown could be related to YouTube's policy on COVID-19 misinformation. However, if this was indeed the case, the timing of the removal raises additional questions. Both interviews were initially posted during the height of the COVID-19 pandemic and remained online throughout the period, Orfalea reported. It's only now, in the wake of Kennedy's escalating 2024 Presidential campaign, that the videos have been removed.

The timing is curious and might suggest that the removal is politically motivated, though this is purely speculation. If the deletion was due to violations of YouTube's COVID-19 misinformation policy, why would it take effect long after the pandemic peak and just as Kennedy's presidential campaign is gaining momentum?

In the video, Kennedy also says he believes the CIA was involved in the assassination of his father, Robert F. Kennedy.

While we await further clarification from YouTube on its actions, these events underscore the ongoing debate around digital content censorship and the power held by tech giants. It raises questions about the transparency of their content regulation processes and the potential for the exertion of political influence.

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:28

The World Health Organization (WHO) announced it will adopt the European Union's digital Covid vaccine passport framework to create a global network of digital health certificates. What was long maligned as a conspiracy theory is coming to pass. The new initiative will be called the Global Digital Health Certification Network.

Read about the dangers of vaccine passports and how they kill civil liberties here.

The WHO said it will ''take up the European Union (EU) system of digital COVID-19 certification to establish a global system that will help facilitate global mobility and protect citizens across the world from on-going and future health threats.''

The EU's Covid vaccine certificate was enforced in July 2021 and issued to over 2.3 billion people.

In a statement, WHO's Director-General Dr. Tedros Ghebreyesus said that ''building on the EU's highly successful digital certification network, WHO aims to offer all WHO Member States access to an open-source digital health tool.''

''New digital health products in development aim to help people everywhere receive quality health services quickly and more effectively,'' he added.

The European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety, Stella Kyriakides said: ''Today is a new chapter in global cooperation on digital health. It will help to place WHO at the center of our global health architecture.''

The WHO's new initiative comes at a time when the use of vaccine passports has reduced and after the global public health organization said that Covid was no longer a public health emergency.

Critics of vaccine passports argue that they could be used to discriminate and deny people access to public services. Others view them as an invasion of privacy by equipping governments with the power to spy on people's health, as well as create a checkpoint society.

The idea of a global vaccine passport was criticized by Australian senator Alex Antic, who argued that it was ''just another conspiracy theory coming true.''

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:28

The Grayzone participated in what appears to be the first independent expedition investigating the sabotage of the Nord Stream pipelines. Near one of the blast sites, we discovered a diving boot used by US Navy divers. How did Swedish investigators miss this?Video above by Agnes Andersson

On the evening of May 24, 2023, I stood aboard a small ship called the Baltic Explorer . With sun still high overhead in the Baltic Sea, our boat sat anchored thirty-one nautical miles from the coast of Denmark, and directly above the ruptured Nord Stream 2 pipeline in the exclusive economic zone of Sweden.

For several minutes, I stared at a live video feed from an underwater drone showing never-before-seen footage of the ruptures in the pipeline. Suddenly, a strange object appeared on the screen. It was a black and orange diver's boot.

The Grayzone has identified a model which closely resembles this boot, and is used by both US Navy and commercial divers. Ukrainian Navy divers have also been seen wearing similar boots.

We have also learned that the boot's presence had been previously reported to investigators, yet they have not collected it or divulged its existence.

Video of the boot filmed by drone from the Baltic Explorer.

A new clue on the Baltic Sea floor What took place on September 26, 2022 shattered the placid atmosphere that usually prevails on the Baltic Sea. On that day, as the war in Ukraine deepened, four explosions ruptured the $23 billion Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines that carried natural gas from Russia to Europe. It was the most severe act of industrial sabotage in human history, severing the main artery for affordable energy from Russia to Germany '' cheap energy that was critical to maintaining Germany's industrial base.

Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2 each consist of two pipes. Three of them were ruptured. One line of Nord Stream 2 remains intact.

Sweden, Denmark and Germany have conducted investigations, but with the exception of an early Swedish assessment that the explosions were probably caused by '‹''gross sabotage,'' their findings have yet to publicized.

Now, more than eight months later, a new clue has been revealed in one of the most urgent geopolitical mysteries of the century.

The boot spotted on our expedition bears a striking resemblance to those worn by US Navy divers.

Ukraine's US-trained Navy divers have also been spotted using the same model, or one which is virtually identical. It should be noted, however, that boots of similar appearance appear to be commercially available as well.

Does this offer a clue about the identity of the perpetrators of the Nord Stream attack? Obviously, further investigation into the boot's provenance is required, but its location and brand appear to be significant.

In late May, Swedish engineer Erik Andersson obtained access to blast sites along both the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines, in both the exclusive economic zones of Sweden and Denmark. In the course of our expedition to the blast sites, The Grayzone has obtained sonar images and underwater drone images and videos that have never been seen by the public before.

Swedish and Danish maritime authorities were notified about the expedition. As a precautionary measure, the organizer of the expedition filed an application with the Swedish Defense Authority for permission to publish the expedition's never-before-seen high-resolution sonar images.

Fig. 1. The path of the Baltic Explorer, the expedition's boat. The red symbols indicate the Nord Stream blast sites. Source: MarineTraffic. The boot was spotted approximately five meters from the small leak site in the Nord Stream 2 pipeline in the Swedish exclusive economic zone. It was a few minutes before 7:00 p.m on May 24, 2023 when our expedition's underwater drone caught sight of it.

Fig. 2 The boot spotted by the expedition's drone. It is unknown for how long the boot had been exposed on the seafloor (as seen in Fig. 2). Andersson, the organizer of the expedition, believes it is possible the boot was previously covered by sediment or mud which may have been moved by underwater currents or the blasts. Otherwise, it is unclear how investigators could have missed it.

The boot closely resembles the Thor diver overboot produced by Northern Diver, a British company whose products are produced in China.

''This looks like a Thor overboot,'' Neil Tordoff, the military and commercial sales director at Northern Diver, stated after viewing a photo of the boot sent by The Grayzone . ''I can't be 100% sure.''

Tordoff said Northern Diver no longer manufactures this boot due to disruptions in production brought on by the Covid-19 pandemic.

''If it's the Thor over boot, this was used and is still used in the oil and gas industry for divers. It's part of a dry-diving suit that would normally be used in contaminated water to keep the diver safe,'' Tordoff explained.

''This item is used worldwide,'' he added.

The owner of the boot may have been a diver who lost it while planting the bombs. Alternatively, the boot may belong to a diver ordered back to the crime scene to retrieve the unexploded charge meant for the intact line of Nord Stream 2 '' a theory proposed by Seymour Hersh . Or perhaps it belonged to a commercial diver.

Fig. 3. A US Navy diver wearing the boots in a training exercise. The organizer of the expedition, Andersson, contacted the Nord Stream 2 AG company (NS2 AG) to inquire about the boot. A representative of the company confirmed the presence of the object.

''I had a long conversation [with NS2 AG on May 30],'' Andersson explained. They ''clearly deny that there had ever been any diving for construction or pipe maintenance in the area.''

Andersson was also told by NS2 AG that the company had ''discovered the boot in February and reported it to the Swedish investigators.''

Fig. 4. A close-up of the US Navy diver boot (left) and the boot spotted on the expedition (right). The HMS Belos , a submarine rescue and diving vessel of the Swedish navy, scoured the leak sites in October 2022. For more than eight hours, on two separate days, in early and then late October, the ship sat stationary over the location where the boot was spotted.

Why have the Swedish investigators neglected to collect the boot or even mention it in any of their public statements? At the time of publication, The Grayzone has received no response to an email requesting clarification from them.

A source in contact with The Grayzone spoke with a Belos diver who denied that the boot had been worn by any of their divers. The diver reportedly said it is possible that its wearer might not have noticed its absence.

A Belos diver involved in the Swedish investigation and NS2 AG representatives maintain they played no role in the boot's appearance.

Who bombed Nord Stream? This February, veteran investigative journalist Seymour Hersh cited a '' a source with direct knowledge of the operational planning'' of a covert operation conducted by the CIA in partnership with Norway, a key NATO partner state, to destroy the Nord Stream pipelines. A handful of self-described open-source intelligence (OSINT) researchers claimed to have ''debunked'' the revelations in Hersh's report, but it's since become apparent that some of the claims initially made by OSINT researchers may have been exaggerated .

Sweden's Expressen reported in May 2023 that the relevance of the observed Russian vessels had been ''dismissed,'' and is ''no longer considered interesting for the German investigators.'' According to Expressen, the ships' ''positions have been mapped and the conclusion must be that they have not been in such a place that they could have carried out the deed.''

For now, German investigators seem to be focused on the Andromeda , a private yacht which they suspect was rented by a small team of pro-Ukrainian militants to transport explosives to the Nord Stream pipelines.

Through our expedition to the sites of the Nord Stream pipelines attack, The Grayzone has obtained images and videos that have never been seen by the public. The sonar images and underwater drone videos and images may offer insight into the amount of explosives used in the sabotage and their placement.

For now, we are left to wonder why Swedish investigators have yet to publicly demonstrate any interest in a boot found close to a Nord Stream blast site. It remains to be seen whether the item might offer a clue into the identity of the attack's perpetrators.

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:21

Media | Chris Licht Is Out at CNN, Ending a Brief and Chaotic Run https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/07/business/media/chris-licht-cnn.htmlMr. Licht's turbulent time running the network lasted slightly more than a year.

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CNN's ratings plummeted during Chris Licht's time as chief executive of the network. Credit... Vincent Tullo for The New York Times June 7, 2023 Updated 10:02 a.m. ET

Chris Licht, the former television producer who oversaw a brief and chaotic run as the chairman of CNN, is out at the network.

David Zaslav, the chief executive of CNN's parent, Warner Bros. Discovery, informed staff on Wednesday morning that he had met with Mr. Licht and that he was leaving, effective immediately.

Mr. Licht's 13-month run at CNN was marked by one controversy after another. He got off to a bumpy start even before he had officially started when he oversaw the shuttering of the costly CNN+ streaming service at the request of its network's new owners, who were skeptical about a stand-alone digital product. The cuts resulted in scores of layoffs.

''For a number of reasons things didn't work out, and that's unfortunate,'' Mr. Zaslav said, according to a recording of his remarks. ''It's really unfortunate, and ultimately that's on me. And I take full responsibility for that.''

''This job was never going to be easy, especially at a time of great disruption and transformation,'' he continued. ''Chris poured his heart and soul into this job. Like all of you, he was in the line of fire and he's taken a lot of hits. We appreciate his efforts, his passion, his love for journalism, and his love for this business.''

Mr. Zaslav said that an interim group of leaders '-- the CNN veterans Amy Entelis, Virginia Moseley and Eric Sherling, as well as the newly appointed chief operating officer, David Leavy '-- would take over before a permanent leader was installed. He said the process could take several months.

Mr. Licht's departure represents a dramatic fall not long after he departed as an executive producer of Stephen Colbert's top-rated late night show and vowed to bring a middle-of-the-road balance to CNN's journalism. When Mr. Licht took the job, he told friends it was a ''calling.''

The job would prove much more difficult. Ratings plummeted during Mr. Licht's management and a series of programming miscues '-- including an ill-fated morning show co-anchored by Don Lemon, as well as organizing a town hall featuring former President Donald J. Trump that was subject to withering criticism '-- did little to shore up support with his colleagues.

Things deteriorated last week when The Atlantic published a 15,000-word profile extensively documenting Mr. Licht's stormy tenure, including criticism of the network's pandemic coverage that rankled the network's rank-and-file.

Further worsening matters was CNN's financial performance. The network generated $750 million in profit last year, including one-time losses from the CNN+ streaming service, down from $1.25 billion the year before.

Mr. Licht's abrupt departure represents the latest hit in a tumultuous era for the network.

In December 2021, the prime-time anchor Chris Cuomo was fired amid an ethics scandal involving his brother, the former Gov. Andrew Cuomo of New York. Two months later, the network's longtime chief executive, Jeff Zucker, was let go for failing to disclose a relationship with a colleague, the senior executive Allison Gollust, who was likewise pushed out within weeks of Mr. Zucker's departure.

It did not help matters for Mr. Licht that Mr. Zucker enjoyed wide loyalty from top anchors as well as rank-and-file workers, even after his exit. Once employees began souring on Mr. Licht, Mr. Zucker turned into a quasi-grievance switchboard for frustrated staff members.

Puck earlier reported that Mr. Licht was leaving CNN.

This is a developing story. Check back for updates.

John Koblin covers the television industry. He is the co-author of ''It's Not TV: The Spectacular Rise, Revolution, and Future of HBO.'' @ koblin

Benjamin Mullin is a media reporter for The Times, covering the major companies behind news and entertainment. @ benmullin

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 12:52

This coverage is made possible through a partnership with Grist and WABE, Atlanta's NPR station.

The first new nuclear reactor built in the United States in more than 40 years is now up and running in Waynesboro, Georgia. After more than a decade of construction and spiraling costs, Plant Vogtle Unit Three, the first of two new reactors at the site, started producing power at its full capacity in May. It's expected to come online this month after a final round of tests.

The completion of the new reactors is a major milestone not just for the long-delayed project but for nuclear energy in the United States. The new units at Plant Vogtle were the first nuclear construction approved in decades and are the country's only new reactors in progress.

Once seen as the future of U.S. nuclear, the story of Vogtle has gotten more complicated as construction has stretched over a decade and costs have continued to climb. Its narrative is still about the promise of carbon-free energy, but it's also a cautionary tale.

''In a rational world, this would be the last nuclear power project that would be built in the United States,'' said University of British Columbia physicist and nuclear skeptic M.V. Ramana.

When the Nuclear Regulatory Commission approved the Vogtle construction in 2012, the project was hailed as the dawn of a new nuclear age.

''The resurgence of America's nuclear industry starts here in Georgia, where you've just got approval for the first time in three decades to build new nuclear reactors,'' then-Energy Secretary Stephen Chu told workers at the plant as construction got underway.

In the intervening decade, the climate crisis has accelerated and the need to decarbonize has become ever more urgent, making nuclear power more appealing. Since renewable energy sources are often intermittent '-- relying on the sun shining or the wind blowing '-- many see nuclear plants as an important complementary source of power. Each Vogtle reactor can generate enough electricity to power half a million homes without burning fossil fuels.

''As we're closing coal plants, we have to replace them with something,'' said Georgia Public Service Commissioner Tim Echols.

That switch can make a big dent in climate-warming emissions. Once both units come online, Georgia's overall carbon emissions from electricity generation are expected to drop by 5 to 10 percent, according to Georgia Tech professor Marilyn Brown, who tracks the state's emissions.

''That's a big number,'' she said.

But throughout its decade of construction, the project has also been plagued by cascading delays and climbing costs. The first reactor was scheduled to come online in 2016; it's hitting that milestone seven years later. The total price tag has more than doubled '-- to more than $30 billion.

Now, utilities are looking for nuclear projects that would have a more reliable cost and schedule, said John Kotek of the Nuclear Energy Institute in Washington, D.C. They're focusing on smaller reactors that would generate hundreds of megawatts, instead of thousands like the Vogtle reactors.

The Tennessee Valley Authority, the corporation created by New Deal legislation that manages the Tennessee River and provides electricity to Tennessee and surrounding states, has announced plans to build several of these small modular reactors, he said, while Duke Energy, Dominion Energy, Rocky Mountain Power, and PacifiCor, have included new nuclear energy in their future plans.

''Part of the motivation for the small modular reactors here in the US is that they come with a lower price tag,'' Kotek said. ''They're just physically smaller machines that cost less to build. They'll take less time to get into operation.''

But critics say that was the promise of Vogtle, too: that it would be a new kind of reactor that's cheaper and faster to build. Ramana said there's no reason to think small modular reactors will be different.

''The lesson I think we should learn from this is: What works on the computer doesn't work in the real world,'' he said.

The Plant Vogtle reactors are a design called AP1000, which developer Westinghouse said could be built cheaper and faster thanks in part to modular construction, relying on factory-made components instead of building from scratch on site. But the cost estimate jumped immediately when it came time to actually build, Ramana said, and only climbed from there. All of this was predictable, he said, because similar issues have plagued most other nuclear projects.

In fact, it was predicted at the time. The Public Interest Advocacy staff of the Georgia Public Service Commission warned back in 2008 that the costs could skyrocket. They advocated for a risk-sharing mechanism to incentivize Georgia Power to keep the construction costs down and opposed plans to bill customers for the Vogtle construction while it was underway.

Both proposals failed. Thanks to a 2009 state law, Georgia Power ratepayers are billed a monthly Nuclear Construction Cost Recovery fee. They will begin paying an additional monthly charge when each of the new Plant Vogtle units come online.

''It's absolutely nonsensical that they are going to have to bear the burden of this gamble with this kind of technology,'' said Jennifer Whitfield, a senior attorney with the Southern Environmental Law Center.

Instead of the risk-sharing idea, the Public Service Commission has the ability to review Plant Vogtle costs and exclude any it deems imprudent. Advocates are gearing up for a fight over whether Plant Vogtle's ever-rising price tag is prudent, once both new reactors are online.

Going forward, Whitfield said there are more cost-effective ways to decarbonize, such as energy efficiency improvements and solar, which is now cheaper than gas, coal, and nuclear.

Proponents see nuclear as a necessary complement to those other renewables, providing what's known as baseload power all the time '-- instead of only when the sun is shining or the wind is blowing. But that's old-fashioned thinking, Ramana said.

''They just want to have coal plants without coal,'' he said. ''We'll never solve the climate problem that way.''

Instead, Ramana said, it will require rethinking how we manage the energy grid.

''There's not going to be a silver-bullet solution,'' he said.

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 22:35

If one scrolls through Ethos' Instagram profile, it reads like any other high-end restaurant's feed: A buffet of caviar-coated sashimi, syrup-coated foie gras stacked over waffles, and FOMO-inducing stories from events like Hot Luck (where they happily welcomed celebrities like Eric Wareheim to sample some of their finest dishes). Try to look up its location or hours in Austin, though, and things begin to feel fishy.

First, they promise to reveal an address upon reservation'--but you'd have to secure it at 4 a.m. on the first Monday of the month. Although jumping through gastronomic hoops is not unheard of these days, proof of Ethos' presence is conspicuously absent from any foodie influence's account. How could Jane Ko and Austin Eater deny us an exclusive sneak peek? In a digital age drowning in content, it feels impossible that a food blogger's dream destination could be so underexposed.

There's also the captions and error-free copy that reads like a textbook example of PR speak. Ethos' posts are engaging without being controversial. They're not littered with buzzwords or hashtags to curry favor with the algorithm. One such post from the Chili Con Carnival (a nod to a rather horrific South Park episode where Cartman feeds his parents to a bully) is frankly disorienting, as everyone gathered in its Hill Country field look as if GQ controlled the Texas gene pool.

On the dishes themselves, there are no out-of-place components or leftover sauces smudging any of the plates. Take a second look at its staff photos, and you might even catch a sixth digit on one of the server's hands. Could these be clues to an A.I.-driven restaurant with catfishing posts? If so, who is behind it'--and why?

Messaging them about their origin, the team responded: ''The vision for Ethos begun with a group of passionate food enthusiasts who aimed to establish a unique dining experience that celebrated the rich diversity of culinary traditions.'' It's a lovely mission statement that offers no real insight'--yet mirrors something straight out of the ''chef-driven restaurant'' playbook. Attempts to obtain more concrete info were met with more deflecting subterfuge: ''We discovered location/locations that captured the essence of Ethos.''

Not surprisingly, the account is a hit with local chefs and restaurants. Michael Carranza (Texas Sushiko, Tare) comments that ''it's a playful version of what's to come.'' While the team behind Teal House Bakery adds: ''They're hilarious.'' Besides Carranza's educated guess that someone from the Emmer & Rye Hospitality Group could be behind the satirical account, there's no public consensus.

Based solely on the ''Good Barry Burger'' post on May 17, it would be safe to credit the crown prince of pop-up burgers, Matthew Bolick (Bad Larry Burger Club, Better Half Coffee & Cocktails). Resting on a dirt bike, ''Good Barry'' resembles The Bear's Jeremy Allen White in his effortlessly cool white tank top. In true Bizarro World fashion, the adjoining caption recounts book raffles and jamming out to Christian rock tunes.

Even if we never get a solid answer concerning the puppet master behind Ethos, its message is clear: We're in the midst of a culinary moment rife for parody. Does it matter if the concept never exists beyond social media? In a way, Ethos is a modern version of the famous ''tree falling in the woods'' philosophical thought experiment. If the best restaurant in Austin opens up, and nobody can get a table, does it even exist?

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 21:56

Europe | Russian-Controlled Dam Risks Flooding in Southern Ukraine https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/17/world/europe/dam-flood-ukraine-kakhovka.htmlThe development is a dramatic turnabout after the reservoir had reached a historic low. The dam, which lies along the front line, has been a point of tension throughout the war.

