Cover for No Agenda Show 1669: You-Crane
June 16th, 2024 • 3h 26m

1669: You-Crane

Shownotes

Every new episode of No Agenda is accompanied by a comprehensive list of shownotes curated by Adam while preparing for the show. Clips played by the hosts during the show can also be found here.

Boeing vs Airbus
Transmaoism
Big Tech AI and Socials
NEW AI patient consent form BOTG
Police drones BOTG
In regards to police using drones, it’s way more common than you think.
I’m a cop in a city of about 60,000 people in a Kansas suburb of Kansas City, MO. One of my collateral duties is being in the drone unit. We have had a drone unit for years. We have a few smaller ones and one large one.
It’s not as nefarious as you imagine. We primarily use them to try and locate suspects who have fled on foot from a stolen car or something. We have also used them to locate missing people and other things like that. It’s not practical to use them for routine surveillance, but sometimes if there is a large city event we will throw one up to have some eyes in the sky/take photos and videos so the city can put it on Twitter for PR shit. Our use of them is reactionary. We are looking for criminals or someone who needs help.
As far as a commander or whatever being able to see the footage, it’s just a link people can click if they have the right credentials to see what the drone operator is seeing.
It’s especially helpful when we are looking for “bad guys”, as those things typically happen after dark. The drone can see a large area with the thermal camera and can keep us from walking into an ambush.
I’ve never considered looking for girls at a swimming pool in a thong. Thanks for giving me that idea.
Love the show. Keep up the great work.
USD / BRICS
BRICS "currency"
The second is this interview from last year with Michael Hudson and Pepe Escobar who was fresh out of the BRICS summit:
Here's a couple of choice quotes:
"I
think you’ve put your finger on what the real nightmare of the West is.
And that is that ultimately, of course, the BRICS-11 are going to merge
with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization simply because they’re under
threat from the United States.
You
didn’t mention three people who are not at the BRICS meeting who are
the strongest backers of this merger. And that’s President Biden and
Blinken and Newland.
[With
the constant threat of proxy wars and sanctions] they are driving these
countries together to sort of help catalyze their coming together in
this natural union, because it’s either we hang together or we hang
separately, as the Americans like to say.
You
also pointed out quite correctly that the key to all of this is indeed
oil and energy. That’s what the Western press cannot discuss because the
center point of all U.S. foreign policy since 1945 has been the
international oil industry.
Already
in the 1930s, the Americans were doing charts to show that the increase
in GDP of every country is coordinated with energy use per worker in
productivity.
The
way to increase productivity is by oil, gas, coal and energy. And if
you can control energy by the Seven Sisters, the big oil companies of
Standard Oil, Shell Oil and the others, then you can simply turn off the
lights and turn off the transportation of other countries.
And
if you can control the food trade by not having other countries produce
their own grains, but only making export food crops, and if you can
oppose land reform by force and revolution and client oligarchies to
prevent basically family-based farming, producing their own food, then
you have the ability to impose sanctions on other countries.
And
that’s really the only way that the West can try to resist the BRICS
11. They have nothing to offer at this point except refraining from
fighting these countries and going to war with them. So the SCO is what
is going to be protecting these countries from the retaliation.
And
if they can become self-sufficient in energy and food, then you’ve
taken away essentially America’s ability to impose sanctions on other
countries to say, we’re going to starve you out and stop your economy if
you don’t do what we want."
"And it’s the whole neocon idea of controlling the whole world by military power that really, really is the key.
So I know that a lot of people would like to think, oh, the U.S. is going to collapse. It’s not going to collapse.
It
isn’t going to grow. I mean, America’s problems are internal. The
domestic debt system, the debt overhead, the tax system, the BRICS won’t
bring the U.S. down. Biden and the neoliberals are going to bring the
U.S. down. The enemy is within.
There
used to be, I think in the 1960s, I went in Germany and there were
signs, der Feind ist herein. The enemy is within, meaning the left.
Well, you could say the enemy is within for the U.S. and it’s not the
socialists."
"This talk of a BRICS currency is very confused.