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A satellite image captured on May 3 showed water cresting over the top of the Kakhovka dam. Credit... Planet Labs Water levels at a reservoir that supplies southern Ukraine with drinking water have reached a 30-year high, increasing the possibility of flooding in the area and signaling a lack of regulation. The sudden increase in levels at the Kakhovka reservoir appears in altimetry data '-- which uses satellites to measure height '-- published on Friday by Theia, a French earth data provider.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Foreign Agricultural Service has not recorded water levels that high at the dam since at least 1992, when the service began publishing data. Russian forces control the dam and the nearby power plant, which are vital to managing water levels in the reservoir.

A New York Times analysis of satellite imagery over a period of several months also showed that the water level has risen significantly, and now covers sandbars that line the waterway. In recent days, the reservoir has reached more concerning levels, appearing to actually crest over the top of the dam.

The development is a dramatic turnabout, coming only a few months after water levels in the reservoir had reached a historic low. At the time, Ukrainian officials raised concerns about a lack of water for drinking, agriculture and the cooling of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant nearby. By the end of February, the water level was sitting at nearly two meters below its usual average.

Recent videos and satellite imagery from late last year show that at least three of the gates that control the flow of water through the dam were opened '-- apparently by Russian forces in control of the Kakhovka power plant. That, in turn, allowed water to rush through at an alarming rate over the winter, despite relatively little water entering the reservoir from upstream.

It is unclear exactly how the water level rose so significantly since then. But David Helms, a former U.S. Air Force and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration meteorologist who researches the dam, said that Russian forces seem to have kept too few gates open to control the flow of winter snowmelt and spring rains. Likening the effect to a leaky bucket, Mr. Helms said that too much water has been entering the reservoir.

''What the river is doing is dumping a lot of water in,'' Mr. Helms said. ''And it's far exceeding the discharge rate.''

The dam, which lies along the front line, has been a point of tension throughout the war. In August, a Ukrainian artillery strike targeted a bridge along the dam, though the dam avoided sustaining any damage. Then, in November, Russian forces deliberately destroyed part of the road directly above the dam's gates, carrying out an explosion dangerously close to vital dam infrastructure.

Haley Willis is a journalist with the Visual Investigations team. She has shared in two Pulitzer Prizes for investigations into the U.S. military's dismissal of civilian casualty claims and police killings during traffic stops. @ heytherehaley

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 21:53

Another bit of bad news for downtown San Francisco arrived Monday morning with the revelation that the investment firm that owns the Hilton San Francisco Union Square and Parc 55 hotels is walking away from its debts and giving up hope on a return of SF's convention market.

Virginia-based REIT Park Hotels & Resorts has opted to cease payments on a $725 million loan, as the SF Business Times reports today, essentially surrendering over 2,900 hotel rooms and hospitality facilities to its lender. This includes the 1,921-room Hilton San Francisco Union Square, which is San Francisco's largest hotel, occupying an entire city block, and one of the country's largest hotels outside of Las Vegas.

Park Hotels & Resorts is also giving up on the 1,024-room Parc 55, citing the continued debt burden of the two hotels on its portfolio, and multiple factors that have made the SF market less desirable for their business.

"After much thought and consideration, we believe it is in the best interest for Park's stockholders to materially reduce our current exposure to the San Francisco market," said Park Hotels CEO Thomas J. Baltimore in a statement. "Now more than ever, we believe San Francisco's path to recovery remains clouded and elongated by major challenges, both old and new: record high office vacancy; concerns over street conditions; lower return to office than peer cities; and a weaker than expected citywide convention calendar through 2027 that will negatively impact business and leisure demand."

As the Business Times notes, this marks a shift from three months ago, when Baltimore and another hotel group CEO visited personally with Mayor London Breed and expressed some optimism about the future of the business travel market.

The two hotels, as appraised in 2016 for the current loan, were worth a combined $1.56 billion. So it's a significant move that Park Hotels would walk away from debt that is less than half that amount '-- and as one analyst tells the Business Times, "it says that they are not optimistic that the business travel or convention and meetings business is going to return soon to downtown San Francisco."

Part of the economics of SF hotels, the Business Times notes, is the historic competition between leisure tourism and business travelers, especially the previously robust convention schedule, which meant lower vacancy rates throughout the year and higher-than-average room rates.

This also seems to point to the possibility that room rates will slide as well.

Hotels across the city have been changing hands with some frequency in the last decade, and the latest news does not mean that the Hilton or the Parc 55 will necessarily close.

JPMorgan Chase, which recently took over SF-based First Republic Bank, will become the new owner of the hotels and may now seek out a buyer at a fire-sale price.

Last week, SF Travel, the city's tourism outfit, launched a new ad campaign aimed at reviving the city's image in the minds of convention-planners, specifically.

Less than a decade ago, San Francisco enjoyed one of the highest hotel occupancy rates in the country, hovering around 84% in 2015. That slid in the next few years and tanked in the pandemic, but SF Travel said occupancy was back up to 62% in 2022 '-- which is similar to what it was around the dot-com bust two decades ago.

The agency noted that 35 events scheduled at the Moscone Center this year are set to account for 700,000 room-nights at hotels.

Previously: SF Tourism Board Launches New Ad Campaign to Sell City as Still Quirky and Fun

Photo via Trip Advisor/Hilton

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 21:33

Jack Fire and Pride go together like cinnamon and whiskey.

Jack Daniel's Tennessee Fire is dedicated to supporting the LGBTQ community year-round through representation in media we produce, nurturing a diverse and inclusive business , and partnerships and donations to GLAAD .

Jack Daniel's Country Cocktails celebrated the community's diversity and individuality with a first-ever projection mapping showtruck that exhibited an interactive art project for individuals to participate and contribute.

Smooth Like Jack with a Fiery Finish Our Tennessee Fire blends warm cinnamon liqueur with the bold character of Jack Daniel's Old No. 7 for a classic spirit with a surprisingly smooth finish.

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 19:24

The Republican presidential candidate explained that the only way to prevent war was to ''send a message'' by fighting one

Allowing Ukraine to lose to Russia on the battlefield will unleash world war, according to US Republican presidential candidate Nikki Haley. The former South Carolina governor told a town hall audience in Iowa on Sunday that arming Kiev was all about ''preventing war'' by ''sending a message'' to America's rivals.

''When Ukraine wins, that sends a message to China with Taiwan, it sends a message to Iran that wants to build a bomb, it sends a message to North Korea testing ballistic missiles, it sends a message to Russia that it's over.''

''It is in the best interests of America, it is in the best interests of our national security for Ukraine to win. We have to see this through, we have to finish it,'' Haley declared.

Regarding how the war might finish, Haley was less forthcoming. ''It would end in a day if Russia would pull out," she suggested. ''If Ukraine pulls out, then we're all looking at world war.'' To prevent that, she explained, Kiev needed weapons '' lots of them.

''A win for Ukraine is a win for all of us, because tyrants tell us exactly what they're gonna do,'' Haley continued, claiming ''Russia said Poland and the Baltics are next,'' should Ukraine fall. ''If that happens, we're looking at a world war,'' she repeated.

While much has been written about the possibility of a Russian invasion of Poland or the Baltic states, even most US experts admit these are unlikely. Invading any of those countries would trigger Article 5, NATO's mutual-defense clause, turning a conflict many have described as a proxy war between Moscow and Brussels into a direct war between nuclear powers.

Haley has been quick to set herself apart on foreign policy matters from Republican frontrunner Donald Trump, who quipped earlier this year that it was the US, not Russia, that needed regime change, and from challenger Ron DeSantis, who downplayed the conflict in Ukraine as a ''territorial dispute.''

During the town hall, she again scoffed at the notion of remaining neutral in the conflict, insisting ''This is a war about freedom and it's one we have to win.''

While Haley served as US ambassador to the United Nations under Trump, she made no secret of her interventionist leanings, even announcing an unexpected round of sanctions against Russia that the White House then had to retract. She has urged the Biden administration to give in to Ukrainian President Vladimir Zelensky's demands for F-16 fighter jets for months and impose even more sanctions, insisting Washington is too soft on Moscow.

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 19:11

Jamie Dettmer is opinion editor at POLITICO Europe.

Ukraine is on the cusp of what may well prove to be one of the two key battles of the war that was unleashed on it by Russia.

The first was Ukraine's successful defense of Kyiv over a year ago. Russia had a plan, but it was badly executed '-- Ukraine didn't have much of one and, greatly assisted by Western-supplied Javelin and NLAW anti-tank missiles, winged it. Eventually, Russia's overly cocky and poorly commanded forces were outmaneuvered by the agility, bravery and improvisational skills of Ukraine's forces.

We are now likely in the opening gambits of the second crucial battle, as Ukraine's much anticipated counteroffensive in the east of the country appears imminent '-- if not already underway. However, officials in Kyiv still worry about whether they've enough of all they need to strike hard and deep.

Speaking at the weekend, the deputy head of Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy's office Ihor Zhovkva told the Sunday Times, ''if you want to start a successful counter-offensive you need everything at your disposal, including artillery, armoured vehicles and tanks, so probably we don't have enough.''

Nonetheless, Zelenskyy himself said Friday that he was now ready to launch the counteroffensive, but he also sought to temper expectations, saying the battlefield struggle ahead would take some time and come at heavy cost. And to some eyes, the opening moves appeared to be starting as this article was written.

The Ukrainian leader must feel akin to former United States President Dwight Eisenhower on the eve of D-Day. ''The eyes of the world are upon you,'' Eisenhower wrote in a famous letter sent to troops before the assault. ''We will accept nothing less than full victory! Good Luck!'' But he also drafted another in case of failure, preemptively writing, ''The troops, the air and the Navy did all that Bravery and devotion to duty could do. If any blame or fault attaches to the attempt it is mine alone.'' The letter never had to be sent.

Today, on the eve of battle, 79 years on from when Eisenhower drafted his D-Day messages, Ukraine and Russia are both still doing all they can to disrupt and deceive each other, with drone and missile strikes on both military and civilian targets.

Russia's relentless aerial attacks on Kyiv over the last four weeks '-- involving 400 Iranian Shahed drones and 114 cruise missiles '-- have been aimed at trying to psych Ukrainians out. Shifting away from targeting the country's energy grid, Russia's been focused on Ukrainian command, as well as their decision-making centers and logistical hubs, and on Sunday, Russian missiles struck an air force base in central Ukraine.

''Their primary goal is to stop our counteroffensive,'' Ukraine's Deputy Defense Minister Volodymyr Havrylov told a security conference in Singapore.

The eyes of the world are on Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy | Sergei Supinsky/AFP via Getty ImagesLikewise, Ukraine has been doing its utmost to cause disorder and to disturb its foes not only with drones and shelling but also with increasingly audacious sabotage missions '-- both behind enemy lines in occupied Ukraine and inside Russia '-- deploying apparently covert agents and Russian rebels grouped together in the Freedom of Russia Legion and the Russian Volunteer Corps.

These incursions in the Belgorod region on the border with Ukraine are showing just how vulnerable Russia's borders are. But along with the cross-border shelling that's seen Shebekino and Volokonovksky hit with hundreds of artillery rounds in recent days, they also have a dual function: Bringing the war home to the Russians '-- much as the recent drone attacks on Moscow have been doing '-- while potentially also cajoling Russia into moving some troops deployed along the front lines in order to contain the long-awaited counteroffensive.

The fighting in Belgorod is aggravating the political infighting in Russia as well, with Yevgeny Prigozhin '-- the murderous leader of the Wagner paramilitary group '-- announcing Saturday he was ready to send his mercenaries to defend the border region. ''If the Ministry of Defense does not stop what is happening in the Belgorod region ['...] where Russian territory is, in fact, being captured, then obviously we will arrive,'' he said in an audio message. Prigozhin added that he wouldn't wait for official authorization, stating, ''the only thing we'll be asking for is ammunition, so that we don't arrive, as we say back home, bare arsed in the cold.''

These incursions, which Kyiv denies having any hand in, are a mocking echo of Russia's supposedly deniable ''little green men,'' deployed in Crimea and the Donbas in 2014 to spearhead annexation and land grab. But, ultimately, much like the drone attacks, missile strikes and artillery bombardments conducted by both sides, they are mere sideshows '-- albeit important ones if they manage to trick Russia into looking the wrong way and misjudging where the counteroffensive's main thrust will come from.

And that's a question Ukraine's doing its best to avoid answering ahead of the guns roaring.

On Sunday, Ukraine's military doubled down on its plea for operational silence regarding the counteroffensive, urging the public not to speculate about the assault or share any images that could give the game away. ''Plans love silence,'' the defense ministry said in a video posted to its social media channels, featuring masked troops holding their fingers against their lips. However, officials themselves have stoked speculation with their recent efforts to taunt Russia, posting a video showing troops preparing for battle and chanting a blessing and a promise just last week.

Still, there's little secret to the broad options '-- as Russians can read maps too.

Undoubtedly, the biggest possible surprise would come if Ukraine were to launch its major thrust in the northeastern oblast of Kharkiv, where Russian defenses collapsed last fall, in the face of an unexpected attack that even Ukrainian ground commanders weren't informed of until the eve of assault. The aim of such a strike here would be to drive deep into Luhansk, force Russia out of Severodonetsk and threaten Bakhmut.

Pushing into Donetsk would also be an option for Ukraine, but the attack with the biggest potential payoff would be through Zaporizhia and Kherson, pushing toward Mariupol, Berdiansk, Melitopol and Tokmak, with the aim of severing the so-called land bridge connecting mainland Russia and the southern Ukrainian territories that Russia occupies via the Crimean isthmus.

And this is where most seasoned military observers expect an attack to be focused '-- as do map-reading Russians, apparently. According to open-source satellite imagery and Ukrainian field commanders who spoke with POLITICO, in recent weeks, Russian forces have been fortifying Zaporizhzhia oblast and building up a series of defense lines '-- they've also been shoring up defenses in northern Crimea for months.

But as Britain's Royal United Services Institute noted in a recent report, this could cause problems for Ukraine: ''Engineering has proven to be one of the strongest branches of the Russian military,'' the report said. ''The defenses now constructed, consisting of complex obstacles and field fortifications, will pose a major tactical challenge to Ukrainian offensive operations.''

Thus, Ukraine's now pinning some of its hopes on signs that Russia's running low on artillery shells; and it also believes it can exploit Russia's low morale and poor command coordination.

Meanwhile, Ukraine's asking questions of itself too: Will it be able to pull off a truly coordinated combined arms warfare and avoid being too sequential or plodding as it sometimes has in the past? When facing stout resistance, can it continue to push on and not hesitate? And, above all, have Ukrainian forces trained enough with the new Western-supplied tanks, armored vehicles and other equipment they only recently got?

In his message, hours before D-Day, Eisenhower noted: ''The tide has turned! The free men of the world are marching together to Victory!'' And this, now, is Ukraine's D-Day.

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 19:03

A boot resembling those used by US and Ukrainian military divers has reportedly been found near the site

A diving boot similar to those used by US and Ukrainian military divers has been found near one of the ruptured Nord Stream pipelines in the Swedish exclusive economic zone in the Baltic Sea, The Grayzone reported on Monday. A correspondent from the outlet took part in what was described as the first independent expedition to the site of the sabotage.

The independent US media outlet published a video taken from an underwater drone showing an object resembling a black-and-orange diving boot lying on the seabed near what appears to be the remains of the Russian gas pipeline.

The footage was taken on May 24, when The Grayzone's Jeffrey Brodsky traveled to the blast site aboard a vessel called the 'Baltic Explorer' as part of an expedition launched by a Swedish engineer, Erik Andersson. Another video showed Andersson launching the drone, with Brodsky sitting next to him.

The Grayzone reported that it was able to identify the boot model, which is very similar to the boots used by the US Navy. Ukrainian Navy divers trained by American specialists have also been seen wearing similar equipment, the media outlet said. Boots of similar appearance are also available at some commercial stores, though, it added.

The boot was spotted just five meters away from a small leak site in the Nord Stream 2 pipeline. The equipment was very similar to the Thor diver overboot produced by UK-based Northern Diver company, its military and commercial sales director, Neil Tordoff, told The Grayzone, adding, though, that he could not be totally sure of it.

''It's part of a dry-diving suit that would normally be used in contaminated water to keep the diver safe,'' he said, adding that ''this item is used worldwide.'' He also said that his company stopped producing this type of equipment amid the Covid-19 pandemic.

Andersson contacted Nord Stream 2 AG, the company that operated the Russian pipelines, which ''clearly'' denied having used divers for construction or pipeline maintenance in the area. The company also told the independent investigator that it first discovered the boot back in February 2023 and reported it to Swedish investigators.

The Grayzone also cited a source who had a contact with a diver from the HMS Belos, a Swedish Navy vessel that investigated the sabotage sites in October 2022. The diver involved in the Swedish investigation denied his vessel's activities were in any way related to the appearance of the boot.

To date, no group '' state body or otherwise '' has accepted responsibility for the explosions that rendered three out of the four Russian undersea gas pipelines unusable in late September 2022. The incident took place soon after Moscow reduced gas supplies to Europe amid a wave of Western sanctions on Russia over its military operation in Ukraine.

In February, Pulitzer Prize-winning investigative journalist Seymour Hersh detailed evidence he claimed linked Washington to the attacks in an extensive report. Germany's Der Spiegel magazine reported on several occasions on what it called evidence linking the blasts to Ukrainian nationals.

Germany, Sweden, and Denmark each launched probes into the incident, but no meaningful results of any of those investigations have so far been made public. In May, Russia summoned the ambassadors of the three nations to protest what it called a ''complete lack of results'' in the investigations.

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 19:03

Several LGBTQ+ organizations have called on Target to respond to 2023 Pride Month boycotts and criticism from conservatives and have given the retail chain a list of demands.

"Today, the Human Rights Campaign (HRC), GLAAD, GLSEN, Family Equality, National LGBTQ Task Force, National Center for Lesbian Rights and National Black Justice Coalition, in partnership with more than 200 organizations, renewed their call for Target and the business community to reject and speak out against anti-LGBTQ+ extremism going into Pride Month," the organizations said in a statement, which was obtained by Newsweek.

"Businesses must continue to lead and respond with unwavering support for LGBTQ+ employees, shareholders, customers, allies '' and the broader community," the statement added.

The statement came as Target and other companies, such as Bud Light and Kohl's, have faced a wave of backlash and calls to boycott for LGBTQ+ items being sold for 2023 Pride Month.

Pride Month merchandise is displayed at a Target store on May 31, 2023, in San Francisco, California. On June 5, 2023, several LGBTQ+ organizations called on Target to respond to the current boycotts and reaffirm its support for the LGBTQ+ community. Justin Sullivan/GettyThe statement issued by the Human Rights Campaign and other LGBTQ+ organizations included a list of demands for Target. The list urged the company to issue a statement in the next 24 hours "reaffirming their commitment to the LGBTQ+ community," as well as replacing all the LGBTQ+ merchandise that was removed from stores and ensuring the safety of team members who are considered to be on the front lines of the ongoing boycott.

"Target, and all businesses, can leverage the support of LGBTQ+ organizations to navigate this hate, so that together, we can let extremists know unequivocally that, just as with every other failed anti- LGBTQ+ campaign of the past, fear will not win," the statement said.

The statement also said that "70% of non-LGBTQ+ people believe companies should publicly support and include the LGBTQ+ community through practices like hiring, advertising and sponsorships."

A boycott of Bud Light and parent company Anheuser-Busch came after the beer company partnered with transgender activist and influencer Dylan Mulvaney.

Target has faced a similar boycott over LGBTQ+ clothing items and "tuck friendly" clothing items. Many conservatives initially claimed that the items were for children, but a fact check by the Associated Press found that the items, which are worn by transgender women to conceal private parts, are only for adults.

Amid the boycott, Target issued a statement saying that it was removing some LGBTQ+ items "that have been at the center of the most significant confrontational behavior."

"Our focus now is on moving forward with our continuing commitment to the LGBTQIA+ community and standing with them as we celebrate Pride Month and throughout the year," the statement said.

Newsweek reached out to Target via email for comment.

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 18:23

As WHO pandemic treaty negotiations progress in secrecy, ancillary groups flag key priorities

As 194 nations continue to work through drafts of pandemic agreements that would grant more authority to the World Health Organization (WHO), the Global Preparedness Monitoring Board (GPMB), a body convened by the WHO, has called for a worldwide pandemic simulation to be carried out by the end of this year to test the effectiveness of the new terms before member nations sign them in 2024.

''We feel very strongly that we cannot wait for the next emergency to find out how well the pandemic accord and the IHR amendments will work; we need to know now,'' Joy Phumaphi, co-chair of the GPMB, stated on May 22. ''We therefore suggest that Member States, together with other key stakeholders, carry out a simulation exercise based on the draft accord and draft IHR amendments later this year, before they are finalized and adopted.''