I
tried to give the quote from President Putin because he used the
correct term, a means of settlement among central banks for the balance
of payments, imbalances of trade and investment. It’s paper gold.
Nobody
uses gold as a currency. You don’t go to the grocery store or you don’t
buy stocks and bonds or even houses with gold. You’re not going to be
able to do it with anything like a BRICS currency within the future.
People are confused about what money is. That’s a whole different show.."
"If
you read the Western press, I don’t know why you’re watching this show.
You’re just getting misinformation in the New York Times, the
Washington Post, all of the press.
There’s a deliberate misrepresentation of what the BRICS are all about."
Climate Change
We calculated the UK’s greenhouse gas emissions from people breathing out – here’s what we found
Why some breathe methane and others don’t
This is why our student Ben conducted his study, which involved assessing the methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the breath of over 100 volunteers. Each volunteer was asked to breathe into an inert plastic bag, from which Ben was able to extract a sample of breath for analysis.
Ben found that only 31% of participants exhaled methane, but all emitted small and variable quantities of nitrous oxide.
The investigation delved into various factors, including diet and participant demographics, to why some people breathe out more greenhouse gases than others.
Volunteers were categorised as meat-eaters, flexitarians or vegetarians, to test the hypothesis that a shift from a carnivorous to a plant-rich (and more cow-like) diet might increase methane emissions.
Contrary to expectations, the study revealed no correlation between diet and emissions for either gas, suggesting that transitioning to a plant-based diet does not significantly elevate methane emissions from human breath.
The study corroborated previous findings indicating that people under 30 years old were less likely to be methane exhalers (25%) compared to those above 30 (40%). Additionally, men were slightly less likely to exhale methane (25%) than women (38%).
However, with a limited population size from which to sample from, more research would be required to prove if this was consistent across the entire population, or just the volunteers in this study.
Other factors like exercise routines, alcohol intake and general gut health are all likely to contribute to the variation in methane exhalation, but they were beyond the scope of this study.
Using demographic data, we were able to estimate that the UK population (68.2 million) releases a total of 1,040 tonnes of methane and 70 tonnes of nitrous oxide through breathing each year. That’s about 15 grams of methane per person per year.
The impact of both gases combined works out to a total of 53,900 tonnes of “carbon dioxide equivalent”, the metric used for most greenhouse gases, which isn’t much compared to the UK’s overall emissions of 417 million tonnes a year.
If you want to be responsible for releasing less greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, you’d be better off breathing as normal and focusing on other more manageable activities.
Ukraine vs Russia
Ukraine Rare Earth Minerals Research documents BOTG
Good Afternoon Adam,
I did some research
more for some pages you can read on your own time for more information
on Ukraine minerals/geology in the war zone areas.
I
use to work as a Geoscientist in another career, and put on my pebble
pimp hat. In the industry for projects the first place I would look for
any international or domestic related papers on geology would be the SPE
Society of Petroleum Engineers and the USGS or a State Geological
Survey. International, I used the SPE. It’s a great source to find
papers and information. Below is a executaive summary from the last
document I found from a 2023 report made for investment opportunities
in Exploration and Production made by the Ukraine Geological Survey.
---------------------------------
Executive Summery of Investment Opportunities in Exploration and Production
To
begin the document lists out the critical raw materials as such.
Lithium, Titanium, Zirconium, Nickel, Cobalt, Chrome, Molybdenum,
Beryllium, Tantalum, Niobium, Gold, Lead, Zinc, Graphite and
Hydrocarbons.
The document is broken up into
areas, fields and licensed blocks with regard to each mineral found in
that area with diagrams and a short description. In the southern war
zone areas, you can find rare earth minerals Gold-Lead and Zinc which
are ores in poly metallic deposits of about 7 fields.
There
is also some offshore Black Sea shelf hydrocarbon deposits. There are
three licensed areas that contain Lithium, Tantalum niobium, rubidium,
cesium, tin and beryllium. Each of these areas have block names etc.
This
document over all list a strategic partnership in raw materials. At the
bottom of the document you have listed sponsors. The USGS is one of the
sponsors.
------------------------------------
Below are the links I have found for further reading. The easiest document to follow is the Investment Opportunities in Exploration and Production PDF. I
did come across an old Reuters article of 2022 about big oil and
Ukraine energy projects. I don’t know if anything came of it. The other
links are to the SPE which had links to the Ukraine Geological Survey. I
hope these will be helpful.
Best Regards,
Sparkles Of Chaos
Big Pharma
Oprah both ends - Can You Throw Up Poop? Causes, Symptoms, and More
You can vomit up fecal matter. It typically occurs due to an obstruction in the intestines, which requires emergency medical care.
BOTG Ozempic NA Anesthetist
ITM Adam. I have been holding back some Ozempic updates so as to not
clog up your inbox but I just dropped a patient of mine in the ICU after
a disaster that is more than likely the result of ozempic so I feel
compelled to deliver the goods.
I'll try to make this
brief as possible. The GLP1 agonists (ozempic etc) as you know, can
delay gastric emptying, that's part of the reason they work for weight
loss, food just sits in people's stomachs for prolonged periods of time
making them feel full because they are actually full and therefore they
have no appetite. This is an issue with anesthesia because we normally
ask patients to not eat solid food for at least 8 hours before surgery
so that under normal circumstances that will be adequate time for the
food to clear the stomach. People under anesthesia lose their
swallowing reflex and gastric contents can come up. If the gastric
contents do come up it can be anspirated into the lungs and that is not
good at best and can be potentially fatal at worst.
Due to
the delay in gastric emptying the standard for patients on GLP1 agonist
is for them to hold off on their dose for at least one week prior to
surgery but everyone knows that the drugs are still active for more like
two weeks or even longer. Also patients often think it's no big deal
and are not compliant. This becomes a huge money issue for surgeons,
surgery centers and hospitals because surgeries end up getting cancelled
if patients are not compliant so rules are bent so as to not cancel
surgery etc... since everyone and their mother is on this crap.
In
short, we are seeing patients having more and more negative outcomes in
the perioperative setting because of the GLP1 agonists. I literally
just dropped a patient off in the ICU because after I woke her up she
was completely stable and then she barfed and aspirated the material
into her lungs. Fortunately I work with an amazing anesthesia group and
we were able to quickly intubate and stabilize her but she will be
enjoying a lengthy stay in the ICU and will most likely be fine but
things could still go further south for her.
The
kicker is the patient was on ozempic for diabetes which is a much lower
dose than the dose that is used for weight loss so the weight loss
patients are at an even higher risk than this lady was. ‘Pologies for
the long note.
People are being injured. Tell your kids.
TYFYC
Your NA anesthetist
Bird Flu
Boots on the ground, bird flu in Iowa.
I’m a full-time farmhand in central Iowa,
As
of Monday, the messaging about the “bird flu outbreak” has started to
ramp up significantly. Local news has started reporting on the two cases
that have occurred here in the state, and the local AM radio farm talk
show has been discussing it with Iowa secretary of agriculture Mike
Naig.
As of right now the message has been
concerning the upcoming county fair showing season, and the likely
possibility that all participating dairy cows will need to be tested.
Being
No Agenda minded, this is where my personal theory comes in, It’s one
thing to test several large dairy farms throughout the state.
But getting permission to test, tiny operations and peoples personal half a dozen show cows gets tricky.
Because
showing Cows is such a big thing for some of these farmers, I think
it’s quite possible that people will willingly let all of their cows be
tested, Thus allowing the amount of cows to be tested across the state
and the grater Midwest to significantly increase in the next few months.
And then leading us to a “wider outbreak”
It’s feeling unfortunately reminiscent of January 2020..
On
the chicken side of things, even though the farm that I work with is
predominantly grain, a significant amount of our Corn gets sold to a 7-9
million Egg laying operation a few miles down the road.
It will be interesting to watch what happens with that facility.
I’ll keep you updated as new information develops.
Thanks for your Courage!