International negotiations to centralize pandemic-related action within the WHO have been ongoing throughout this spring. They include a ''zero draft'' WHO pandemic accord and amendments to International Health Regulations (IHRs), as well as discussions among various WHO subcommittees, U.N. organizations, and finance arms like the World Bank. The current round of negotiations on the pandemic accord and IHR amendments have gone on behind closed doors in Geneva, but statements from some of the ancillary groups like the GPMB may shed light on the tone of the discussions.

Phumaphi said that the GPMB's ''Manifesto for Preparedness'' includes three ''tests'' for the treaty and IHR amendments. These are whether the treaty and IHR amendments are ''sufficiently powerful,'' whether they ''deliver equity and coherence,'' and whether they ''have robust mechanisms for monitoring and accountability.''

Ambassador Pamela Hamamoto is currently negotiating terms of the WHO pandemic accord on behalf of the United States. While the language of the accord and IHR revisions is often opaque and bureaucratic, analysts say the ultimate goal of the reforms is to vest more pandemic authority within the WHO and have this authority extend beyond pandemic emergencies.

''The trajectory is about centralizing power over health emergencies,'' David Bell, a public health physician and former WHO staffer specializing in epidemic policy, told The Epoch Times. ''It will centralize authority within the WHO, particularly in the director general, and it will broaden the scope to what they call One Health.''

Negotiations Proceed in SecretIn April, delegates from the United States agreed with a Chinese proposal that new IHR drafts would not be shared with the public. Hamamoto stated that ''at this stage, I have some concern about sharing the draft to all stakeholders given where we are in the process.''

In response, several nonprofit organizations and health experts wrote a letter to Health and Human Services Secretary Xavier Becerra and Secretary of State Antony Blinken protesting the secrecy of the negotiations.

''The attempt to create a veil of secrecy now surrounding the substantive and technical text-based negotiations on the WHO pandemic treaty sets a dangerous precedent for norm-setting at the multilateral level,'' they wrote. ''It also undermines trust in the process at a time when attacks on the WHO and on the pandemic accord are increasing.''

The GPMB's Manifesto for Preparedness states that ''the success of these reforms will largely be dependent on the adoption of a coordinated, One Health approach to PPPR that involves all countries, international and regional organizations, financial institutions, and the private sector.''

PPPR is the WHO acronym for pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. ''One Health'' refers to the broadening of pandemic response to potentially include things like farming, poverty, and climate change, which could either cause or exacerbate outbreaks, or impair peoples' health in other ways.

''One Health is anything in the biosphere that affects human well-being in its current definition,'' Bell said. Current terms being negotiated, he said, would not only broaden the scope of the WHO's mandate but would also grant it authority to act when a pandemic ''threat'' is perceived, as opposed to an actual pandemic emergency.

''They are already putting in place a very broad surveillance mechanism,'' Bell said. ''They're talking about two and a half billion dollars a year, which is three times the WHO budget just to run this. And this will look for any threats such as viral variant, which is [part of] nature, I mean, these happen all the time. Then they'll be able to say essentially, that these are potential threats, therefore we need to lock down a population.''

The latest publicly available draft of the WHO pandemic accord includes the terms ''One Health approach'' and ''One Health surveillance,'' but to date the definition of those terms has been left blank. However, the ''zero draft'' states that One Health encompasses ''the interconnection between people, animals, plants and their shared environment, for which a coherent, integrated and unifying approach should be strengthened and applied with an aim to sustainably balance and optimize the health of people, animals, and ecosystems.''

According to the GPMB's Manifesto for Preparedness, the WHO must be ''empowered with the responsibility, authority and accountability to fulfill its leadership role at the center of health emergency preparedness.'' Among the top priorities, the manifesto stated, is that ''access to medical countermeasures is based on need; resources, information and data are accessible to all; priorities are driven by the needs of people and communities and address gender equity.''

The Global Preparedness Monitoring Board was established in 2018 by the WHO and the World Bank, and is tasked with monitoring the world's preparedness to respond to pandemics. It is ''comprised of globally recognized leaders and experts from a wide range of sectors, including global health, veterinary epidemiology, environment, human rights, economics, law, gender, and development.''

In its first report in September 2019, the GPMB predicted a respiratory pandemic that would cause millions of deaths and immense damage to the world economy.

''The world is at acute risk for devastating regional or global disease epidemics or pandemics that not only cause loss of life but upend economies and create social chaos,'' the 2019 report stated. Later that year, in December 2019, a local scientist identified a mysterious pneumonia-like illness in Wuhan, China. Four months later, in March 2020, the WHO declared a pandemic from what is now known as COVID-19.

Phumaphi, a former Minister of Health of Botswana, was the interim co-CEO of the Clinton Health Access Initiative before becoming co-chair of the Global Preparedness Monitoring Board in September 2022. In announcing the new leadership, the GPMB stated: ''With negotiations underway to create new global health emergency governance structures, including the Pandemic Treaty and newly established Financial Intermediary Fund, the GPMB has emphasized the need for a robust independent monitoring mechanism to shine a light on key gaps in preparedness within the global health architecture.''

Jan Jekielek contributed to this report.

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 18:23

Updated June 6, 2023 2:07 pm ET

The PGA Tour and LIV Golf, the Saudi-backed upstart that sent the industry into chaos when it teed off last year, have agreed to a stunning merger that ends the divide that has dominated the sport for the last year.

Copyright (C)2023 Dow Jones & Company, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 87990cbe856818d5eddac44c7b1cdeb8

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 16:51

A former intelligence official turned whistleblower has given Congress and the Intelligence Community Inspector General extensive classified information about deeply covert programs that he says possess retrieved intact and partially intact craft of non-human origin.

The information, he says, has been illegally withheld from Congress, and he filed a complaint alleging that he suffered illegal retaliation for his confidential disclosures, reported here for the first time.

Other intelligence officials, both active and retired, with knowledge of these programs through their work in various agencies, have independently provided similar, corroborating information, both on and off the record.

The whistleblower, David Charles Grusch, 36, a decorated former combat officer in Afghanistan, is a veteran of the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) and the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO). He served as the reconnaissance office' s representative to the Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force from 2019-2021. From late 2021 to July 2022, he was the NGA's co-lead for UAP analysis and its representative to the task force.

David Charles Grusch (Copyright (C) D. Grusch. Image may not be reproduced or circulated without permission of the authors).The task force was established to investigate what were once called '' unidentified flying objects,'' or UFOs, and are now officially called '' unidentified anomalous phenomena,'' or UAP. The task force was led by the Department of the Navy under the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security. It has since been reorganized and expanded into the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office to include investigations of objects operating underwater.

Grusch said the recoveries of partial fragments through and up to intact vehicles have been made for decades through the present day by the government, its allies, and defense contractors. Analysis has determined that the objects retrieved are '' of exotic origin (non-human intelligence, whether extraterrestrial or unknown origin) based on the vehicle morphologies and material science testing and the possession of unique atomic arrangements and radiological signatures,'' he said.

In filing his complaint, Grusch is represented by a lawyer who served as the original Intelligence Community Inspector General (ICIG).

''We are not talking about prosaic origins or identities,'' Grusch said, referencing information he provided Congress and the current ICIG. ''The material includes intact and partially intact vehicles.''

In accordance with protocols, Grusch provided the Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review at the Department of Defense with the information he intended to disclose to us. His on-the-record statements were all ''cleared for open publication'' on April 4 and 6, 2023, in documents provided to us.

Grusch ' s disclosures, and those of non-public witnesses, under new protective provisions of the latest defense appropriations bill, signal a growing determination by some in the government to unravel a colossal enigma with national security implications that has bedeviled the military and tantalized the public going back to World War II and beyond. For many decades, the Air Force carried out a disinformation campaign to discredit reported sightings of unexplained objects. Now, with two public hearings and many classified briefings under its belt, Congress is pressing for answers.

Karl E. Nell, a recently retired Army Colonel and current aerospace executive who was the Army' s liaison for the UAP Task Force from 2021 to 2022 and worked with Grusch there, characterizes Grusch as ''beyond reproach.''

Karl E. Nell (Credit: Department of the Army)Christopher Mellon, who spent nearly twenty years in the U.S. Intelligence Community and served as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, has worked with Congress for years on unidentified aerial phenomena.

'' A number of well-placed current and former officials have shared detailed information with me regarding this alleged program, including insights into the history, governing documents and the location where a craft was allegedly abandoned and recovered,'' Mellon said. ''However, it is a delicate matter getting this potentially explosive information into the right hands for validation. This is made harder by the fact that, rightly or wrongly, a number of potential sources do not trust the leadership of the All-Domain Anomaly Resolution Office established by Congress.''

But some insiders are now willing to take the risk of coming forward for the first time with knowledge of these recovery programs.

Jonathan Grey is a generational officer of the United States Intelligence Community with a Top-Secret Clearance who currently works for the National Air and Space Intelligence Center (NASIC), where the analysis of UAP has been his focus. Previously he had experience serving Private Aerospace and Department of Defense Special Directive Task Forces.

''The non-human intelligence phenomenon is real. We are not alone,'' Grey said. ''Retrievals of this kind are not limited to the United States. This is a global phenomenon, and yet a global solution continues to elude us.''

At the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, Grusch served as a Senior Intelligence Capabilities Integration Officer, cleared at the Top Secret/Secret Compartmented Information level, and was the agency' s Senior Technical Advisor for Unidentified Aerial Phenomena analysis/Trans-Medium Issues. From 2016 to 2021, he served with the National Reconnaissance Office as Senior Intelligence Officer and led the production of the NRO director's daily briefing. Grusch was a GS-15 civilian, the military equivalent of a Colonel.

Grusch has served as an Intelligence Officer for over fourteen years. A veteran of the Air Force, he has numerous awards and decorations for his participation in covert and clandestine operations to advance American security.

David Grusch in Afghanistan, 2013 (Copyright (C) D. Grusch. Image may not be reproduced or circulated without permission of the authors).According to a 2021 NRO Performance Report, Grusch was an intelligence strategist with multiple responsibilities who ''analyzed unidentified aerial phenomena reports'' and ''boosted congressional leadership Intel gaps [in] understanding.'' He was assessed by the reconnaissance office' s Operations Center Deputy Director as an ''adept staff officer and strategist'' and ''total force integrator with innovative solutions and actionable results.''

Grusch prepared many briefs on unidentified aerial phenomena for Congress while in government and helped draft the language on UAP for the FY2023 National Defense Authorization Act, spearheaded by Senators Kirsten Gillibrand and Marco Rubio and signed into law by President Biden in December 2022. The provision states that any person with relevant UAP information can inform Congress without retaliation, regardless of any previous non-disclosure agreements.

In his statements cleared for publication by the Pentagon in April, Grusch asserted that UFO ''legacy programs'' have long been concealed within ''multiple agencies nesting UAP activities in conventional secret access programs without appropriate reporting to various oversight authorities.''

He said he reported to Congress on the existence of a decades-long ''publicly unknown Cold War for recovered and exploited physical material '' a competition with near-peer adversaries over the years to identify UAP crashes/landings and retrieve the material for exploitation/reverse engineering to garner asymmetric national defense advantages.''

Beginning in 2022, Grusch provided Congress with hours of recorded classified information transcribed into hundreds of pages which included specific data about the materials recovery program. Congress has not been provided with any physical materials related to wreckage or other non-human objects.

Grusch's investigation was centered on extensive interviews with high-level intelligence officials, some of whom are directly involved with the program. He says the operation was illegally shielded from proper Congressional oversight and that he was targeted and harassed because of his investigation.

Grusch said that the craft recovery operations are ongoing at various levels of activity and that he knows the specific individuals, current and former, who are involved.

''Individuals on these UAP programs approached me in my official capacity and disclosed their concerns regarding a multitude of wrongdoings, such as illegal contracting against the Federal Acquisition Regulations and other criminality and the suppression of information across a qualified industrial base and academia,'' he stated.

Associates who vouched for Grusch said his information was highly sensitive, providing evidence that materials from objects of non-human origin are in the possession of highly secret black programs. Although locations, program names, and other specific data remain classified, the Inspector General and intelligence committee staff were provided with these details. Several current members of the recovery program spoke to the Inspector General's office and corroborated the information Grusch had provided for the classified complaint.

Grusch left the government on April 7, 2023, in order, he said, to advance government accountability through public awareness. He remains well-supported within intelligence circles, and numerous sources have vouched for his credibility.

''His assertion concerning the existence of a terrestrial arms race occurring sub-rosa over the past eighty years focused on reverse engineering technologies of unknown origin is fundamentally correct, as is the indisputable realization that at least some of these technologies of unknown origin derive from non-human intelligence,'' said Karl Nell, the retired Army Colonel who worked with Grusch on the UAP Task Force.

In a 2022 performance evaluation, Laura A. Potter, Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Headquarters, Department of the Army, described Nell as ''an officer with the strongest possible moral compass.''

Grusch is represented by Charles McCullough III, senior partner of the Compass Rose Legal Group in Washington and the original Inspector General of the Intelligence Community, confirmed by the U.S. Senate in 2011. At that time, McCullough reported directly to the then-Director of National Intelligence, James R. Clapper, and oversaw intelligence officers responsible for audits, inspections, and investigations.

In May 2022, McCullough filed a Disclosure of Urgent Concern(s); Complaint of Reprisal on behalf of Grusch with the ICIG about detailed information that Grusch had gathered beginning in 2019 while working for the UAP Task Force.

An unclassified version of the complaint provided to us states that Grusch has direct knowledge that UAP-related classified information has been withheld and/or concealed from Congress by ''elements '' of the intelligence community ''to purposely and intentionally thwart legitimate Congressional oversight of the UAP Program.'' All testimony Grusch provided for the classified complaint was provided under oath.

According to the unclassified complaint, in July 2021, Grusch had confidentially provided classified information to the Department of Defense Inspector General concerning the withholding of UAP-related information from Congress. He believed that his identity, and the fact that he had provided testimony, were disclosed ''to individuals and/or entities'' within the Department of Defense and the Intelligence Community outside the IG's office. He did not allege that this information was improperly disclosed by any member of that office.

As a result, Grusch suffered months of retaliation and reprisals related to these disclosures beginning in 2021. He asked that details of these reprisals be withheld to protect the integrity of the ongoing investigation.

The Intelligence Community Inspector General found his complaint ''credible and urgent'' in July 2022. According to Grusch, a summary was immediately submitted to the Director of National Intelligence, Avril Haines; the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence; and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.

The complaint was drafted and signed by McCullough and his managing partner. It ended with Grusch's signature attached to his statement that ''I do solemnly affirm under the penalties of perjury that the contents of the foregoing paper are true and correct to the best of my knowledge.''

A whistleblower reprisal investigation was launched, and Grusch began his communication with the staff of the Congressional intelligence committees in private closed-door sessions. According to Grusch, certain information which he obtained in his investigation could not be put before Congressional staffers because they did not have the necessary clearances or the appropriate investigative authority.

A representative of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence told us in March that the committee members are not able to comment on the content of a complaint or confirm the identity of a complainant.

''When you have multiple agencies nesting UAP activities in conventional SAP/CAP programs, both as recipients of exploitation-related insights and for operational reasons, without appropriate reporting to various oversight authorities, you have a problem,'' Grusch said, referencing the highly secret Special Access Programs and Controlled Access Programs.

Grusch's willingness to take risks and speak out appears to be emboldening others with similar knowledge who believe in greater transparency.

Jonathan Grey, the intelligence officer specializing in UAP analysis at the National Air and Space Intelligence Center, is speaking publicly for the first time, identified here under the identity he uses inside the agency.

NASIC, headquartered at Wright Patterson Air Force Base, is the Department of Defense' s primary Air Force source for foreign air and space threat analysis. Its mission is to ''discover and characterize air, space, missile, and cyber threats,'' according to the agency' s website. '' The center' s team of trusted subject matter experts deliver unique collection, exploitation, and analytic capabilities not found elsewhere,'' the website states.

Grey said that such immense capabilities are not merely relegated to the study of the prosaic. ''The existence of complex historical programs involving the coordinated retrieval and study of exotic materials, dating back to the early 20th century, should no longer remain a secret,'' he said. ''The majority of retrieved, foreign exotic materials have a prosaic terrestrial explanation and origin '' but not all, and any number higher than zero in this category represents an undeniably significant statistical percentage.''

National Air and Space Intelligence Center headquarters at Wright Patterson Air Force Base (Image Credit: NASIC/Facebook).It is unusual for an Air Force insider to come forward, as the Air Force has been less forthcoming than other agencies with regard to UAP.

''A vast array of our most sophisticated sensors, including space-based platforms, have been utilized by different agencies, typically in triplicate, to observe and accurately identify the out-of-this-world nature, performance, and design of these anomalous machines, which are then determined not to be of earthly origin,'' Grey said.

Mellon, the former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence, has been instrumental in arranging classified briefings for members of Congress and other officials about UAP, which include references to exotic retrieved materials. The first briefing he facilitated on retrievals of unexplained objects was provided to staff members of the Senate Armed Services Committee on Oct. 21, 2019, and to staff members of the Senate Intelligence Committee two days later, as reported by The New York Times.

Former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Christopher Mellon (Credit: C. Mellon).Mellon says that once the members of Congress gain greater awareness of the information provided to their staff and the Inspector General, they will be in a position to quickly determine the truth if they have the will to do so.

''This is an unprecedented oversight challenge for the committees, but I believe we have leaders in Congress who are up to the task,'' Mellon said.

Classified briefings are often presented for Jonathan Grey and his team at NASIC. ''High-level, classified briefing materials exist in which real-world scenarios involving UAP, as evidenced by historical examples, are made available to Intelligence Personnel on a need-to-know basis,'' he told us. ''I have been the recipient of such briefings for almost a decade.''

The National Defense Authorization Act for FY2023 tasked the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Director of National Intelligence, with establishing for the first time a secure mechanism for the authorized reporting of sensitive information to defense channels.

In addition, the legislation asks for reporting on ''material retrieval, material analysis, reverse engineering, research, and development'' involving unidentified anomalous phenomena currently and going back decades.

Dr. Garry Nolan, a Professor in the Department of Pathology at Stanford University and a renowned inventor and entrepreneur with more than three hundred published papers, has started over half a dozen companies based on technologies out of his laboratory. Nolan has previously applied some of those technologies to the analysis of exotic materials, publishing the first peer-reviewed paper examining such materials.

Stanford professor Garry Nolan (Credit: Timothy Archibald)''Human civilization was utterly transformed by something as small as a grain of silicon or germanium'--creating the underpinning of the integrated circuits that underly computation and now even artificial intelligence,'' Nolan said.

Studying even small samples of purported anomalous material could lead to currently inconceivable benefits for humanity, he said. ''What might be represented here could be hundreds of technology revolutions ahead of us. It could be more transformative for humanity than what the microprocessor accomplished. Imagine what we could do with even a grain of knowledge about how they operate.''

To encourage potential witnesses to come forward, the whistleblower legislation forbids any federal employee from retaliating against anyone providing authorized disclosure.

''Whistleblowing is essential to the checks and balances of our government '' and no federal employee should feel discouraged from stepping forward due to fear of retaliation,'' Rep. Andre Carson told us. In May 2022, Carson presided over the first open Congressional hearing on UAP since 1968.

The case of David Grusch marks a crucial test of these new whistleblower protections and their ability to protect future whistleblowers who decide to come forward.

Jonathan Grey says secrets have been necessary. ''Though a tough nut to crack, potential technological advancements may be gleaned from non-human intelligence/UAP retrievals by any sufficiently advanced nation and then used to wage asymmetrical warfare, so, therefore, some secrecy must remain,'' he says. ''However, it is no longer necessary to continue to deny that these advanced technologies derived from non-human intelligence exist at all or to deny that these technologies have landed, crashed, or fallen into the hands of human beings.''

Grey noted that the hypothesis that the United States alone has bullied the other nations into maintaining this secrecy for nearly a century continues to prevail as the primary consensus amongst the public at large. ''My hope is to dissuade the global populace from this archaic and preposterous notion, and to potentially pave the way for a much broader discussion,'' he said.

Grusch said it was dangerous for this ''eighty-year arms race'' to continue in secrecy because it ''further inhibits the world populace to be prepared for an unexpected, non-human intelligence contact scenario.''

''I hope this revelation serves as an ontological shock sociologically and provides a generally uniting issue for nations of the world to re-assess their priorities,'' Grusch said.

Leslie Kean and Ralph Blumenthal, with Helene Cooper, co-authored the Dec. 17, 2017, front-page article in The New York Times that disclosed the existence of a secret Pentagon program investigating UAP.

Tim McMillan, Micah Hanks, Craig Labadie ,and Sean Munger contributed to this article.

Additional background details on this article, and our investigative process can be found here.

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Archived Version

Tue, 06 Jun 2023 16:49

Forget debates over bathrooms or pronouns. The Associated Press recently released new guidelines suppressing the very concept of transgenderism as an ideology that can be debated, while forcing that ideology on reporters in the name of promoting good journalism.

The AP is the most common stylebook among journalists and news outlets on the Left and Right, including The Daily Signal. The Daily Signal does depart from AP style when the style guide adopts ideological messaging on abortion, transgender identity, and other issues, however.