-Ethan
War on Chicken BOTG
I have been listening to your war on chicken segments and feel you might be slightly off. I live in the chicken capital of the u.s.(nw arkansas), and without evidence feel like this is a back handed way of illegalizing backyard chicken coops. I think the cows having bird flu, which is bullshit, is a way to take the attention off of what they really want, to make it illegal to have a coop in your backyard. Even tho the price of chicken is relatively low. It is now fairly common to have or know someone who raises chickens. I have a friend and havent bought eggs in years. As Mr. Dvorak said “chicken is a cheap meat”. Beef is already a rare dinner choice because of prices, making chicken the reasonable protein source for most of america. When chicken becomes unaffordable, we will all be forced to be vegetarians. Thank you for your time.
Season of Reveal
Trump vs Biden
Six Week Cycle
Man planned racist mass shooting at Bad Bunny concert: feds | Miami Herald
STORIES
CEOs at Trump meeting: He was 'meandering'
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 15:23
WASHINGTON '-- Former President Donald Trump failed to impress everyone in a room full of top CEOs Thursday at the Business Roundtable's quarterly meeting, multiple attendees told CNBC.
"Trump doesn't know what he's talking about," said one CEO who was in the room, according to a person who heard the executive speaking. The CEO also said Trump did not explain how he planned to accomplish any of his policy proposals, that person said.
Several CEOs "said that [Trump] was remarkably meandering, could not keep a straight thought [and] was all over the map," CNBC's Andrew Ross Sorkin reported Friday on CNBC's "Squawk Box."
Among the topics on which Trump offered scant details were how he would reduce taxes and cut back on business regulations, according to two other people in the room who spoke to CNBC.
Meeting attendees and people who spoke with them were granted anonymity in order to speak freely about the private event.
The same CEOs who were struck by Trump's lack of focus "walked into the meeting being Trump supporter-ish or thinking that they might be leaning that direction," Sorkin reported.
"These were people who I think might have been actually predisposed to [Trump but] actually walked out of the room less predisposed" to him, Sorkin said.
"President Trump was warmly received by everyone in the room and was commended for his policy proposals on deregulation and tax cuts," said Steven Cheung, communications director for the Trump presidential campaign.
Read more CNBC politics coverageTrump's energy in the meeting was also noticeably subdued, according to two people who were in the room. At no time during his remarks was there any noticeable applause for Trump, two attendees told CNBC.
This was in contrast to Trump's meeting earlier in the day with House Republicans on Capitol Hill. Attendees at that meeting told CNBC that the former president was animated and engaged and that Trump received several rounds of applause in separate meetings Thursday with both House and Senate Republicans.
Cheung said there was applause for Trump during the Q-and-A section of the meeting, "where participants commended President Trump for his deregulatory and tax cut agenda."
Trump's low-key energy at the Business Roundtable event could have been deliberate, one attendee told CNBC. Trump had wanted the CEO meeting to be "more like a business meeting than a speech," the person said.
"At one point, he discussed his plan to bring the corporate tax rate down from 21% to 20% '... and was asked about why he had chosen 20%," Sorkin said Friday on MSNBC's "Morning Joe." "And he said, 'Well, it's a round number.'"
"That unto itself had a number of CEOs shaking their heads," Sorkin reported.
In 2023, corporate income taxes contributed approximately $420 billion to federal revenues, according to the Congressional Budget Office.
Wall Street has bristled over the past three years under President Joe Biden's aggressive antitrust enforcement, pharmaceutical price caps and progressive tax policy.