In a classic example of ''1984''-style doublethink, good journalists are required to abide by transgender ideology, while denying that such an ideology exists. AP's most recent style guide update'--published Thursday'--instructs them to use a person's ''preferred'' pronouns, deny that sex is a biological fact recognized at or before birth, and use the euphemism ''gender-affirming care'' when describing experimental medical interventions that leave patients stunted, scarred, and infertile.

Reporters are to adopt wholesale the claim that a person's internal sense of gender overrides his or her biological sex and to discount opposition to these claims.

Yet they are apparently barred from discussing the ideas behind this ideology, or the ideology itself.

The most recent update to the AP style guide is quite clear: ''Do not use the term transgenderism, which frames transgender identity as an ideology.''

Yet the entire document is dripping with this ideology.

''Avoid references to a transgender person being born a boy or girl, or phrasing like birth gender,'' the guide urges. ''Sex assigned at birth is the accurate terminology.'' The document goes on to claim that ''sex is usually assigned at birth by parents or attendants, sometimes inaccurately.''

While the document acknowledges that gender'--not sex'--is a ''social construct,'' the use of the phrase ''sex assigned at birth'' implies that biological sex is also socially constructed, rather than a central reality of humanity that enables people to reproduce. Transgender ideology relies on muddying the waters in this way, suggesting that transgender identity is the real fact, so changing a person's body to match a gender identity opposite his or her biological sex is ''affirming,'' rather than destructive.

This is an extremely controversial claim, but the AP guidelines actively suppress dissent.

The update parrots pro-transgender claims that are hotly debated in the medical community. The document states that children can take ''puberty blockers,'' which it describes as ''fully reversible prescription medication that pauses sexual maturation.'' It does not note that the Food and Drug Administration has not approved drugs such as Lupron for that purpose, nor that authorities use Lupron to chemically castrate sex offenders.

It also fails to mention that many doctors have raised alarms about ''gender-affirming care,'' or that European countries are moving to restrict it for children.

The AP guide accuses ''opponents of youth transgender medical treatment'' of citing ''widely discredited research,'' failing to note that many of the studies pro-transgender activists use to endorse experimental interventions have themselves been discredited. For example, doctors have condemned as ''fatally flawed'' a recent study claiming to show improvements from cross-sex hormones.

Perhaps most horrifically, the much-touted Dutch study that first gave credence to the idea of transgender medical interventions ultimately involved a male subject who died from an infection after surgeons tried to use some of his digestive tract to construct a false vagina.

While the AP guide acknowledges that ''all these treatments have potential side effects,'' it nonetheless endorses them. It urges reporters to ''avoid the word mutilation, a politicized and subjective term often used to mischaracterize surgery.''

The document urges journalists to ''avoid terms like biological sex, along with biological male and biological female, which opponents of transgender rights sometimes use to refer to transgender women and transgender men, respectively.'' AP argues that such terms are ''redundant because sex is inherently biological.'' Yet opponents of transgenderism use ''biological'' to emphasize the truth of biology against the very ideology AP insists journalists never mention.

In a few instances, the AP guide rightly discourages obnoxious or outdated terms like ''tranny'' and ''transgendered.'' It also urges journalists to avoid the terms ''trans-exclusionary radical feminist'' or the acronym ''TERF,'' to refer to critics of transgenderism.

However, the guidelines also discourage reporters from using ''gender-critical'' to describe those who oppose transgenderism, even though many advocates have consciously embraced that term.

The guidelines also encourage reporters to avoid using the term ''groomer,'' without acknowledging critics' concerns that events such as Drag Queen Story Hour and LGBT lessons at young ages make children vulnerable to abuse.

The Associated Press style guide has long urged journalists to adopt a person's preferred pronouns, regardless of biological sex, but the guide also forbids journalists from referring to ''preferred or chosen pronouns,'' instead using phrases such as ''the pronouns they use, whose pronouns are, who uses the pronouns.''

When it comes to sports, the new AP entry urges journalists to avoid ''phrasing that misgenders people or implies doubt, such as former men's swimmer or currently competes as a woman.''

Journalists should not even imply doubt, much less actually express it.

God forbid they actually use a specific term to discuss this ideology, rather than merely adopting it wholesale.

Have an opinion about this article? To sound off, please email letters@DailySignal.com and we'll consider publishing your edited remarks in our regular ''We Hear You'' feature. Remember to include the url or headline of the article plus your name and town and/or state.

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Archived Version

Tue, 06 Jun 2023 15:34

CNN '--

The Biden administration on Monday announced a goal to produce 50 million metric tons of clean hydrogen fuel by 2050 '' a roadmap that, if successful, would cut around 10% of the country's planet-warming pollution by the same date.

For the US to transition to clean energy, it will take technologies beyond wind and solar to fuel airplanes, generate electricity and power industry. And the Biden administration is increasingly looking towards hydrogen to meet the demand '' a source of energy that burns without pollution and that can be derived from water. But it also could be generated by the fossil fuels it seeks to replace.

Clean hydrogen is the ''Swiss army knife of zero-carbon technologies,'' US Energy Secretary Jennifer Granholm told reporters Monday. ''If we get it right, it can do just about everything.''

Granholm and President Joe Biden's top climate adviser, Ali Zaidi, said they would reveal in September the locations of several new ''hydrogen hubs'' around the country. The hubs would serve as pilot projects for a reimagined, hydrogen-fueled economy that Zaidi said would ''fundamentally change the way we build things in America.''

''We believe it could decarbonize some of our hardest to abate sectors, like heavy industry and transportation,'' Granholm said. ''It could also generate clean, dispatchable electricity and provide options for long-duration energy storage.''

But hydrogen has its critics '' namely, those who are concerned about a potential over-reliance on hydrogen that is derived from fossil fuels like methane gas, versus hydrogen that can be created from water.

If hydrogen is made from fossil fuels, ''all it does is keep the fossil fuel industry in business, it does not help with climate,'' said Mark Jacobson, director of Stanford University's atmosphere and energy program, and a hydrogen expert.

A forthcoming academic study for which Jacobson is the lead author finds the US would need about 14 million metric tons of hydrogen per year by 2050 to achieve its decarbonization goals for steel, agriculture and heavy-duty transportation industries '' whereas the administration's figure would result in about 2 million metric tons per year.

''I think that's woefully inadequate for what we need,'' Jacobson said.

And while there's intense work happening on the technology, it is still years from being fully commercially viable.

''When you're creating an entirely new sector, which is really what this hydrogen clean economy will be, you have to do everything everywhere all at once,'' Granholm said.

The electricity sector is already seeing a shift to renewable energy like solar and wind, which are steadily replacing fossil fuels like coal and natural gas. But solar and wind energy aren't going to be helpful for the largest, most polluting vehicles and industries where batteries are not an option.

This is where hydrogen has the most potential.

Airplanes, for instance, require so much energy that any battery used to store electricity from solar or wind would likely be too large and heavy. Hydrogen, on the other hand, can come in liquid form and is far lighter.

Hydrogen also has the potential to help decarbonize heavy industry, which can be tough to power with wind and solar.

It factors into the Biden administration's overall strategy to decarbonize the power sector '' which holds the key to then decarbonizing transportation due to the rise of electric cars. Renewables such as wind and solar have a big role to play in zero-emissions power, but because sunlight and wind are intermittent, there is a scramble to find a source of electricity that can be easily turned on with the flick of a switch.

Hydrogen is one of the technologies that could help. The Environmental Protection Agency is factoring it into their proposed rule to cut power plant emissions '' suggesting that natural gas plants could co-fire with clean hydrogen.

''Clean'' hydrogen is a fraught term because hydrogen can be derived from several different sources '' some cleaner than others.

Green hydrogen, the cleanest form, is derived from electrolyzing water '' putting an electric current through water to separate molecules that can then be used as fuel. However, green hydrogen is only truly zero-emissions if the electricity it's created with comes from renewable sources.

Gray hydrogen is commonly used today and is derived from fossil fuels '' including methane gas '' and contributes to planet-warming emissions.

Blue hydrogen is also derived from fossil fuels like methane gas, but unlike gray hydrogen, its emissions are captured '' making it a potentially cleaner source of fuel. But Jacobson said capturing hydrogen emissions can be an expensive boondoggle; blue hydrogen needs to capture both hydrogen and carbon dioxide emissions '' and carbon capture doesn't also get at methane emissions from upstream gas operations.

Gray and blue hydrogen have drawn concern from environmental groups for their ties to fossil fuels. And even green hydrogen has some detractors who worry that using wind and solar to power hydrogen isn't the best use of renewable energy.

Still, Biden administration officials made clear they see the technology as one with huge potential to cut emissions and create new jobs.

Zaidi on Monday spoke of a factory in Minnesota that used to make diesel engines but is now manufacturing electrolyzers to make hydrogen. And Granholm estimated clean hydrogen would create around 100,000 jobs by the end of the decade.

''This is an enormous opportunity,'' Granholm said.

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Archived Version

Tue, 06 Jun 2023 15:14

In internal forecasts, the company projected that ad sales would keep declining, handing a tough challenge to its new chief executive.

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Credit... Illustration by Mark Harris; Photographs by Tawni Bannister for The New York Times; Aaron Wojack for The New York Times; Ludovic Marin, via Reuters By Ryan Mac and Tiffany Hsu

Ryan Mac reports on Twitter, and Tiffany Hsu reports on misinformation.

Elon Musk recently said Twitter's advertising business was on the upswing. ''Almost all advertisers have come back,'' he asserted, adding that the social media company could soon become profitable.

But Twitter's U.S. advertising revenue for the five weeks from April 1 to the first week of May was $88 million, down 59 percent from a year earlier, according to an internal presentation obtained by The New York Times. The company has regularly fallen short of its U.S. weekly sales projections, sometimes by as much as 30 percent, the document said.

That performance is unlikely to improve anytime soon, according to the documents and seven current and former Twitter employees.

Twitter's ad sales staff is concerned that advertisers may be spooked by a rise in hate speech and pornography on the social network, as well as more ads featuring online gambling and marijuana products, the people said. The company has forecast that its U.S. ad revenue this month will be down at least 56 percent each week compared with a year ago, according to one internal document.

These issues have been inherited by Linda Yaccarino, the NBCUniversal executive whom Mr. Musk named Twitter's chief executive last month. She started her new job on Monday.

On a Twitter Space audio event on Monday, Mr. Musk said advertisers in Europe and North America have put ''extreme pressure'' on the company, leading ''half our advertising'' to disappear. ''They are trying to drive Twitter bankrupt,'' he said.

He did not respond to a request for comment and Ms. Yaccarino, through a spokesman, declined to comment.

Image Linda Yaccarino, Twitter's new chief executive, has inherited declining ad sales and other issues. Credit... Cindy Ord/Getty Images The state of Twitter's advertising is crucial because ads have long made up 90 percent of the company's revenue. After Mr. Musk bought Twitter for $44 billion in October and took the company private, he vowed to build ''the most respected ad platform.'' But he quickly alienated advertisers by firing key sales executives, spreading a conspiracy theory on the site and welcoming back barred Twitter users.

In response, several large ad agencies and brands, including General Motors and Volkswagen, paused their ad spending on Twitter. Mr. Musk has said Twitter was on track to post $3 billion in revenue in 2023, down from $5.1 billion in 2021, when it was a public company.

Twitter's valuation has since plunged. In March, Mr. Musk said the company was worth $20 billion, down more than 50 percent from the $44 billion he paid for it. Last week, the mutual funds giant Fidelity, which owns shares in Twitter, valued the company at $15 billion.

Twitter feels increasingly ''unpredictable and chaotic,'' said Jason Kint, chief executive of Digital Content Next, an association for premium publishers. ''Advertisers want to run in an environment where they are comfortable and can send a signal about their brand,'' he added.

Some of Twitter's biggest advertisers '-- including Apple, Amazon and Disney '-- have been spending less on the platform than last year, three former and current Twitter employees said. Large specialized ''banner'' ads on Twitter's trends page, which can cost $500,000 for 24 hours and are almost always bought by large brands to promote events, shows or movies, are often going unfilled, they said.

Twitter has also run into public relations snafus with big advertisers like Disney. In April, Twitter mistakenly gave a gold check mark '-- a badge meant to signify a paying advertiser '-- to the @DisneyJuniorUK account, which Disney doesn't own. The account posted racial slurs, leading Disney officials to demand from Twitter an explanation and assurances that it wouldn't happen again, two people with knowledge of the situation said.

Disney, Apple and Amazon declined to comment.

Six ad agency executives who have worked with Twitter said their clients continued to limit spending on the platform. They cited confusion over Mr. Musk's changes to the service, inconsistent support from Twitter and concerns about the persistent presence of misleading and toxic content on the platform.

Last month, for instance, a picture that appeared to show an explosion near the Pentagon '-- which artificial intelligence experts identified as a synthetically generated image '-- was shared by dozens of Twitter accounts and briefly caused the stock market to tumble.

Some advertisers also continue to worry about Mr. Musk's tweets. Last month, he posted several times comparing the billionaire financier George Soros, a frequent target for conspiracy theorists, to the ''X-Men'' comic book villain Magneto. Ted Deutch, the chief executive of the American Jewish Committee, noted that both Mr. Soros and Magneto are Holocaust survivors, and that ''the lie Jews want to destroy civilization has led to the persecution of Jewish people for centuries.''

''Musk should know better,'' he said.

Last week, Ella Irwin, Twitter's head of trust and safety, the division that oversees content moderation, and AJ Brown, the head of brand safety and ad quality, resigned, three current and former employees said. Ms. Irwin and Mr. Brown did not respond to requests for comment.

Mr. Musk has promoted new tools, known as adjacency controls, so advertisers can keep their ads away from tweets containing specific keywords or posts by certain users. Some advertisers are using the tools to keep their content away from Mr. Musk's tweets, four people familiar with the situation said.

Still, some marketers are returning to the platform. GroupM, a media-buying organization that is part of the ad giant WPP, informed employees in May that it was removing its ''high risk'' flag on Twitter and guiding clients to return, at their discretion, to business as usual, two people familiar with the decision said. IPG, another large advertising company, has recommended that clients proceed with caution when dealing with Twitter, after suggesting last fall that they temporarily pause their spending.

Image Last month, Elon Musk posted several tweets attacking the billionaire financier George Soros, a frequent target for conspiracy theorists. Credit... Tingshu Wang/Reuters Twitter is exploring ways to make it easier for advertisers to buy space on the platform, testing an automated system outside the United States to make deals, two people familiar with the arrangement said. Insider earlier reported the move.

The company is experiencing ad growth in areas that it once shied away from or prohibited, including online gambling and marijuana products. In one week last month, four of Twitter's top 10 U.S. advertisers were online gambling and fantasy sports betting companies, according to one presentation. Twitter has also started allowing ads for cannabis accessories, including ''bongs, vapes, rolling paper,'' as well as erectile dysfunction products and services, according to internal emails.

Adult content, which is permitted on Twitter, has become a concern among the company's sales staff. When some employees tried to drum up interest from advertisers for Mother's Day, they found that potential sponsored search terms, like ''MomLife,'' surfaced pornographic videos, according to two people familiar with the conversations.

These are issues that some advertisers hope Ms. Yaccarino will solve.

Dave Campanelli, the chief investment officer of Horizon Media, said he was hoping for change after Ms. Yaccarino started, because media agencies like his struggled to maintain contact with Twitter last fall after Mr. Musk arrived.

''For a period, we weren't even sure who to get on the phone with to talk to,'' he said. ''With Linda coming in, that could change that in a big way.''

He acknowledged that Twitter's mercurial boss and volatile environment might pose a challenge for Ms. Yaccarino.

''It's a tall order,'' Mr. Campanelli said.

Benjamin Mullin contributed reporting. Sheelagh McNeill contributed research.

Ryan Mac is a technology reporter focused on corporate accountability across the global tech industry. He won a 2020 George Polk award for his coverage of Facebook and is based in Los Angeles. @ RMac18

Tiffany Hsu is a tech reporter covering misinformation and disinformation. @ tiffkhsu

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Archived Version

Tue, 06 Jun 2023 15:14

The New York Times has gained insider information on the current advertising revenue for the social media platform Twitter. [Article Here] Ignoring the nonsense narrative engineering and just focusing on the data itself, the revenue side for Twitter is half what we previously estimated. This makes the overlay for decisions on platform content even more stark.

According to the data, ad revenue for the month of April was a lackluster $88 million. That's a pace of just over $1 billion a year. With a pre-Musk operating expense of $4.5 billion, and pre-Musk revenue at $4 billion cited by the Twitter owner as the backdrop, here's the outlook.

Assuming post Musk labor cost reductions saved $500 million, a decline in revenue to $1 billion/yr would be a $3.0 billion deficit, to wit you would need to add the $1.5 billion in debt service as part of the investor buyout structure.

That puts Twitter into a $4.5 billion loss ballpark per year.

This is the high end of what Musk previously estimated in public statements. Now we see why.

(New York Times) '' Twitter's U.S. advertising revenue for the five weeks from April 1 to the first week of May was $88 million, down 59 percent from a year earlier, according to an internal presentation obtained by The New York Times. (read more)

$1 billion per year in advertising revenue is a whopping 75% loss from the claimed $4 billion in revenue before the Musk purchase. Perhaps the Fidelity estimate of company value at $15 billion is closer to reality.

If the value of Twitter has dropped to the $15 billion level, that means almost all of the $30 billion in personal equity Musk put into the company has been lost.

Current investor debt is $12.5 billion, with $1.5 billion in debt service/yr. A valuation of $15 billion would only leave Musk with around $2.5 billion in equity position. If the valuation is accurate, Musk personally would have lost around $27.5 billion in this Twitter platform purchase.

The last time I outlined the Twitter financial position, several people took exception to the data as shared. However, the data is from Elon Musk himself, and I will again post the video at the bottom of the article.

Revenue is now Elon Musk's #1 priority. All other platform decisions are going through the prism of financial viability.

Twitter CEO Elon Musk has provided some convincing commentary about his willingness to forgo revenue in order to retain ''free speech.'' However, more recently he has qualified that outlook by saying, ''Freedom of speech is not the same as freedom of reach.'' Musk noting Twitter will block, remove, censor, shadow ban, deboost, downrank and stop content from amplifying based on the determination of those in charge of Twitter content.

This controlled ''freedom of reach'' perspective, which is really shadow-banning in practice, is generally accepted and now admitted. Against this backdrop, it becomes important to understand the priorities of the platform to understand the guidelines of the platform. Within this context the financials are key to understanding what elements are included within ''approved content.'' {GO DEEP}

Twitter is now a private company, therefore understanding the financials of Twitter is a little more challenging than when they were required to post their financial statements publicly. However, Elon Musk gave an interview with the Babylon Bee yesterday and revealed some of the internal financial challenges. [VIDEO HERE] I am going to summarize the status of the Twitter financial position according to what Musk himself revealed.

'... Twitter was initially purchased by Musk and his investors for around $44 billion. The company now estimates its value around $20 billion. Last week, the mutual funds giant Fidelity, which owns shares in Twitter, valued the company at $15 billion. Bottom line, Musk grossly overpaid.

'... Musk put roughly $30 billions of his own net worth into the purchase and financed the rest.

'... Current outstanding debt on the financing for the purchase is around $12.5 billion. Per Musk statement.

'... Current debt service, interest on the loans (from investors), is roughly $1.5 billion/yr. $120.5 million per month for debt service. Per Musk statement.

'... Previous revenue (when public) was roughly $4 billion/yr. Twitter was generally breaking even.

'... Advertising revenue, as a result of changes in industry in combination with concerns about Twitter, are ''half'' what they were during the acquisition phase, per Musk statement. That puts current advertising revenue around $2 billion/yr. Per NYT report that's now $1 billion/yr.

'... Per conversation, current status of Twitter is -$3 billion/yr and could be as high as -$4 to 5 billion/yr.

The NYT revenue leak now makes the top side of this scale make sense. If $4 billion in revenue was generally the breakeven point (before acquisition), and now they have $2 billion $1 billion in revenue and $1.5 billion in additional debt service [as they trim operational costs (including labor) to offset].

'...'... For the bottom line to be an operational loss of $3 to $5 billion (est) per year, Twitter is generally losing around $300 million per month.

'... There is only so much Tesla stock Musk can sell to support Twitter. He has limits. Per conversation.

'... Twitter has around $1 billion in liquid cash available. Per conversation. With a burn rate of $300+ million a month.

Twitter is in locked contracts with AWS and Google cloud services through 2025 at roughly $300 million per year for both [AWS $100 million, Goog $200 million].

Twitter Blue subscriptions are around 180,000 users, paying $11/mo. That's around $2 million a month; pittance in comparison to what he needs.

There's your prism for platform content!Elon Musk needs revenue desperately.

Twitter urgently needs advertising revenue.

Without revenue or acquisition of another platform (with assets) to offset the current status of Twitter, it is only a matter of time before some form of bankruptcy. [Note, Twitter investors are backstopped with Tesla/SpaceX as collateral against default.]