Don't miss these exclusives from CNBC PRO
Mira Murati - Wikipedia
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 14:49
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chief Technology Officer at OpenAI
Ermira "Mira" Murati (born 16 December 1988) is an Albanian engineer, researcher, and tech executive, who has been the Chief Technology Officer of OpenAI since 2018.[1][2][3][4][5]
Early life and education [ edit ] Murati was born on 16 December 1988[6] in Vlor, Albania.[7] Throughout her school years, she participated in many Olympiads and math competitions.[8]
At age 16, she won a scholarship and attended the Pearson United World College of the Pacific in Canada, from which she graduated in 2005.[9][10] Murati then pursued a dual-degree program in the United States, earning a Bachelor of Arts (AB) in Mathematics from Colby College in 2011,[11][12] followed in 2012 by a Bachelor of Engineering from the Thayer School of Engineering (where she studied Mechanical Engineering).[13][14][15][16][17]
In 2024, Dartmouth College awarded Murati an honorary Doctor of Science for her work in artificial intelligence, technology, and engineering.[18][19]
Career [ edit ] Early career [ edit ] Murati briefly worked for Zodiac Aerospace before joining electric car company Tesla in 2013, where she was a Product Manager on the Model X. From 2016 until joining OpenAI in 2018, she worked for augmented reality start-up Leap Motion (now Ultraleap).[20][21][22][23]
OpenAI [ edit ] Murati joined OpenAI in 2018 as a researcher, and became its chief technology officer, leading its work on ChatGPT, Dall-E, Codex and Sora,[20][24][25] while overseeing its research, product and safety teams.[26] She oversees the technical advancements and direction of OpenAI's various projects, including the development of advanced AI models and tools. Her work has been instrumental in the development and deployment of some of OpenAI's most notable products, such as the Generative Pretrained Transformer (GPT) series of language models. Her work includes pushing the boundaries of machine learning while advocating for the responsible and ethical use of AI technologies.[27]
On 17 November 2023, Murati briefly took over as interim chief executive officer of OpenAI following the abrupt removal of Sam Altman.[28][29][16][30] She was replaced by Emmett Shear three days later, who was in turn replaced when Altman was reinstated five days after being ousted (after which Murati returned to her role as CTO).[31][32][33]
Writing about Murati for Time's 2023 100 Next list of rising leaders across industries, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella said, "She has a demonstrated ability to assemble teams with technical expertise, commercial acumen, and a deep appreciation for the importance of mission ... Mira has helped build some of the most exciting AI technologies we've ever seen, including ChatGPT, DALL-E, and GPT-4."[34]
Publications [ edit ] Murati, Ermira. Language & Coding Creativity, D...dalus, Spring 2022References [ edit ] ^ Woman, Global (10 March 2023). "Mira Murati: The Albanian Woman Who Developed ChatGPT". Global Woman Magazine. Archived from the original on 10 July 2023 . Retrieved 18 November 2023 . ^ Binder, Matt (17 November 2023). "Mira Murati: Who is the new OpenAI interim CEO?". Mashable. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ Browne, Ryan (20 November 2023). "Who is new interim OpenAI CEO Emmett Shear? All you need to know about the man replacing Sam Altman". CNBC . Retrieved 20 November 2023 . ^ "Ermira Murati". American Academy of Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "About". openai.com . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "Mira Murati:The Friendly Face Heading Up Tech For ChatGPT". Forbes India. Archived from the original on 3 July 2023 . Retrieved 3 July 2023 . ^ Morris, Chris (2023). "OpenAI's Mira Murati". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 6 March 2023 . Retrieved 3 January 2023 . ^ "Behind the Tech Podcast with Kevin Scott - Microsoft". Behind the Tech with Kevin Scott. Microsoft . Retrieved 8 March 2024 . ^ "Wayback Machine" (PDF) . web.archive.org . Retrieved 17 May 2024 . ^ "Ermira Murati | Davis UWC Scholars". www.davisuwcscholars.org. Archived from the original on 16 April 2023 . Retrieved 19 November 2023 . ^ "The Colby Oracle 2011". The Colby Oracle. 1 January 2011. ^ "Announcing the 2024 Honorary Degree Recipients". Dartmouth Student Affairs. 8 April 2024. ^ Barath, Harini (2023). "ChatGPT Gets Dartmouth Talking". Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023 . Retrieved 7 March 2023 . ^ "From the Editor, Colby College". Colby College. p. 2. Archived from the original on 5 June 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ Bordoloi, Pritam (9 May 2022). "OpenAI gets a new president, CTO & COO in the latest rejig". Analytics India Magazine . Retrieved 22 November 2023 . ^ a b Mickle, Tripp; Metz, Cade (17 November 2023). "Meet Mira Murati, the Engineer Now Leading OpenAI". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023 . Retrieved 18 November 2023 . ^ "Dartmouth Engineering Alum Mira Murati Interviewed on The Daily Show'...". Dartmouth Engineering . Retrieved 19 February 2024 . ^ "Dartmouth Awards Honorary Degrees | Dartmouth". home.dartmouth.edu. 9 June 2024. ^ "OpenAI CTO Mira Murati Th'12 Shares Optimism for AI's Future". Dartmouth Engineering. ^ a b Murgia, Madhumita (18 June 2023). "OpenAI's Mira Murati: the woman charged with pushing generative AI into the real world". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 4 July 2023 . Retrieved 4 July 2023 . ^ Robison, Kylie; Lev-Ram, Michal (5 October 2023). "Mira Murati, the young CTO of OpenAI, is building ChatGPT and shaping your future" . Fortune. Archived from the original on 5 October 2023. ^ Barr, Lollie. "Mira Murati". CEO Magazine . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ "Mira Murati, CTO of ChatGPT company OpenAI has a 'warning' ". The Times of India. 10 February 2023. ISSN 0971-8257 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . ^ Simons, John (February 2023). "Keeping AI in Check". TIME. Vol. 201, no. 5/6. pp. 60''61. ^ Stern, Joanna. "WSJ News Exclusive | OpenAI Made AI Videos for Us. These Clips Are Good Enough to Freak Us Out". WSJ . Retrieved 24 March 2024 . ^ "Insider Q&A: OpenAI CTO Mira Murati on shepherding ChatGPT". AP News. 24 April 2023. Archived from the original on 26 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ "Speaker Details: EmTech Digital 2022". event.technologyreview.com . Retrieved 19 February 2024 . ^ "OpenAI announces leadership transition". openai.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ Peters, Jay (17 November 2023). "Sam Altman fired as CEO of OpenAI". The Verge. Archived from the original on 17 November 2023 . Retrieved 17 November 2023 . ^ Seetharaman, Deepa; Berber, Jin (17 November 2023). "Sam Altman Is Out at OpenAI After Board Skirmish". wsj.com. The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 18 November 2023 . Retrieved 18 November 2023 . ^ Heath, Alex (20 November 2023). "The deal to bring Sam Altman back to OpenAI has fallen apart". The Verge. ^ Metz, Cade; Isaac, Mike; Mickle, Tripp; Weise, Karen; Roose, Kevin (22 November 2023). "Sam Altman Is Reinstated as OpenAI's Chief Executive". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 22 November 2023 . ^ Isaac, Mike; Mickle, Tripp; Metz, Cade (7 March 2024). "Key OpenAI Executive Played a Pivotal Role in Sam Altman's Ouster". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 8 March 2024 . ^ "2023 TIME100 Next: Mira Murati". Time. 13 September 2023 . Retrieved 18 December 2023 . External links [ edit ] Mira Murati on X
Why Is Everyone Getting Sick? Behind the Global Rise in RSV, Flu, Measles - Bloomberg
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 14:46
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House Passes Bill To Automatically Register Young Men for the Draft
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 14:42
Military
The Selective Service should be abolished, not made more efficient and equitable. C.J. Ciaramella | 6.15.2024 10:15 AM
(Bumbleedee | Dreamstime.com)
The House passed a large defense bill Friday evening that included a provision that would automatically enroll young men between the ages of 18 and 26* for the Selective Service.
The House's version of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), which would authorize $895 billion in military spending, passed by a vote of 217''199. It's unlikely to be picked up by the Democrat-controlled Senate because of numerous amendments regarding abortion, diversity efforts, and transgender medical treatments. The Selective Service provision, though, is part of an enduring bipartisan effort to keep the framework for military conscription in place, even though the draft ended in 1975.
Automatic registration would replace the coming-of-age tradition that all 18-year-old male U.S. citizens experience when they get a card in the mail from Uncle Sam informing them that they're required under threat of criminal penalties to register for the Selective Service.
Supporters of the legislation framed it as a more efficient and cost-effective method.
"By using available federal databases, the [Selective Service] agency will be able to register all of the individuals required and thus help ensure that any future military draft is fair and equitable," Rep. Chrissy Houlahan (D''Pa.) said on the House floor. "This will also allow us to rededicate resources'--basically that means money'--towards reading readiness and towards mobilization'...rather than towards education and advertising campaigns driven to register people."