The tightrope'... Elon Musk must appease the Google advertising control agents and adhere to content rules and regulation (DEI etc.) in order to maximize his revenue. That's where Linda Yaccarino comes in as a critical player.

Bottom line, Musk has to make decisions through one prism, THE ECONOMICS. Musk's decision-making, pro freedom or not, is constrained by this financial dependency. Hence, a lot of the platform censorship elements remain (including some personnel) and now the outreach to appoint Google/WEF approved Linda Yaccarino in an effort to enhance the revenue.

When you are perplexed about Musk decision making'.... THERE'S YOUR ANSWER.

The recent relationship between Elon Musk and the Rupert Murdoch media enterprise, now makes even more sense.

[Support CTH Research Here] Musk discusses the financials:

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Archived Version

Tue, 06 Jun 2023 13:49

Below is an adaptation of an internal update on Spotify's Podcast Business from Sahar Elhabashi, VP, Head of Podcast Business.

In early 2019, we saw an opportunity to invest in the small but rapidly growing podcasting space, and since then, we have helped transform the industry'...

Spotify is now the most-used audio podcast platform in most corners of the world and is also the No. 1 podcast publisher in the U.S. There are now more than 100 million Podcast listeners on Spotify (10x growth) Since we entered the space, over half a billion people have listened to a podcast on Spotify Consumption has grown more than 1,400% Podcast content has increased from 200,000 titles to over 5 million shows on Spotify 165 of Spotify's Original and Licensed shows hit #1 on our charts across 99 markets in 2022 Podcast ad revenue experienced high double-digit growth from 2021 to 2022 In addition to fueling a revolution for the medium, this massive group of creators and listeners has also taught us an enormous amount about where podcasting is today and where it is going tomorrow. We know that creators have embraced the global audience on our platform but want improved discovery to help them grow their audience. We also know that they appreciate our tools and creator support programs but want more optionality and flexibility in terms of monetization. Fortunately, Spotify is not a company that ever sits still.

Given these learnings and our leadership position, we recently embarked on the next phase of our podcast strategy, which is focused on delivering even more value for creators (and users!). This begins with maximizing consumption from the massive audience we've established through format innovation and ensuring that more creators in more places achieve success. Simultaneously, in collaboration with the podcasting community, we are broadening our analytics capabilities by expanding Spotify For Podcasters, which will help creators maximize their audience on Spotify and beyond. Underpinning this effort is a continued leveling up of our advertising offerings and the introduction of more business models to help more creators make meaningful money from their work.

We are expanding our partnership efforts with leading podcasters from across the globe with a tailored approach optimized for each show and creator. This fundamental pivot from a more uniform proposition will allow us to support the creator community better. However, doing so requires adapting; over the past few months, our senior leadership team has worked closely with HR to determine the optimal organization for this next chapter. As a result, we have made the difficult but necessary decision to make a strategic realignment of our group and reduce our global podcast vertical and other functions by approximately 200 people, or 2% of Spotify's workforce.

Unfortunately, this means saying goodbye to close colleagues and friends. We know news like this is never easy, especially for those impacted. These decisions are not something we take lightly. I want to express my appreciation for everything those leaving have done for podcasting and Spotify. Those impacted by this change have already received an invite for a 1:1 conversation today with a member of our HR team, and we are focused on ensuring that each step in this process is taken with the utmost empathy and respect. The company will support these individuals with generous severance packages, including extended Healthcare coverage and immediate access to outplacement support.

Looking ahead, as a key component of our focus on creators, we remain committed to original programming. As part of this next phase, we will be combining Parcast and Gimlet into a renewed Spotify Studios operation that will continue to produce a wide range of high-impact originals, including Stolen, The Journal, Science Vs, Heavyweight, Serial Killers, and Conspiracy Theories . The Ringer will continue to build its unrivaled programming slate across Sports, Culture, and Tech. Furthermore, both studios will greenlight new shows with an increased focus on always-on programming that drives strong, loyal audiences and attracts advertisers.

Julie McNamara (VP, Head of Global Podcast Studios) will continue to oversee the Spotify Studios organization, with Liliana Kim in charge of Current Content for Spotify Studios alongside Liz Gateley, who will be Head of Development. Bill Simmons will continue as MD of The Ringer and Head of Podcast Innovation and Monetization, working with Julie and me to enhance our monetization opportunities across all our podcasts. We will continue to expand our teams that support creator partnerships under Bryan Thoensen (Head of Content Partnerships) as we increase our focus on the millions of creators building audiences and businesses on our platform.

Our continued success in growing the podcast ecosystem is predicated on the necessity that the Spotify Machine is always in motion. And with these changes, we will accelerate into the next chapter for podcasts on Spotify with strong discovery and podcast habits for users, thriving monetization and audience growth for creators, and a valuable, high-margin business for Spotify. I want to thank everyone for your continued understanding and collaboration. I firmly believe in this team and that this next phase brings opportunities beyond anything we've seen.

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Archived Version

Tue, 06 Jun 2023 13:46

The Home Office is currently considering its response to a public consultation which saw many people make the case for the removal of ''insulting words or behaviour'' from Section 5.

Unity This is a campaign which brings together people from all walks of life; from the religious to the secular and from right across the political spectrum. The Christian Institute and the National Secular Society have both recognised the need for reform of Section 5 if we are to guarantee freedom of expression and the right to a good debate.

At best, Section 5 is the legal embodiment of a well-meaning bureaucrat, and at worse it is used as a way of silencing those who the authorities don't agree with '' be they religious preachers, political activists or protesters.

Freedom of speech This campaign is about freedom of speech, but it is also about the reach of the criminal law. Should we really rely on the state to protect us from insult?

The following passage from a legal textbook, The Law of Public Order and Protest, notes that Section 5

'''...extends the criminal law into areas of annoyance, disturbance and inconvenience. In particular, it covers behaviour which falls short of violence or the threat of violence.''

An inconvenience with no threat of violence is not the sort of situation which should warrant the involvement of the police and the courts, but as our Section 5 Victims page demonstrates, that is exactly what is happening.

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 13:43

ðŸš(C)ProletariatRisingðŸš(C) : The NYT must have realized they simply couldn't ignore the massive amounts of Nazi imagery used by Ukraine's armed'... https://t.co/QE4jRSx52y

Mon Jun 05 17:22:52 +0000 2023

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Tenniswitch : @ProletariatRis1 Anyone with a flicker of awareness could see, in footage widely publicized at the beginning of the'... https://t.co/yPOxqgoThM

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 16:48

INQUIRER FILE PHOTO

MANILA, Philippines '-- A group championing the rights of the LGBTQ+ community has called out the Land Transportation Office (LTO) for including the sector among the people who can be accommodated in the agency's priority lanes, saying the gesture may be ''well-meaning'' but ultimately misguided.

Reyna Valmores, national chair of advocacy group Bahaghari, said they welcomed the agency's initiative to ''address the concerns'' of the LGBTQ+.

But she pointed out that priority lanes in government agencies are meant to serve people coping with certain difficulties.

These lanes are usually limited to seniors, the pregnant, and persons with disabilities, among others.

''So we want to make it clear '-- being an LGBTQ+ in no way impairs or affects a person in a physical capacity to take part in crucial governmental functions,'' Valmores said in a phone interview on Saturday.

She said the LTO's accommodation of the community could lead to a ''misleading implication'' that being a member is an impairment.

'Excessive pandering'Two instances of the agency's inclusion of the LGBTQ+ in its priority lanes have gone viral on social media.

One post on Saturday showed a photograph of the LTO's San Isidro District Office in Isabela province with a sign indicating a priority lane for ''senior citizen, pregnant woman, person with disability and LGBTQ.''

''Enough with the excessive pandering, LTO San Isidro. Not only are you insulting the group you are pandering to, you are also drawing unnecessary animosity towards them,'' went the comment by Anna Cosio together with her post.

An earlier post on Valentine's Day showed the agency's Batanes District Office with heart-shaped balloons decorating a ''special lane for senior citizen, person w/ disability, pregnant woman and LGBTQ.''

''Netizens, especially members of the LGBT, admired their inclusion in the priority lane of the LTO,'' a staff member of Radio Pilipinas-Batanes was quoted as saying in that post by the radio station.

'Just to make sense'Following the Saturday post, LTO spokesperson Divine Reyes sent the media a message from LTO Region 2 (Cagayan Valley Office) explaining that the lanes are ''just to make sense and elevate the confidence of that sector which has been, until now, discriminated and ostracized, thus we are fostering the understanding and acceptance of the members of the LGBTQ as equal.''

Reyes added that the inclusion of the LGBTQ+ in its priority lanes was part of the LTO's ''gender and development'' (GAD) project for the month of March.

She also sent another response, this time from Manuel Baricaua, the officer in charge of LTO Region 2, saying ''Please extend my apologies as OIC to groups who were hurt by our GAD project. Please, no malice but only good intentions.''

Valmores said her group is more than willing to help the LTO in crafting guidelines for its transactions with the public.

''This will be for all their workers and clients to ensure that there would be no discrimination in their workplace. This would be productive for them as this would be a part of addressing the concerns raised by the LGBT community,'' she said.

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 16:40

Spotify is undertaking a ''strategic realignment'' of its podcast division, laying off about 200 staffers.

Sahar Elhabashi, Spotify's VP, head of podcast business, announced the job cuts in a memo to employees Monday that was shared publicly. The 200 employees represent about 2% of the audio streamer's worldwide workforce.

The layoffs in the podcast group come after Spotify cut 6% of its overall headcount earlier this year and saw the exit of Dawn Ostroff, chief content and advertising business officer, who previously headed Spotify's podcast business

''We are expanding our partnership efforts with leading podcasters from across the globe with a tailored approach optimized for each show and creator,'' Elhabashi wrote in the memo. ''This fundamental pivot from a more uniform proposition will allow us to support the creator community better. However, doing so requires adapting; over the past few months, our senior leadership team has worked closely with HR to determine the optimal organization for this next chapter. As a result, we have made the difficult but necessary decision to make a strategic realignment of our group and reduce our global podcast vertical and other functions by approximately 200 people, or 2% of Spotify's workforce.''

Even with the cuts and a stepped-up focus on creators, Elhabashi said, Spotify ''remain[s] committed to original programming.'' With the reorganization, Spotify will merge its Parcast and Gimlet groups into a ''renewed Spotify Studios operation'' that will produce originals including ''Stolen,'' ''The Journal,'' ''Science vs. Heavyweight,'' ''Serial Killers'' and ''Conspiracy Theories.'' The Ringer, headed by Bill Simmons, will remain separate and continue producing programming across sports, culture and tech.

Last fall, Spotify canceled 11 podcast shows, pruning the originals lineup to weed out what the company determined were underperforming titles.

Elhabashi, who joined the company in 2018, reports to Spotify co-president Alex Norstr¶m following Ostroff's departure. Julie McNamara, VP, head of global podcast studios, will continue to oversee the Spotify Studios organization, with Liliana Kim in charge of current content for Spotify Studios alongside Liz Gateley, who will be head of development.

Bill Simmons will continue as managing director of The Ringer '-- which Spotify acquired in early 2020 '-- and head of podcast innovation and monetization. In addition, Elhabashi said, Spotify will continue to expand its teams that support podcast creator partnerships under Bryan Thoensen, head of content partnerships, ''as we increase our focus on the millions of creators building audiences and businesses on our platform.''

In disclosing the news about Spotify's latest layoffs, Elhabashi also touted the company's position in the podcasting space. Spotify is the most-used audio podcast platform in most areas of the world, she claimed, and is the No. 1 podcast publisher in the U.S. based on reach (according to data from Edison Research). Overall, Spotify has more than 100 million podcast listeners; the amount of podcast titles on the platform has increased from 200,000 titles in 2019 to more than 5 million today.

The next phase of Spotify's podcast strategy ''is focused on delivering even more value for creators (and users!),'' Elhabashi wrote in the memo. That starts with ''maximizing consumption from the massive audience we've established through format innovation and ensuring that more creators in more places achieve success. Simultaneously, in collaboration with the podcasting community, we are broadening our analytics capabilities by expanding Spotify For Podcasters, which will help creators maximize their audience on Spotify and beyond.''

In addition, Elhabashi said, ''Underpinning this effort is a continued leveling up of our advertising offerings and the introduction of more business models to help more creators make meaningful money from their work.''

VIP+ Analysis: Why Spotify's Podcast Backoff Is the Right Move

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 16:35

Spotify Technology SA plans to lay off about 200 employees, or roughly 2% of its workforce, as it shifts its strategy around podcasts.

The company announced Monday that it's making a ''fundamental pivot'' from offering ''a more uniform proposition'' to tailoring its approach based on different podcasts and creators.

''As a result, we have made the difficult but necessary decision to make a strategic realignment of our group,'' Spotify SPOT, +2.78% said in a post shared to its corporate newsroom. the company announced prior layoffs, impacting almost 600 employees, back in January.

Don't miss: Judge calls Block's purchase of Tidal 'a terrible business decision,' but rejects shareholder lawsuit (from May)

Spotify said it plans to combine its Parcast and Gimlet businesses ''into a renewed Spotify Studios operation that will continue to produce a wide range of high-impact originals,'' while The Ringer will continue to make sports, culture, and tech shows.

Podcast creators ''have embraced the global audience on our platform but want improved discovery to help them grow their audience,'' the company said in its post. ''We also know that they appreciate our tools and creator support programs but want more optionality and flexibility in terms of monetization.''

Shares of Spotify were ahead 2.4% in Monday morning action.

The company has been investing in podcasts since early 2019, according to the newsroom post, and it now has 100 million users who listen to podcasts through its platform. Spotify said the changes will help make podcasts a ''valuable, high-margin business.''

Read: Global tech layoffs have surpassed 200,000 since the start of 2023

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 15:21

They year is 2021. You open Instagram, Youtube, or any other social media, and chances are you'll see a lot of eyes open, crossed and rolled back, with tongues sticking out. This is ahegao, the sexy facial expression that is flooding the internet.

But what does it mean and where does this phenomenon come from?

History of ahegaoAhegao might seem to be the craze nowadays, but it's not something new at all. In fact, it's a popular fetish in hentai '' Japanese adult animation '', that has been around for longer than most people reading this article.

Though many believe that the first mention of ahegao in anime dates back to the 1990s, truth is, there are earlier known records of it in the hentai market as far back as the 1960s. In those hentai comics, ahegao was used to describe the facial expressions of their characters as they reached orgasm '' eyes rolling back, tongue exposed, and panting of blushing. The idea was to show an intense level of arousal, reaching the point of losing their faculties completely. The word itself comes from a combination of ''ahe'', a Japanese onomatopoeia used to describe a female's moan and sexual excitment, and ''kao'', the Japanese word for face. Pretty self-explanatory.

Why did it become so popular?Ahegao proliferated in the last decade in the Western world thanks to the increasing popularity of hentai sites. What started as a recurring element in Japanese porn comics, is now a bandwagon that made it into the mainstream and can be found even in selfie culture.

The reason of ahegao's popularity is simple: it symbolizes a loss of control, and that alone is alluring. It unlocks a new fantasy for many '' imagine having or giving someone such a powerful orgasm, that their faces transform completely. Hot, isn't it? Others just find it humorous; of course nobody looks like that when they cum, that's why that disproportionate response is funny.

The demand of ahegao is such, that it even got its own niche in porn. Ahegao porn is a popular category that you can find in famous adult sites like Stripchat.

And we can't talk about ahegao without bringing up the absolute queen of it, internet sensation Belle Delphine. She has her part in making ahegao so popular, as she became notorious because of her cute content which featured ahegao faces. Thus, a lot of people who were not familiar with anime, got introduced to ahegao through her.

Belle Delphine managed to make a career from her ahegao faces, which culminated in her selling bottles of her bath water for $30 on the internet. So you never know where making an ahegao face might take you.

You can always check the latest news on our Twitter and Reddit.

Psychology Models

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 15:00

THE VIEWS EXPRESSED BY CONTRIBUTORS ARE THEIR OWN AND NOT THE VIEW OF THE MESSENGER

President Joe Biden's stumble across the stage after speaking at the Air Force Academy on Thursday will certainly feature prominently in Republican campaign ads aimed at reinforcing the theme, already gnawing at even his most ardent supporters, that Biden is too old and frail for another four years. The unpopularity of backup, Vice President Kamala Harris, only aggravates the problem.

To bolster his chances for reelection, Biden needs to engage in some out-of-the-box creativity.

Biden might rescue his faltering hope of reelection in one seemingly impossible way '-- asking the highly popular, former President Barack Obama to step in to replace Harris on the 2024 ticket.

Mark Makela/Getty Images Mark Makela/Getty ImagesThis isn't the first time the idea has been floated. There was talk about just such a ticket as early as 2015, before the Obama-Biden administration had even ended.

I think that Obama has been wrongly excluded from discussion about the 2024 race because it is simply assumed that he is constitutionally barred from running as a candidate on the national ticket. That is a mistake. As I will explain, the Constitution permits this kind of gambit '-- and, despite the apparent unlikelihood of it happening, both Biden and Obama owe it to the country to consider using it.

Biden continues to sink in the polls, with a recent Washington Post/ABC poll showing him actually behind Donald Trump, something considered almost unthinkable even before Trump's indictment in New York three months ago. Biden has two crucial but connected problems '-- his age and his vice president. Harris's unpopularity compounds voters' concerns about Biden's stamina and even his survival through a new term.

Since Biden shows no sign of willingness to step aside himself, both his low approval ratings and the danger to the country from Trump's potential return to the White House make it imperative that Biden select a running mate who best enhances his chances for reelection. Obama is the only person who could practically guarantee Biden's reelection, whose qualifications cannot be disputed, and who could replace Harris without alienating a major constituency.

While the idea of Obama running as Biden's vice president would, at first, not appeal to either of them, their concern for the good of the country suggests that they should carefully consider this course. When Biden agreed to sign on as Obama's vice-presidential running mate in 2008, Biden was the veteran with decades of service in the Senate, including chairmanships of both the judiciary and the foreign affairs committees. By contrast, Obama was a junior senator in his first term. But Biden took the subordinate slot. Now, turn-about should be fair play, and Obama should be willing to run in second place along with the incumbent president. Their prior relationship should enable them to come to an acceptable understanding about significant responsibilities for Obama as vice-president.

Faced with the prospect of a career-ending defeat partly of her own making, Harris should accept Obama's selection, especially if she is assured of some significant post in the new administration, giving her additional time and opportunity to burnish her credentials.

At first blush, the 22nd Amendment might be thought to preclude Obama from being on the 2024 ticket. That amendment provides: ''No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice '...'' (emphasis added). While Obama is precluded from ever running again for election as president, the amendment does not prohibit him from running for any other office, including vice-president.

Nor does the last sentence of the 12th Amendment disqualify him. It stipulates that ''no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States'' (emphasis added). For several reasons, this requirement does not expand Obama's inability under the 22nd Amendment to run for election as president.

First, the 22nd Amendment was adopted to address a single, perceived problem '-- Franklin D. Roosevelt's decision to run for reelection to a third and then fourth consecutive term as president. Thus, it bars two-term presidents only from being ''elected to the office of President.'' It says nothing about running for, and being elected to serve, as vice president.

Second, the 12th Amendment regulates voting by members of the Electoral College. The ''constitutionally ineligible'' clause ensures that the electors may not vote for someone who does not meet the qualifications for the presidency set forth in Article II of the Constitution, which provides only three requirements to be ''eligible'' to become president: ''No person except [i] a natural born citizen '... shall be eligible to the office of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office [ii] who shall not have attained to the age of thirty five years, and [iii] been fourteen years a resident within the United States'' (emphasis added).

Despite the fictitious ''birther'' theories concocted when Obama first ran, Obama meets the three constitutional tests of ''eligibility'' set forth in Article II '-- age, native citizenship, and residency. As with the scenario that I propose for Biden and Obama to consider, there are other paths to an Obama return to the presidency that the 22nd Amendment would not bar, thus confirming that he is eligible to run in 2024 for vice president.

For example, a former president is surely entitled to run for Congress, as former president John Quincy Adams did in 1830. Nothing in the Constitution would prevent such a senior statesman from being selected as Speaker of the House. Reflecting the status of the Speaker in the line of presidential succession since 1792, the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 makes the Speaker second in line to replace a president who dies in office. If both the president and the vice president were to die, the 22nd Amendment would not block a former president then serving as Speaker from succeeding to the Oval Office again.

Similarly, a person in Obama's position would be ''eligible'' for nomination to fill a vacancy in the office of vice president under the 25th Amendment, which contains open-ended authorization to select a vice president. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the vice president, ''the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote of both Houses of Congress.'' Nothing suggests that a former two-term president would not be an otherwise ''eligible'' candidate for the vice presidency in such a process.

One obvious concern, of course, is whether this election ticket would survive an inevitable challenge from an unsuccessful Republic candidate, whether Donald Trump or someone else. As the 2020 election showed, part of the Republican campaign strategy is to contest any results that are unfavorable. Would a Supreme Court dominated by conservative justices appointed by Republican presidents invalidate the certification of a Biden/Obama win or even allow states to exclude this slate from the ballot?

For a couple of reasons, the Supreme Court should not be a problem. There are good arguments that this is the kind of ''political question'' that the Constitution commits to a separate branch, specifically the outgoing vice president and Congress in accepting and counting the certified results of the electors in each State. That should have been settled on Jan. 6.

But if the court were to reach the merits, both precedent and ideology would sustain the validity of the ticket (and would prevent individual states from excluding a Biden/Obama ticket from the ballot). In the most apt precedent, involving the attempt by the House of Representatives to refuse to seat a controversial New York congressman, Adam Clayton Powell, the Supreme Court ruled that ''the House could exclude him only if it found he failed to meet the standing requirements of age, citizenship, and residence contained in Art. I, § 2, of the Constitution.'' As discussed above, those are precisely the only three types of qualification that the Constitution establishes for the presidency and vice presidency.

Furthermore, the current conservative majority consists of ''textualists'' as defined by the Federalist Society, to which they all owe allegiance: ''A textualist endeavors to give effect to the words of the Constitution and statutes. If the meaning of the words is clear, the judge goes no further.'' Nothing in the constitutional text bars Obama from running for vice president or, if circumstances required, succeeding to the presidency.

Thus, Obama would be a constitutionally-eligible vice presidential candidate for the 2024 race. And a Biden-Obama ticket? The idea is not as crazy as it sounds at first '-- although the former president, enjoying his life as a private citizen, might not be crazy about the idea.

Philip Allen Lacovara has served as Deputy Solicitor General of the United States, counsel to the Watergate special prosecutor, and president of the District of Columbia Bar.

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 14:23

Developing story -

the information presented here is preliminary and may change rapidly.

¯>>¯>>

Narrative:

A Cessna 560 Citation V disappeared from radar screens and crashed near Staunton, Virginia.The four occupants died and the aircraft was destroyed.ADS-B data show that the airplane conducted a course reversal about 1h15m into the flight, the airplane flew past the reported destination of Long Island MacArthur Airport (KISP), New York, and continued on a straight path for about 50m. As it was crossing Washington, DC, without radio contact, F-16 fighter jets were scrambled to intercept the aircraft.

The pilot of the Cessna was unresponsive as the F-16 pilot attempted to make contact until the airplane began a rapid descending right spiral from 34000 feet, followed by another spiral at 20000 feet, the last ADS-B return showed an average rate of -28864‚ ft/min.Ex YV3178, N604NB, N103BG, N32PB, N3GT, N56GT, (N18SK), N6784P

Sources:

>> cnn.com

>>

wsls.com>>

registry.faa.gov>>

flightaware.com>>

globe.adsbexchange.comPhotos

Video, social media

NORAD Responds to an Unresponsive Aircraft over the National Capital Region pic.twitter.com/EX7r1B1Uum

‚— 1st AF/America's AOC (@1stAF) June 4, 2023 NTSB is investigating the June 4 crash of a Cessna 560 airplane near Montebello, Virginia.

‚— NTSB Newsroom (@NTSB_Newsroom) June 4, 2023 Cessna 560 Citation N611VG crashed in Virginia (an hour ago) after a flight of 2 hours 10 from Hunter, TN.ATC lost contact with crew during an hour. F16s scrambled. The C560 flew literally over Washington DC!#N611VG pic.twitter.com/6UtQ8iY3Py

'-- TLspotting ?? (@TLspotting) June 4, 2023Map

This map shows the airport of departure and the intended destination of the flight. The line between the airports does

not display the exact flight path.

Distance from Elizabethton Municipal Airport, TN to Islip-Long Island MacArthur Airport, NY as the crow flies is 923 km (577 miles).

Accident location: Approximate; accuracy within a few kilometers.

This information is not presented as the Flight Safety Foundation or the Aviation Safety Networks opinion as to the cause of the accident. It is preliminary and is based on the facts as they are known at this time.

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 14:20

2022 plane crash

On 4 September 2022, a chartered Cessna 551 business jet registered in Austria was scheduled to fly from Jerez, Spain to Cologne, Germany. Early in the flight, after takeoff, the aircraft's pilot notified air traffic control about a cabin pressure malfunction. After the aircraft passed the Iberian Peninsula, no further contact could be established.[3][4]

The aircraft involved in this accident, registered as OE-FGR, was first flown in 1979.[5] The aircraft, which climbed to its assigned altitude at 36,000 feet (11,000 m), slightly turned near Paris and Cologne, where it failed to make a landing, and continued straight on its northeastern course, flying over Germany and then out for almost two hours and 1,120 kilometres (700 mi; 600 nmi) over the Baltic Sea near Denmark and Sweden. Fuel was eventually exhausted when the aircraft was over the Baltic Sea, approximately 37 kilometres (23 mi; 20 nmi) off Ventspils, Latvia, and crashed into the water in a spiral dive after an uncontrolled descent.[4][6]

According to news reports, contact with OE-FGR was lost shortly after takeoff from Jerez. According to the Flight Management System, the autopilot brought the aircraft up to 36,000 feet (11,000 m) and continued the journey via Poitiers, Paris, Luxembourg, and on to Euskirchen. In Euskirchen, the pilot apparently had planned to take over for final approach into Cologne (15:50 UTC). Since the pilot was apparently unconscious, the plane continued in a straight line for the next 1 hour 41 minutes (17:36 UTC) on a course of 54 degrees. The Cessna then started descending and turning to the right on a course of 116 degrees, seemingly headed for an approach at Ventspils International Airport. It is probable that instead the right engine failed and a change of course was initiated. About 3 minutes later (17:39 UTC), the left engine also failed, as OE-FGR continued to fly straight forward at 116 degrees before starting to lose speed and altitude (17:40 UTC), eventually crashing (17:42 UTC) in the Baltic Sea.

History of the flight [ edit ] The aircraft, which was approved for operation with one pilot, took off from Jerez in southern Spain.[7] According to reports from Bild, the pilot reported a cabin pressure problem shortly before ATC contact was lost. The Cessna 551 Citation II was flying at 36,000 feet (11,000 m) at the time.[8][9]

Shortly after its entry into French airspace, around 14:25 UTC, the Cessna was intercepted by one Dassault Rafale, scrambled from Mont-de Marsan air base. A second Rafale from Saint-Dizier air base took over the interception. The Cessna was continuously followed by the French Air Force until it reached Cologne, around 15:57 UTC, when the German Air Force took over.[10]

Two German Eurofighter Typhoon jets were scrambled from the Rostock-Laage air base at 16:15 GMT to contact the aircraft crew and were unsuccessful. Shortly after R¼gen, the German fighter pilots broke away at 16:50 GMT.[7] The plane entered Swedish airspace, where it flew south of Gotland and on towards the Gulf of Riga.[1]

A Danish F-16 fighter jet took over the escort of the ghost flight. Later, the Danish Air Force said they could not see anybody in the cockpit after intercepting the plane.[7]

The Danish jet pilots witnessed the plane going into a downward spiral and crashing 37 kilometres (23 mi; 20 nmi) off the shoreline of Latvia, far beyond the outer edge of the Latvian territorial sea, at around 17:45 GMT.[9]

Aircraft [ edit ] The aircraft involved in the accident was a 43-year-old Cessna 551 Citation II built in 1979, with manufacturer serial number 551-0021, registered as OE-FGR. The aircraft was powered by two Pratt & Whitney JT15D-4 engines and did not have a flight data recorder.[11][12][5]Since July 2020, it was owned and operated by GG Rent.[5]

Passengers and crew [ edit ] Reportedly, four people from Germany were on board: Karl-Peter Griesemann (who has been confirmed as the pilot of the aircraft), his wife Juliane, their daughter Lisa (who also carried a pilot's licence), and her boyfriend Paul.[13][14][15][16] Experts have proposed that the drop in pressure likely caused the pilot and passengers to lose consciousness, as seen in the 1999 South Dakota Learjet crash, the 2000 Australia Beechcraft King Air crash,[17][self-published source ] and the Helios Airways Flight 522 crash.The aircraft's operator was GG Rent GmbH, based in Bergisch Gladbach, located to the east of Cologne, Germany.[18]

On 6 September, Mayor of Cologne Henriette Reker commented on the Griesemann family's misfortune and offered condolences.[19]

Aftermath [ edit ] According to the Latvian Maritime and Air Rescue Centre, parts of the plane have been located. The Swedish Stena Line ferry Stena Urd was asked to help at the crash site.

Swedish and Lithuanian[failed verification ] helicopters flew around the crash site for several hours but did not find any survivors or bodies, said Lars Antonsson at the Maritime and Air Rescue Centre.[20] Johan Ahlin from the Swedish Maritime Rescue Agency told SVT that the emergency services discovered traces of oil on the water and smaller pieces of debris.[7]

On 5 September, the search for the plane debris is underway in an area of about 6 by 6 kilometres (3.7 mi — 3.7 mi; 3.2 nmi — 3.2 nmi) where the sea depth is around 60 metres (200 ft).[21]

On 5 September, a total of 11 plane wreckage parts including seats had been found, and shortly before midnight, human remains were found and transported to Ventspils by the Latvian Naval Forces.[22][23][24][25]

On 8 September, further investigation of the accident was taken over by the German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation.[26]

Witnesses [ edit ] There are not believed to be any eyewitnesses to the crash, however, numerous observers on the ground saw the aircraft in flight, some capturing video, and more than 300,000 people worldwide witnessed the crash on various online flight tracking services, such as Flightradar24.[27]

Investigation [ edit ] According to the provisional report, everyone on board the plane, including the pilot Griesemann, became unconscious shortly after asking a Spanish air traffic controller for permission to descend due to problems on board.

The aircraft continued to fly on autopilot until it exhausted all of its fuel and crashed into the Baltic Sea.[28]

See also [ edit ] Notable decompression accidents1999 South Dakota Learjet crashReferences [ edit ] ^ a b Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Cessna 551 Citation II/SP OE-FGR Ventspils (Baltic Sea)". aviation-safety.net . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . ^ LLC, Airnav Systems. "Follow flight OE-FGR on AirNav RadarBox". AirNav Radarbox . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . ^ Scheef, Af Manne (4 September 2022). "Privatfly styrtet i havet: Chancen for overlevende er minimal" [Private plane crashed into the sea: the chance for survivors is minimal]. ekstrabladet.dk (in Danish) . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . ^ a b Maszczynski, Mateusz (4 September 2022). "BREAKING: 'Ghost Plane' Crashes in the Baltic Sea After Running Out of Fuel". Paddle Your Own Kanoo . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . ^ a b c "OE-FGR Private Cessna 551, MSN 551-0021 | OneSpotter.com". OneSpotter.com | Plane Spotting, Photography, Aircraft Database . Retrieved 8 September 2022 . ^ "Private Austrian 'ghost plane' crashes off Latvia". rte.ie. 4 September 2022. ^ a b c d Schmalz, Alexander (4 September 2022). "Privatjet st¼rzt nach "Geisterflug" durch halb Europa in die Ostsee" [After a "ghost flight" through half of Europe, a private jet crashes into the Baltic Sea]. Berliner Zeitung (in German) . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . ^ "Mystery as private plane crashes into Baltic Sea". BBC News. 4 September 2022 . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . ^ a b "Flugzeug-Absturz in der Ostsee: Verlor der Pilot das Bewusstsein?" [Plane crash in the Baltic Sea: did the pilot lose consciousness?]. bild.de (in German) . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . ^ "Les permanences op(C)rationnelles fran§aise et allemande interceptent un CESSNA 551 avant un crash en mer Baltique" [French and German operational offices intercept a CESSNA 551 before a crash in the Baltic Sea] (PDF) (Press release) (in French). Paris: Ministry of Armed Forces. 4 September 2022. ^ "LidmaÅÄnas katastrofas vietā Baltijas jÅrā atrastas, iespÄ'jams, cilvÄ'ka Ä·ermeņa daļas" [Possibly human body parts were found at the plane crash site in the Baltic Sea]. www.lsm.lv (in Latvian) . Retrieved 7 September 2022 . ^ "AIRFRAMES.ORG - Aircraft Database - OEFGR". www.airframes.org . Retrieved 8 September 2022 . ^ "Ett flygplan har st¶rtat i –stersj¶n '' befaras ha varit familj ombord" [An airplane has crashed in the Baltic Sea - it is feared that there was a family on board]. www.aftonbladet.se (in Swedish). 4 September 2022 . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . ^ "In –sterreich registrierter Privatjet ¼ber der Ostsee abgest¼rzt" [Private jet registered in Austria crashed over the Baltic Sea]. kurier.at (in German). 4 September 2022 . Retrieved 4 September 2022 . ^ Sevilla, Diario de (4 September 2022). "El due±o de la empresa Quick Air y su familia son los fallecidos en el accidente de avi"n en el Bltico" [The owner of the Quick Air company and his family are those who died in the plane crash in the Baltic]. Diario de Sevilla (in European Spanish) . Retrieved 5 September 2022 . ^ "Familie st¼rzt mit Cessna in die Ostsee: Das ist der Pilot" [Family crashes into the Baltic Sea with a Cessna: That's the pilot]. bild.de (in German) . Retrieved 5 September 2022 . ^ Juan Brown (blancolirio) (4 September 2022). Loss of Pressurization Citation Crash Baltic Sea 4 Sept 2022 '' via YouTube. ^ Kaminski-Morrow, David (5 September 2022). "Radio-silent Citation II crashes in Baltic Sea after flying far beyond destination". Flight Global . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ " "GroŸe Best¼rzung": Henriette Reker kondoliert K¶lner Familie nach Cessna-Absturz" ["Great dismay" Henriette Reker condoles Cologne family after Cessna crash]. K¶lner Stadt-Anzeiger (in German). 6 September 2022 . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ "Private Austrian 'ghost plane' crashes off Latvia". RT‰.ie. Agence France-Presse; Reuters. 4 September 2022. ^ "VIDEO | small private plane crashes not far from Ventspils; no survivors found yet". Baltic News Network - News from Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia. 5 September 2022 . Retrieved 5 September 2022 . ^ "Atrastas, iespÄ'jams, lidmaÅÄnas katastrofā bojāgājuÅo Ä·ermeņa daļas" [Body parts of those who may have died in the plane crash have been found]. Liepajniekiem (in Latvian). LETA . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ "Blaue-Funken-Funktion¤r verungl¼ckt: Menschliche 'berreste an Absturzstelle gefunden" [Blue Sparks official killed: Human remains found at crash site]. K¶lner Stadt-Anzeiger (in German). 6 September 2022 . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ "Flugzeugabsturz Ostsee: Pilot war Peter Griesemann '' menschliche K¶rperteile gefunden" [Baltic Sea plane crash: the pilot was Peter Griesemann '' human body parts found]. www.24rhein.de (in German) . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ "Flugzeugabsturz Ostsee: Pilot war bekannter K¶lner Karnevalist '' K¶rperteile entdeckt" [Plane crash in the Baltic Sea: the pilot was a well-known Cologne carnivalist '' body parts discovered]. www.merkur.de (in German) . Retrieved 6 September 2022 . ^ "Parts of crashed plane's body and personal belongings of deceased have been identified in seabed with help of robot". www.baltictimes.com . Retrieved 8 September 2022 . ^ D'Urso, Stefano; Cenciotti, David (13 September 2022). "Radio Comms, Tracks And All The Details About The Interception Of The 'Ghost Jet' Last Week". The Aviationist. Archived from the original on 31 October 2022 . Retrieved 31 October 2022 . ^ "Informe oficial: los Griesemann fallecieron por la falta de ox­geno tras la despresurizaci"n de la cabina" (in Spanish). 6 January 2023.

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 14:18

CNN '--

No survivors were found at the crash site of a plane whose pilot was unresponsive as it flew near the Washington, DC, area Sunday, prompting military fighter jets to attempt to intercept the aircraft before it ultimately crashed, authorities say.

First responders reached the site Sunday evening, about four hours after state and local authorities launched a ground and air search for the crashed aircraft, Virginia State Police said.

State police said they have suspended their search and will identify the plane's passengers when the information becomes available.

US F-16 fighter jets caused a sonic boom across the Washington, DC, region Sunday as they scrambled to reach the unresponsive aircraft, officials said.

A US official said the F-16s did not shoot down the aircraft and that it is typical for the Federal Aviation Administration to call in jets if someone is flying unsafely.

The pilot of the civilian aircraft was unresponsive as the F-16 fighter jets attempted to make contact, according to a news release from the Continental US North American Aerospace Defense Command Region.

The F-16 jets were ''authorized to travel at supersonic speeds,'' which resulted in the sonic boom heard in the Washington, DC, area.

The F-16s used flares ''in an attempt to draw attention from the pilot,'' the release added.

The civilian aircraft, a Cessna 560 Citation V, was intercepted by the NORAD jets around 3:20 p.m. and ultimately crashed near the George Washington National Forest in Virginia.

''The pilot was unresponsive and the Cessna subsequently crashed near the George Washington National Forest, Virginia,'' the release said. ''NORAD attempted to establish contact with the pilot until the aircraft crashed.''

Four people were on board the aircraft, which overshot its planned destination by 315 miles before crashing, sources familiar with the investigation said.

Search efforts were still underway by state and local authorities Sunday evening, Virginia State Police told CNN.

State police were notified around 3:50 p.m. of a possible aircraft crash in the Staunton/Blue Ridge Parkway region, the agency said.

The National Transportation Safety Board said on Twitter it was investigating the crash. The agency said it will arrive at the scene Monday and will begin ''the process of documenting the scene and examining the aircraft.''

The private jet that crashed was registered to Encore Motors of Melbourne, Inc., out of Florida, according to FAA records.

Barbara Rumpel is the president of the company. When reached by phone Sunday, her husband, John Rumpel, told CNN Barbara was safe and that they are owners of Encore. They did not want to comment further to CNN.

On her Facebook profile, Barbara commented on an unrelated post of others asking if she was on the plane and sending prayers, writing, ''My family is gone, my daughter and granddaughter.''

John Rumpel told the Washington Post his family members, including his daughter, a grandchild and her nanny, were on board. He told The New York Times the family was returning home to East Hampton, New York, after a four-day trip to his home in North Carolina, and added his granddaughter is 2 years old.

The plane and those aboard have not been found.

The military aircraft caused a sonic boom heard across the Washington, DC, metropolitan region.

''We are aware of reports from communities throughout the National Capital Region of a loud 'boom' this afternoon,'' DC Homeland Security & Emergency Management said on Twitter.

There is no threat at this time, the agency added.

Earlier, the FAA said in a statement that a Cessna Citation crashed in southwest Virginia Sunday.

The aircraft took off from Elizabethton Municipal Airport in Elizabethton, Tennessee, and was bound for Long Island MacArthur Airport in New York.

The aircraft crashed into a mountainous terrain in a ''sparsely populated area'', according to FAA.

The US Capitol Complex was placed on ''an elevated alert'' when the small aircraft flew near the area on Sunday afternoon, according to a statement from US Capitol Police.

''This afternoon, our officials were working closely with our federal partners to monitor an unresponsive pilot who was flying an airplane near the National Capital Region. The U.S. Capitol Complex was briefly placed on an elevated alert until the airplane left the area,'' the statement said.

The US Secret Service said they did not alter their posture for keeping President Joe Biden secure after the incident. Biden was golfing at the Andrews Air Force Base golf course near Joint Base Andrews in Maryland.

The incident ''had no impact on Secret Service,'' spokesperson Anthony Guglielmi said in a Sunday statement.

The President has been briefed on the incident, according to a White House official.

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 13:57

Rupert Murdoch and his wife, Jerry, paid $200 million to buy a Montana ranch home to 12,000 cattle from the founder of Koch Industries, marking the biggest such sale in the state's history.

The Murdochs purchased the 340,000-acre Beaverhead Ranch from Matador Cattle Company, a subsidiary of Koch Industries, according to the Wall Street Journal. Fred Koch bought the property about seven decades ago and passed it along to Charles and David Koch, his sons, after his death.

Beaverhead Ranch is a working commercial business with 25 homes spread across its 113,000 acres, mostly for the people who manage the livestock. It spans 50 miles from north to south, crossing two counties, has grazing rights on another 226,000 acres, and contains a 28-mile creek stocked with trout.

Luxury ranches are in demand. The 80,000-acre Turkey Track Ranch in the Texas Panhandle hit the market in October, asking $200 million. A similarly sized working ranch in Montana where RobertRedford ''A River Runs Through It'' '-- listed in May for $136 million.

Murdoch said through a spokesperson that the property was ''a profound responsibility,'' and said he and his wife ''look forward to continually enhancing both the commercial cattle business and the conservation assets across the ranch.''

While Koch Industries has sold or listed at least two other properties this year, the conglomerate remains one of the nation's largest property owners. It sold the 11,000-acre Spring Creek Ranch in Kansas in March for $23.2 million and a few months later put the Matador Ranch in Texas on the market for $124.45 million.

The deal is Montana's largest ranch sale in terms of both size and price, said Beachhead Home and Ranch Real Estate agent Chance Bernall, who represented the seller along with Joel Leadbetter of Hall and Hall. Tim Murphy of Hall and Hall repped the Murdochs.

[WSJ] '-- Dennis Lynch

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 13:38

Image source, Getty Images Image caption, Ms Harris flew to Hanoi from Singapore on Tuesday

By Bernd Debusmann Jr

BBC News, Washington

US Vice-President Kamala Harris's flight to Vietnam was delayed by several hours due to an "anomalous health incident" with similarities to so-called Havana syndrome, reports say.

The mysterious syndrome first affected people at the US and Canadian embassies in Havana in 2016 and 2017. It may be caused by directed microwave radiation.

Ms Harris was in Singapore ahead of her visit to Vietnam at the time of the incident in Hanoi.

It is unclear who was affected.

CBS News reported that the incident in the Vietnamese capital is similar to previous incidents of Havana syndrome reported elsewhere.

In a statement, the US State Department said that Ms Harris's departure from Singapore to Hanoi was delayed after reports of a "possible anomalous health incident" there.

The department added that "after careful assessment", Ms Harris and her delegation decided to continue the trip to Hanoi, where she has now arrived.

A senior official quoted by CBS News said that at least one official had to be medically evacuated over the weekend. He added that the incident is not the first case of Havana syndrome reported in Vietnam.

NBC News has reported that two officials were evacuated after "acoustic" incidents were reported in the homes of two US diplomats.

The BBC has contacted the state department to ask for more details.

Since the syndrome was first reported in Cuba in 2016, cases of the condition have been reported elsewhere in the world, including China and, last month, Austria.

Hundreds of US diplomats, spies and other personnel have reportedly fallen ill with symptoms including ear ringing, nausea, and severe headaches.

A 2019 US academic study found "brain abnormalities" in the diplomats who had fallen ill in Cuba.

In June, US Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced a review into the causes of the illness.

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Media caption, Being mixed race like Kamala Harris: "I feel just as Indian as I feel black"

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 12:52

Pride Month merchandise is displayed at a Target store on May 31, 2023 in San Francisco, California.

Justin Sullivan | Getty Images

Even before Pride month was underway, it seems as if it was open season on companies celebrating the LGBTQ community.

One by one, companies have come under an expanding attack. Anheuser-Busch, Target , Kohl's and VF Corp.'s North Face brand have all felt the vitriol of this latest push from the right. And the list keeps growing. These companies have been branded as "woke capitalists" '-- and worse '-- as critics urged boycotts of these companies' products. Bud Light came into the crosshairs after it struck a partnership with trans influencer Dylan Mulvaney, while North Face received backlash for an ad featuring drag queen Pattie Gonia. Target and Kohl's have been criticized for Pride-themed clothing.

While it's too early to say how successful these efforts will be in lowering sales at the companies recently drawn into this attack, damage has been done to the stocks already. And some on Wall Street expect that to continue with analysts recently downgrading Target's and Anheuser-Bush's ratings, citing in part the ongoing controversy.

"The main reason boycotts generally are effective is because they threaten the reputation of the company by putting the company in a negative media spotlight, and companies don't want to have negative attention of any kind drawn to them," said Brayden King, a professor of management and organizations, who has studied how boycotts impact company stock prices, in an interview.

King's research focused on 133 separate boycotts launched between 1990 and 2005, in a study that was published in 2011. About a quarter of the 177 companies targeted by these actions offered a concession to protestors.

"They often concede to boycotter's demands, not because they feel that there's sales pressure on them, but rather because they don't want to continue to be a target of negative media attention," he said.

King's research found that the stock of a company will fall about 1% each day of national print media coverage. But once the issue falls out of the daily news cycle, the stock generally recovers.

Why Bud Light is an outlierKing sees Anheuser-Busch's situation as an outlier because the controversy has harmed its sales. The company has been under fire for more than two months. Over that time, its stock is down more than 18%.

Stock Chart IconStock chart iconAnheuser-Busch InBev shares hit a 52-week high of $67.09 on March 31.

"With 7 weeks of data, the consumer backlash at Bud Light seems quite durable," said Cowen analyst Vivien Azer, in a research note Friday. "This is not a surprise to us, given how violent the responses were to Bud Light on social media. Indeed, in each of the last five weeks, we have seen Miller Lite and Coors Light gain over 200 bps of market share from Bud Light (where market share fell 390 bps most recently)."

Cowen's consumer research suggests Molson Coors will be able to maintain the market share it's gaining.

"Relative to Miller Lite and Coors Light, the Bud Light brand seems to skew to white consumers, men, younger consumers and lower-income consumers. The income bias toward Bud Light, we believe, is a key factor in driving the durable market share gains to TAP," Azer explained.

Molson Coors shares are up 24% over the past two months, as analysts have spotlighted the market share gains it's making.

Bud Light has tried to win back customers with a $15 off rebate program on Budweiser, Bud Light, Bud Select and Bud Select 55. While shoppers will need to put out money for the purchases on the front end, once the rebate is processed, the product is essentially free, according to Azer.

Will this be enough to soothe angry consumers? She's unconvinced.

"Recall there were consumers that were happy to destroy beer they had already purchased," she said.

Budweiser beer in the brewery section at a Walmart Supercenter on March 02, 2023 in Austin, Texas.

Brandon Bell | Getty Images

There are several factors contributing to the impact the Bud Light boycott is having on sales that are specific to the beer category, according to King. He said, the first is that a bar, restaurant or music venue could remove the product, which takes the decision away from consumer. Then, there is the social nature of drinking.

"When you're purchasing something in private, there's nobody looking over your shoulder to hold you accountable," King said. However, beer may be purchased to drink with friends so there could be more social pressure, he said.

Companies on edgeThe situation with Bud Light may have put companies more on edge. Target has carried Pride month apparel for years, but when confronted with pushback this year, the retailer moved product in some stores to other areas or removed it all together, citing concerns for worker safety. But this decision also carries a risk. Target could wind up offending both sides of the issue.

"The fact that a small group of extremists are threatening disgusting and harsh violence in response to Target continuing its long-standing tradition of offering products for everyone should be a wake-up call for consumers and is a reminder that LGBTQ people, venues, and events are being attacked with threats and violence like never before," said Sarah Kate Ellis, president and CEO of GLAAD, a LGBTQ media advocacy group, in a written statement.

The group has pushed for Target to put the Pride merchandise back on the sales floor and online, and do what it can to protect workers in the stores. Target has also received bomb threats from those claiming to support the LGBT community, who wanted the merchandise retured to the store, according to media reports.

Stock Chart IconStock chart iconTarget's stock hit a 52-week low on Thursday.

Target's stock has fallen about 10% since news broke on May 24. But shares were already trending lower after the retailer's earnings report showed weakness in parts of its business.

Meanwhile, both VF Corp. and Kohl's shares seemed to be bouncing back on Friday. After recovering some lost ground, the North Face parent is down about 9% since it launched its "Summer of Pride" ad on May 23. Kohl's shares rose nearly 12% on Friday, recouping nearly all of the ground it lost. But the stock sank as low as $17.89 on Thursday, its lowest level since May 22, 2020.

Stock Chart IconStock chart iconVF Corp. shares traded as low as $16.77 on Thursday.

Target's stock sank to a 52-week low of $126.75 on Thursday, following a downgrade by JPMorgan to neutral. While analyst Christopher Horvers cited a weakening consumer as the primary reason that he expects tougher times ahead for the discount retailer, the recent controversies were mentioned as a factor in the decision. Horvers slashed his price target to $144 from $182.

Meanwhile, Wells Fargo analyst Edward Kelly said the recent pullback in the stock's price might have been seen as a buying opportunity prior to this issue.

"The current stock price could have been a good entry point, but it's hard to step in front of the current uncertainty," Kelly wrote in a research note Thursday.

Kelly said that he has seen "early evidence of some near-term financial impact." Among the factors he cited was Placer.ai data that showed foot traffic at Target stores was soft in the week ended May 28.

"Traffic has been a key bright spot for TGT as it struggled with margin issues, and a slowdown would be negative. It remains to be seen how long any impact would last," Kelly said.

Issues give brands 'powerful gravitational pull'Even with the risk, companies will continue to tie brands to social issues because it fosters a deeper relationship with customers.

"If you build your argument to consumers only on the stuff, only on the features, only the functional utility of what it is that you do, then competitors can come in and offer that, just a copy of that, and claim that they have a better mousetrap," said Americus Reed, a professor of marketing at the University of Pennsylvania, in an interview Wednesday on CNBC's "Power Lunch."

Stock Chart IconStock chart iconKohl's shares on Thursday hit a low of $17.89, the stock's lowest level since May 22, 2020, when it traded as low as $17.19.

"So a bit of ... why it is so attractive to align with purpose and these sorts of issues is that ... it gives you an opportunity to link more deeply with consumers," Reed said. Even though it can go awry, the upside can be powerful because the connection "has powerful gravitational pull," he said.

In fact, those strong relationships are usually why boycotts fail to hurt a company's sales longer term, according to King. He said research has shown that for every consumer that stops buying a product another shopper will begin a "buycott" by purchasing items to show their support for the opposite side of the issue.

Still, with threats coming from both sides of the issue, and stocks suffering sharp selloffs, companies may proceed a bit more cautiously.

"They may internally continue to embrace those values as important to their culture and identity, but externally they may be more risk adverse in terms of how they communicate those values," King said.

'--CNBC's Christopher Hayes contributed to this report.

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 12:50

An NRA executive and major Republican donor said her daughter and granddaughter were killed alongside the 2-year-old girl's nanny and the pilot of a private Cessna plane that crashed in Virginia and sparked a sonic boom from responding military jets.

"My family is gone, my daughter and granddaughter," Barbara Rumpel posted on Facebook Sunday evening.

Her husband, John Rumpel, who runs the Encore Motors of Melbourne, the Florida-based company that the private jet was registered to, confirmed the crash to The New York Times.

"It descended at 20,000 feet a minute, and nobody could survive a crash from that speed," he said. He also speculated that the plane may have lost pressurization, causing the pilot and passengers to lose consciousness.

Rumpel has held several prominent positions at the NRA and is currently a member of the organization's Women's Leadership Council, per her Linkedin.

Both John and Barbara Rumpel have donated thousands of dollars to Republican candidates such as former President Donald Trump, former Georgia Senate candidate Herschel Walker, former Alaska Senate candidate Kelly Tshibaka, former Florida House candidate Laura Loomer, Florida Rep. Anna Paulina Luna and others, according to OpenSecrets.org, a website that tracks campaign donations.

When the Cessna carrying the four people veered into restricted airspace in the capital region, the Federal Aviation Administration called the pilot but did not receive a response.

The military ordered the jets to intercept, a defense official told the Times. This led to the sonic boom that was heard across the region in Maryland, Virginia, and Washington, D.C.

Officials are investigating why the pilot did not respond. Officials also said that the plane, which was bound for the Long Island airport from Tennessee, was not shot down.

This is not the first tragedy experienced by the Rumpel family. In 1994, their 19-year-old daughter Victoria died in a scuba-diving accident, per The New York Post.

Madeleine Hubbard is an international correspondent for Just the News. Follow her on Twitter or Instagram.

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 12:48

The Facts Inside Our Reporter's NotebookTennessee's law banning drag shows from being performed in public or in places where children are present is unconstitutional, according to a ruling from U.S. District Judge Thomas Parker, an appointee of former President Donald Trump.

The state law is "unconstitutionally vague and substantially overbroad" and it encouraged "discriminatory enforcement," the judge wrote in the ruling late Friday, according to The Associated Press.

"There is no question that obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment. But there is a difference between material that is 'obscene' in the vernacular, and material that is 'obscene' under the law," Parker also wrote. "Simply put, no majority of the Supreme Court has held that sexually explicit '-- but not obscene '-- speech receives less protection than political, artistic, or scientific speech."

The law would have prohibited adult cabaret performances on public property or anywhere minors could be present. Performers who violated the law faced a misdemeanor or, if it was a repeat offense, a felony charge.

Republican Gov. Bill Lee signed the ban into law in March. GOP Senate Majority Leader Jack Johnson, the bill's sponsor, said at the time that the legislation "gives confidence to parents that they can take their kids to a public or private show and will not be blindsided by a sexualized performance."

Parker said in his decision that a female Elvis Presley impersonator could be punished under the law because the performer would be considered a "male impersonator."

The lawsuit against the legislation was filed by the Memphis-based LGBTQ+ theater company Friends of George's, which argued that they were negatively impacted by the law because they produce "drag-centric performances" without age restrictions.

The theater group celebrated the judge's decision as a "triumph over hate."

State Sen. Johnson said after the ruling: "Sadly, this ruling is a victory for those who support exposing children to sexual entertainment."

Madeleine Hubbard is an international correspondent for Just the News. Follow her on Twitter or Instagram.

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Vision4theBlind : Alleged whistleblower who supposedly was a former high level intelligence official says the U.S. government is cov'... https://t.co/7pUhzPOeCS

Tue Jun 06 23:33:33 +0000 2023

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 21:42

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 21:40

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 21:34

Tucker Carlson : Ep. 1 https://t.co/O7CdPjF830

Tue Jun 06 22:00:31 +0000 2023

Sicfuk : @TuckerCarlson Spot on Tucker.

Wed Jun 07 21:34:56 +0000 2023

Elaine : @TuckerCarlson So glad you're back! Just yesterday was saying how much I miss your show. Will keep praying for you.

Wed Jun 07 21:34:54 +0000 2023

Nikolai Grigoriev : @TuckerCarlson @TuckerCarlson How does it feel when you realize that 90M people (at least, we watched together with'... https://t.co/IOyLgOMP9z

Wed Jun 07 21:34:52 +0000 2023

MR_Random82_VK6FCRC : @TuckerCarlson How's the Port Arthur Masacre tie into the new world order & was there a gov coverup designed to dis'... https://t.co/6c2sI4Fgjy

Wed Jun 07 21:34:51 +0000 2023

Proactive4Health : @TuckerCarlson Great pivot Tucker to a better platform! God bless!

Wed Jun 07 21:34:51 +0000 2023

V(C)ronika81 : @TuckerCarlson Bjr Mr Carlson,Pouvez-vous avoir la gentillesse de traduire vos vid(C)os en fran§ais ?Merci infiniment 🌹

Wed Jun 07 21:34:43 +0000 2023

JL : @TuckerCarlson Just watched this again. It speaks so much truth to so much power that you have to worry for Tuckers'... https://t.co/72YR0QvD3B

Wed Jun 07 21:34:36 +0000 2023

Jordon Darke : @TuckerCarlson @elonmusk Twitter needs to become the one stop shop for all forms of social media. Ideally to replace Facebook and Youtube.

Wed Jun 07 21:34:26 +0000 2023

Jesse Edwards : @TuckerCarlson Power to you Tucker! Thank you for being willing to talk on the truth in a way no other media outlet'... https://t.co/YovFanDNE7

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ThickCutBacon17 : @TuckerCarlson I love this

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:36

Back to homepage / Live news Stockholm (AFP) '' Hundreds of people protested in Stockholm on Sunday against new anti-terror legislation that was passed to address Turkey's opposition to Sweden joining NATO.

Issued on: 05/06/2023 - 02:12

1 min

Protesters waved numerous PKK flags, along with signs stating "No to NATO" (C) Maja SUSLIN / TT News Agency/AFPThe demonstration was organised by groups close to the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK), outlawed by Turkey, which this week warned against "terrorists" being allowed to demonstrate in Sweden.

Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has so far blocked Sweden's NATO membership, accusing Stockholm of being a haven for the Kurdish activists.

To address his concerns, Sweden passed a new law that criminalises "participation in a terrorist organisation".

"They are after the Kurds in Sweden," Tomas Pettersson, spokesperson for the Alliance Against NATO, told AFP at the protest, titled "No to NATO, No Erdogan Laws in Sweden."

Petterson added that the idea behind the law is "to have an arrest and a trial and a victim," so that Erdogan "will then let Sweden into NATO".

Protesters waved numerous PKK flags, along with signs reading "No to NATO."

"Our membership in NATO would cause a lot of blackmail from Erdogan," former Swedish MP Amineh Kakabaveh told AFP.

A spokesman for Erdogan on Tuesday said it was "completely unacceptable that PKK terrorists continue to operate freely in Sweden" and urged Swedish authorities to block the protest.

Even though the PKK is also considered a terrorist organisation in Sweden -- as in the rest of the EU -- its supporters are generally allowed to protest in public.

Sweden and Finland dropped decades of military non-alignment and applied to join NATO in response to Russia's invasion of Ukraine.

Finland formally joined in April, however Turkey and Hungary have yet to ratify Sweden's membership bid.

Sweden's justice minister reiterated on Friday that the new law is not aimed at attacking freedom of speech.

Foreign Minister Tobias Billstrom on Thursday hailed the new legislation as Sweden's last step under an accord signed with Turkey last year for Ankara to ratify Stockholm's membership.

After meeting Erdogan in Turkey, NATO chief Jens Stoltenberg on Sunday called on Ankara to drop its opposition to Sweden's bid, saying Stockholm has addressed security concerns.

Ankara suspended negotiations with Sweden in outrage after protests in January that included a Koran burning outside Turkey's embassy in Stockholm.

(C) 2023 AFP

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 14:15

Chris Licht is out at CNN after leading the news network for a little more than a year, parent company Warner Bros Discovery announced Wednesday morning.

The company said it is seeking a replacement. In the meantime, executives Amy Entelis, Virginia Moseley, Eric Sherling and David Leavy will lead CNN, the company said.

"We have great confidence in this group and will fully support them until a new CEO is named," Warner Bros. Discovery CEO David Zaslav said in a memo to staff on Wednesday, adding the company would be conducting a search internally and externally for CNN's next leader. "We are in good hands, allowing us to take the time we need to run a thoughtful and thorough search for a new leader."

Licht's departure came as he faced a rebellion among CNN's talent and staff. His tenure, which effectively started when he eliminated the network's expensive CNN+ streaming service, was riddled with programming missteps and rock-bottom ratings.

"I have known Chris for many years and have enormous respect for him, personally and professionally. This job was never going to be easy, especially at a time of great disruption and transformation, and Chris poured his heart and soul into it," Zaslav said in his memo. "Unfortunately, things did not work out the way we had hoped '' and ultimately that's on me. I take responsibility."

Chris Licht, Chairman and CEO of CNN Worldwide.

Courtesy: CNN

Licht drew heated criticism in recent weeks after the network hosted a town hall with Donald Trump that was packed with scores of the former president's cheering fans. While the event drew 3.3 million viewers, CNN's ratings plummeted afterward. Two days after the town hall, CNN's prime-time viewership came in below right-wing outlet Newsmax, a much smaller network.

But it was an unflattering 15,000-word profile of Licht in The Atlantic '' titled "Inside the Meltdown at CNN" '' that might have sealed his fate. He apologized to staffers Monday morning, but top brass at CNN's parent company, Warner Bros. Discovery, including CEO David Zaslav, weren't happy with the article and the aftermath.

"I have great respect for Chris, personally and professionally," Zaslav said in a news release. "The job of leading CNN was never going to be easy, especially at a time of huge disruption and transformation, and he has poured his heart and soul into it. While we know we have work to do as we look to identify a new leader, we have absolute confidence in the team we have in place and will continue to fight for CNN and its world class journalism."

The move comes soon after Leavy, a key Zaslav ally, was named the network's new chief operating officer. Leavy was tasked with taking over marketing, public relations, advertising sales, facilities and other logistics.

The move was intended to allow Licht to focus more on programming. Licht helped launch MSNBC's "Morning Joe" as its executive producer in 2007 and later became executive producer and showrunner of "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" on CBS.

Read Zaslav's memo to staff:

All,

This morning we are announcing that Chris Licht will be leaving CNN and we will be conducting a wide search, internally and externally, for a new leader. I wanted you to hear this news directly from me as it impacts you and your teams.

I have known Chris for many years and have enormous respect for him, personally and professionally. This job was never going to be easy, especially at a time of great disruption and transformation, and Chris poured his heart and soul into it. He has a deep love for journalism and this business and that has been evident throughout his tenure. Unfortunately, things did not work out the way we had hoped '' and ultimately that's on me. I take responsibility. Needless to say, we appreciate Chris' efforts and dedication and wish him all the best.

We have put in place a solid transition plan with the appointment of an acting leadership team made up of experienced programming executives'... Amy Entelis, EVP, Talent & Content Development, Virginia Moseley, EVP, Editorial, and Eric Sherling, EVP, U.S. Programming, along with David Leavy, COO, on the commercial side. We have great confidence in this group and will fully support them until a new CEO is named. We are in good hands, allowing us to take the time we need to run a thoughtful and thorough search for a new leader. I recognize that changes like this can be stressful and appreciate your continued patience as we move through this process.

You've heard me say it many times: CNN has the greatest journalists in the world'... we are deeply committed to supporting them and the critical work that CNN does every day. We must get this right '' and we will!

David

Disclosure: NBCUniversal is the parent company of MSNBC and CNBC.

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Wed, 07 Jun 2023 12:57

Twitter's 'Community Notes' '-- a system which allows ''fact checks'' to be added beneath some tweets '-- are being weaponized in the run-up to the Republican presidential primary, with some users even having opinions fact-checked under the guise of adding 'context.'

The outgoing CEO of Twitter, Elon Musk, initially introduced Community Notes ''to create a better informed world by empowering people on Twitter to collaboratively add context to potentially misleading Tweets.''

The function has quickly begun to operate as a means of fact-checking posts that partisan readers disapprove of, whether inaccurate or not. One such example involves the ''Trump War Room'' account's assertion that Florida Governor Ron DeSantis kept businesses closed until September 2020.

Notably, DeSantis lifted COVID restrictions on business, including bars and restaurants, in September 2020, as reported by Reuters at the time, yet Community Notes was quick to ''add context,'' which, in turn, implied the claim was false.

Another example concerns Chris Pavlovski, CEO of video platform Rumble, who was subjected to a Community Note after arguing:

''Community Notes on Twitter is a really bad idea. It's a fancy word for fact checking, which will eventually be gamed, hijacked and/or cause more harm than good.''

Despite Pavlovski merely opining on the subject, Community Notes ''added context'' about the tweet. This encouraged another Republican primary hopeful, Vivek Ramaswamy, to tweet his fear that opinions becoming tagged by Community notes ''is more eerie and Orwellian than what you'd expect from a ''free speech platform.''

The Notes system is reliant on users, particular those who register, to add ''fact checks'' to tweets, which they are then circulating to friends to vote up. This adds a Note to a tweet, and is being used to try to deflect from criticism of their preferred candidate.

To date, the DeSantis campaign appears to be mass weaponising the system in the style of corporate media ''fact checkers'' in order to save their candidate from online criticism.

show less Twitter's 'Community Notes' '-- a system which allows ''fact checks'' to be added beneath some tweets '-- are being weaponized in the run-up to the Republican presidential primary, with some users even having opinions fact-checked under the guise of adding 'context.' The outgoing CEO of Twitter, Elon Musk, initially introduced Community Notes ''to create a ['...]

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 19:12

President Biden's reported new pick for The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) director Mandy Cohen recalled multiple collaborations between health officials across different states during a 2022 interview, and laughed over an apparent interaction about not letting them "play professional football," videos show.

Cohen, during a seminar series at Duke University's Fuqua School of Business in May 2022, answered a question about crisis management and about how health officials collaborated with different states in enacting COVID-19 restrictions during the pandemic.

Cohen, a former North Carolina health secretary, said she communicated with the Secretary of Health and Human Services in Massachusetts the most and described a conversation about whether to allow them to play professional football.

"She was like, 'are you gonna let them have professional football?' And I was like, no. And she's like, OK neither are we," Cohen said, before laughing about the interaction.

Dr. Mandy Cohen, secretary of the state Department of Health and Human Services, speaks during a briefing on the coronavirus pandemic at the Emergency Operations Center in Raleigh, N.C., Tuesday, May 26, 2020. (Ethan Hyman/Raleigh News & Observer/Tribune News Service via Getty Images)

WALENSKY TELLS FOX NEWS IT'S 'FRUSTRATING' WHEN HEALTH DECISIONS ARE 'POLITICAL'

"So, you know it was like conversations like that," she said. "Or I'd be like, so when are you going to think about lightening up on masks? They were like next Monday. I'm like okay, next Monday, right. So it was also like a coordination of timing and those kinds of things," Cohen continued, noting that these interactions were based on personal relationships and 'not a formal structure.'"

She said she believed that there needed to be more of a formal structure.

Cohen also served as the Chief Operating Officer and Chief of Staff at the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services during the Obama administration.

The Washington Post reported on Thursday that Biden is expected to pick Cohen as the next CDC director.

Rochelle Walensky, MD, MPH, Director, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; speaks during the COVID Federal Response Hearing on Capitol Hill on June 16, 2022, in Washington, D.C. ((Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images))

CDC TIGHTENED MASKING GUIDELINES AFTER THREATS FROM TEACHERS' UNION, EMAILS SHOW

CDC director Rochelle Walensky announced in May that she would be stepping down at the end of June.

"The end of the COVID-19 public health emergency marks a tremendous transition for our country, for public health, and in my tenure as CDC Director," Walensky wrote in her resignation letter to Biden. "I took on this role, at your request, with the goal of leaving behind the dark days of the pandemic and moving CDC '-- and public health '-- forward into a much better and more trusted place."

A general view of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia, on Sep. 30, 2014. (REUTERS/Tami Chappell)

CLICK HERE TO GET THE FOX NEWS APP

The White House thanked Walensky for her service in a statement.

"Dr. Walensky has saved lives with her steadfast and unwavering focus on the health of every American. As Director of the CDC, she led a complex organization on the front lines of a once-in-a-generation pandemic with honesty and integrity. She marshalled our finest scientists and public health experts to turn the tide on the urgent crises we've faced," President Biden said.

Fox News' Chris Pandolfo contributed to this report.

Hanna Panreck is an associate editor at Fox News.

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 19:05

The Democrat-led House Select Committee to Investigate Jan. 6 doctored a key piece of its evidence, adding audio to silent U.S. Capitol Police security footage used to create a dramatic video montage for the opening of its primetime hearings last summer, according to a Just the News review of the original raw footage and interviews.

In at least two instances identified by Just the News, the panel's sizzle reel that aired live and on C-SPAN last June failed to identify that it had overdubbed audio from another, unidentified source onto the silent footage. Multiple current and former Capitol Police officials as well as key lawmakers and congressional aides confirmed that the closed-circuit cameras that captured the video do not record sound and that it was added afterwards.

A former spokesman for the Jan. 6 committee told Just the News that the panel was supposed to clearly mark any video that was dubbed with another audio source, and it did so on some occasions in the sizzle reel.

But Just the News identified two key pieces of Capitol Police closed circuit television (''CCTV'') footage -- one from an inside angle showing the dramatic breach of a key entrance to the Capitol by rioters and the other an aerial view of the agitated crowd outside '' from a camera system that Capitol Police officials confirmed did not have sound recording capabilities. Yet, the footage shown by the committee inexplicably included sound on the video montage they produced. That video is without any disclaimer showing the audio had been dubbed.

You can see those videos in the player above.

Spokesmen and other aides for the Jan. 6 committee and its former chairman, Democratic Rep. Bennie Thompson, D-Miss., did not return repeated requests for comment on why the two key scenes were dubbed without the public being told.

The chairman of the current GOP-led House Administration subcommittee that continues to investigate the security failures of the Jan. 6 tragedy blasted the decision to dub audio without informing the public, saying it was further proof Democrats wanted to sway opinion rather than gather facts.

"What the American people want to know is the truth, and this was nothing but a Hollywood production," Rep. Barry Loudermilk, R-Ga., told the Just the News, No Noise television show Friday night. "The committee spent $18.5 million, at least that's what we know of, to write a dossier against Donald Trump and to create this Hollywood production. And when I looked at the videos, it's clear, it's apparent to me that it is a Capitol police security video film, and there is no audio whatsoever.''

"And so yes, it was dubbed on there for dramatic effect'' Loudermilk continued, ''And that shows that what they were trying to do is sway public opinion, not just get the truth out."

The full and unadulterated CCTV security footage of the Jan. 6 riots is in the possession of the House Administration Committee. Just the News was authorized by Speaker Kevin McCarthy and the committee to review the footage and make copies of any newsworthy moments. On Thursday, Just the News released footage of former Speaker Nancy Pelosi's evacuation from the Capitol during the riot that showed she let her daughter film the exit Hollywood style, an act the former police chief said was a "distraction" for her security detail.

Loudermilk has had his own battles with the Jan. 6 committee, which falsely accused him of leading a reconnaissance operation inside the Capitol for rioters the day before the attack. Capitol Police concluded the committee's allegation was false and all the congressman had done was give a tour to constituents in nearby congressional office buildings.

As part of its review, Just the News compared original raw footage from the security cameras to the same footage aired during the Jan. 6 committee's sizzle reel.

One video clip from the genuine security footage shows an aerial view of the U.S. Capitol Building without sound as the riot unfolded on Jan. 6. Yet during the hearing the same clip aired with audio of crowd noises.

Another clip shows rioters entering the building through the Senate wing door. Viewers can hear glass breaking and a lot of shouting as the clip played during the hearing, but the Capitol Police and others have confirmed that the genuine and original version of this security footage had no audio.

Just the News contacted Thompson's office and asked why it showed silent Capitol security footage with added audio. A spokesperson for Thompson responded with a statement from a staffer who works on the committee who said graphics on the clips indicated the audio sources that were used. However, the clips in question do not show an audio source.

"The police video, both in terms of surveillance video and body-cam video, was synced with the D.C. Metropolitan Police and US Capitol Police radio transmissions going on at the same time," the spokesperson said, replaying the response from the select committee staffer. "And the source of the audio was clearly identified in the video clips shown during the hearings and in the transcripts of the proceedings, where the audio is clearly marked as 'Police Radio Transmission' or 'USCP Radio Transmission or 'MPD Radio Transmission'." At press time, Just The News has been unable to determine whether the overdubbed police transmissions contained the crowd noises in the background audio.

Just the News followed up and asked for the audio source of the two clips but did not receive a response.

A former spokesperson for the committee also told Just the News that audio sources appeared as graphics on each video clip that aired during the public hearings. When presented with two examples of silent security footage where audio had been overdubbed without indication that the video had been doctored or the source of the soundtrack, the former spokesperson did not respond.

Harvard law professor emeritus Alan Dershowitz said if the video evidence was altered and the public wasn't told, it warranted an investigation and forensic exam by Congress and would likely have resulted in serious repercussions had it occurred in a court of law.

"Well, if this is true, if they really did dub the tapes without telling the public, if a lawyer did that, that lawyer would be disbarred," Dershowitz said. "It would be fraud if a person introduced that as testimony and didn't disclose that it had material added. That would be a form of perjury.

"We ought to be able to prove that forensically, without any doubt, and we ought to be able to get the evidence of who added the words, where the words came. ... We have to get all the facts. But once the facts are known if it confirms what you've said, this is a very, very serious ethical and perhaps even legal breach."

Democrats have a history of accuracy issues in their efforts to investigate Jan. 6. In the second impeachment trial of the 45th president, Democrats omitted from a video of Trump's speech that he had urged his followers to protest peacefully on Jan. 6.

During the early Jan. 6 committee investigation, lawmakers falsely accused former NYPD Commissioner Bernie Kerik of being in Washington at a planning meeting for the protest the day before the riots. In fact, evidence uncovered by Just the News showed he was in New York caring for a sick relative. The committee apologized.

The committee also was forced to apologize when it altered a text message sent by Rep. Jim Jordan, angering Republicans. "The Select Committee is responsible for and regrets the error," it said at the time.

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Taylor Swift Baby, Now We Got Bad Bugs ... Swallows Insect Onstage! 6/5/2023 7:06 AM PT Taylor Swift had a pretty wild choking attack during her latest concert, but no need for the Heimlich here -- turns out she accidentally swallowed a freakin' bug in front of tens of thousands of fans!!!

The singer was at Chicago's Soldier Field Sunday night when the rogue insect jumped down Taylor's throat and pushed pause on the show. The Swifties went completely silent as they all watched their favorite performer start to cough repeatedly.

It wasn't as serious as fans thought, though ... she let them know about the bug sabotage, causing everyone to burst out laughing -- and after, apparently, swallowing the thing, T-Swift jokingly added, "Oh, delicious!"

Bugging out aside ... the Sunday night show wrapped up a pretty epic 3-day stand in the Windy City for TS.

As we reported, she made sure her LGBTQ fans felt safe and welcome during Friday night's show, saying she loves seeing fans interacting and being their true selves as Pride month kicked off.

Taylor's Eras Tour has been such a success so far, she just announced she's adding stops later this year in Brazil, Mexico and Argentina.

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A Pride month video played in a Southington middle school classroom has prompted an apology from the school's principal. That apology itself has one LGBTQ family very upset.

The video was played at Southington's John F. Kennedy Middle School. When an apology for showing it was sent home, Ashley Rouleau says she was ''devastated.''

Rouleau has been married to her wife Kristen since 2021. Their daughter is a seventh grader at the school.

''She is very proud of her family,'' said Rouleau. ''At home, she has two moms.''

Those two moms, though, were shocked and disappointed when an email arrived from the school apologizing for showing a history of Pride month video, in at least one homeroom classroom last week.

''I felt very invisible. Very much like we didn't matter as much as some of the other members of the school community,'' Rouleau said.

Rouleau showed NBC Connecticut the email. She says she received it from the school's principal, Suzanne Vitcavage, after the video was shown as a homeroom activity. It reads in part:

''One of my responsibilities is to review these activities prior to implementation. Unfortunately, I did not and I am aware of the discomfort and upset this may have caused some of our students and families. I apologize for this.''

NBC Connecticut reached out Vitcavage, the school superintendent and multiple Board of Education members but have not heard back. So, it remains unclear why an apology was issued.

Roulaeu says her daughter was also upset by the apology.

''She was very, very hurt,'' said Rouleau. ''She wants to be able to talk openly about things she does with us.''

NBC Connecticut reviewed the video, and it appears to be an educational video about the history of America's LGBTQ community, the laws addressing it and how they've progressed over time.

Rouleau says she did not see it as ''suggestive,'' and described it as ''age appropriate.'' She now wants her point of view recognized.

''I would like the mistake to be acknowledged and I think that we deserve an apology,'' she said.

Rouleau, say she has tried to contact Vitcavage and now plans to talk with the superintendent and Board of Education.

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Tobias Ulbrich : Thema heute: "Global Digital Health Certificate - das globale digitale Gesundheitszeugnis kommt"Heute verk¼ndete'... https://t.co/W0AUux7WTC

Mon Jun 05 16:32:15 +0000 2023

Unacceptable timber : @AnwaltUlbrich No thanks

Tue Jun 06 15:47:19 +0000 2023

Unacceptable timber : @AnwaltUlbrich So are they going to restrict people's movements and access again with their next pandemic? Sorry bu'... https://t.co/XsEa4xrRPD

Tue Jun 06 15:46:51 +0000 2023

s¸ren Truelsen : @AnwaltUlbrich https://t.co/WRztRBo1ds

Tue Jun 06 15:44:14 +0000 2023

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Tue, 06 Jun 2023 15:18

Ben Swann : RFK, Jr: The 2024 election will be decided by podcasts.https://t.co/99mAzXcB5j

Tue Jun 06 14:52:44 +0000 2023

Chuck Fina : @BenSwann_ https://t.co/gQGk3ultzO

Tue Jun 06 15:16:30 +0000 2023

Arizona : @BenSwann_ as if elections were real ðŸ‚ðŸ‚ðŸ‚ðŸ‚

Tue Jun 06 15:13:24 +0000 2023

Dan V : @BenSwann_ The largest voting demographic doesn't listen to podcasts 🤷''‚¸

Tue Jun 06 14:56:35 +0000 2023

Jeremy Long : @BenSwann_ He's right. No one believes the legacy media anymore. They've been caught red-handed too many times.

Tue Jun 06 14:55:27 +0000 2023

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Mon, 05 Jun 2023 20:07

Woke governance that has sent profits spiraling at companies like Anheuser-Busch and Target often begins with lefty investment firms pressuring them to push products their way, an ex-top Anheuser-Busch exec said.

During an appearance on Fox News' ''Jesse Watters Primetime,'' Anson Frericks said behind-the-scenes politicking from firms like New York-based BlackRock and Pennsylvania-based Vanguard spur many of the controversial decisions sparking nationwide boycotts from longtime more conservative customers '-- such as the ill-fated Bud Light promotion with transgender influencer Dylan Mulvaney

He said BlackRock, Vanguard, and another firm, State Street, manage about $20 trillion in capital and use their clout to promote agenda politics being pushed on them by progressive lawmakers overseeing government pension funds that the companies profit from.

Woke governance that has caused profits to spiral at Anheuser-Busch often begins with lefty investment firms, one of their former execs says. SOPA Images/LightRocket via Getty Images Anson Frericks said behind-the-scenes politicking from firms like New York-based BlackRock leads to controversial marketing decisions. LightRocket via Getty Images Frericks gave his two cents on companies ''going woke'' during an appearance on Fox News' ''Jesse Watters Primetime.'' FOX NEWSOne of the firms manages California's pension fund '-- the largest in the country '-- and California politicians can have a big say in the corporate governance and politicking of the firms they invest so heavily in, he added.

''In California, for example, they recently have mandated those large pension funds that they divest from things like fossil fuels and oil and gas, and then when Bill de Blasio, [former] mayor of New York, was there, he did the same thing,'' he said.

''But they also tell BlackRock, State Street, and Vanguard if they're going to manage their money, they have to commit to things like ESG '-- diversity, equity, inclusion '-- and adopt firm-wide commitments that they therefore then force onto all the major companies in corporate America.''

Bud Light's Dylan Mulvaney collaboration drastically hurt their sales. Dylan Mulvaney/Instagram Target recently courted controversy with its Pride Month kids' collection. LightRocket via Getty ImagesFrericks added he left his job at the St. Louis-based beer titan in part because of the way much of corporate America was acting in terms of defying public sentiment when engaging in politics.

He pointed to Atlanta, home to Coca-Cola and Delta Airlines, which became outraged after Georgia's legislators passed election integrity laws.

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Ex-FBI Director James Comey, a vocal critic of former President Donald Trump, was asked in a new interview that aired Sunday about his thoughts on the 2024 presidential election.

"It has to be Joe Biden," Comey said in response to a question from Biden's former White House press secretary, Jen Psaki, during an interview for her show on MSNBC.

"And I'm glad he's willing to serve. It has to be somebody committed to the rule of law, committed to the values of this country," he continued. "And I'm not talking about policy. People can disagree about policy. There are things above those disagreements that all of us should think about the same way. The president must be someone who abides the law and our Constitution. And there's no one else but Joe Biden."

Noting that Comey was once a longtime Republican but voted for Biden in 2020, Psaki asked if he'd consider any of the Republican contenders entering the 2024 race.

RUBIO TORCHES COMEY'S TRUMP-BASHING BOOK TOUR: 'MONETIZING GOVERNMENT SERVICE' AT EXPENSE OF COUNTRY

Former FBI Director James Comey said he would support Joe Biden in 2024. (Dia Dipasupil/Getty Images)

Florida Gov. Ron DeSantis and Sen. Tim Scott, R-S.C., recently formally announced their presidential candidacies, while former U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley, former Arkansas Gov. Asa Hutchinson, and businessman Vivek Ramaswamy were already in the race.

Comey, who was fired by Trump in 2017 while leading the FBI's investigation of alleged Russian collusion with Trump's campaign, claimed in the interview that if Trump returns to the White House there would be "four years of a retribution presidency."

"He could order the prosecution of individuals who he sees as enemies. I'm sure I'm on the enemies list," Comey alleged. "Because the president constitutionally does oversee the executive branch entirely, which includes the Department of Justice, prosecutors and investigators. And so he could commission, direct that individuals be pursued. He could also direct all types of other conduct that people would maybe take to court to try to stop '' but who enforces court orders?"

President Joe Biden has support from former FBI Director James Comey, who claims Russia does not want to see Biden re-elected in 2024. (Jim Watson/AFP via Getty Images)

COMEY TRASHES 'CRAZY THEORY' FEDS ARE OUT TO GET REPUBLICANS

"Mostly the United States Marshals Service, which is part of the executive branch and reports to the president. And so President Trump could say, 'I don't care what the Supreme Court says or these district judges say, I'm telling the Marshals Service don't enforce the court order.' And so our Constitution really does give a rogue president, which is what this would be, tremendous power to destroy."

"People criticize CNN for their town hall. I want the American people to stare at the threat that we're facing and understand that they cannot take the next election off," he said.

Psaki noted that during the CNN town hall, Trump would not commit to seeing that Ukraine win the war against Russia.

Former President Donald Trump is considered the 2024 GOP front-runner. (Scott Olson/Getty Images)

"Should we expect Russia to interfere on his behalf in 2024?" Psaki asked Comey.

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"Yes, of course," Comey said. "Vladmir Putin does not want Joe Biden to be president of the United States for reasons that I hope the American people see because he acts in our national interests. He would very much like Donald Trump to be president again because Donald Trump '' for reasons I still can't explain '' very, very fond of Vladmir Putin. And so they will find ways to interfere. I hope our intelligence community is equipped to respond maybe better than we did in 2016. But they'll come for this election."

Danielle Wallace is a reporter for Fox News Digital covering politics, crime, police and more. Story tips can be sent to danielle.wallace@fox.com and on Twitter: @danimwallace.

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