The other, unspoken effect would be removing young men's choice to engage in civil disobedience.
The draft is a hobby horse for Houlahan, an Air Force veteran. She also spearheaded a House bill in 2021 to require women to register with the Selective Service, effectively doubling the draft pool.
As Reason 's Matt Welch wrote in 2021 , the Selective Service is not a proud part of America's civic fabric but an on-again-off-again tool of the Pentagon:
The Selective Service System was first founded in 1917 to feed bodies into America's World War I efforts. It was disbanded in 1920, fired back up in 1940, re-formatted in 1948, and then terminated in 1975 as part of Washington's decisive shift to an all-volunteer military. Then a panicky President Jimmy Carter in 1980, alarmed by the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan, reinstituted draft registration as a just-in-case rite of passage for boys to complete within 30 days of their 18th birthday, under theoretical penalty of five years imprisonment and (eventually) up to $250,000 in fines.
While there have only been 14 convictions for Selective Service refuseniks, and none since 1986, those 100,000 or so young men per year who disobey Washington's marching orders are typically barred from working government jobs, receiving student loans, and (in around 40 states) obtaining a driver's license.
There is a growing centrist consensus among liberals and hawkish conservatives on expanding the Selective Service. The American Civil Liberties Union, for example, is fighting for the right of women to be conscripted and argues that the Selective Service is an example of overt sex discrimination.
But equality in the service of a broader deprivation of rights is no virtue, and conscription remains an immoral institution at its core.
"Conscription of any kind contravenes any constitution that professes to guarantee individual liberties," Fred Etcheverry wrote in Reason in 1972, when the draft remained an active menace to young men. "Otherwise, what is to prevent conscription from being the twelve months Senator Taft feared or the two years we now have, the four years of the National Service Act Bill, or forever? If conscription is limited to an emergency, then who decides what is an emergency? Is ten percent unemployment a sufficient enough emergency to warrant conscription?"
Mandatory national service of some sort or another is a perennial bad idea trotted out by nationalists and technocrats concerned about "unity," but America's all-volunteer military is not a self-inflicted weakness. It's a sign of strength'--a free citizenry's confidence that they will know when to fight. The Selective Service is a vestige of fear. It should be abolished, not made more equitable and efficient.
*CORRECTION: A previous version of this story misstated the proposed age range of automatic enrollment in the Selective Service.
NEXT: Government Subsidies Keep Your Food Boring
MilitaryCongressConscriptionCivil LibertiesDefense SpendingFreedom
Pentagon Wants to Feed Troops 'Experimental' Lab-Grown Meat to 'Reduce CO2 Footprint'
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 14:12
A Pentagon-funded company is seeking proposals to feed America's soldiers lab-grown meat in a bid to "reduce the CO2 footprint" at Defense Department outposts.
BioMADE, a public-private company that has received more than $500 million in funding from the Defense Department, announced earlier this month that it is seeking proposals to develop "innovations in food production that reduce the CO2 footprint of food production at ... DoD operational environments," according to an online announcement.
These include "novel cell culture methods suitable for the production of cultivated meat/protein," or lab-grown meat, a product that is still in its experimental phases. This type of meat is grown in a lab from animal cells with the aid of other chemicals, and has emerged as a flashpoint in debates about the efficacy and morality of manufacturing meat products without slaughtering animals.
BioMADE'--which earlier this year received a $450 million infusion of taxpayer cash'--maintains that lab-grown food products will reduce the Pentagon's carbon footprint, a priority for the American military as it pursues a Biden administration-mandate to address climate change and other cultural issues that critics describe as "woke."
"Innovations in food production that reduce the CO2 footprint of food production at and/or transport to DoD operational environments are solicited," the company says in an informational document and accompanying press release. "These could include, but are not limited to, production of nutrient-dense military rations via fermentation processes, utilizing one carbon molecule (C1) feedstocks for food production, and novel cell culture methods suitable for the production of cultivated meat/protein."
BioMADE is also soliciting proposals for "processes that convert greenhouse gasses" and "projects that develop bioproducts useful in mitigating the negative environmental impacts either regionally or globally," including "bioproducts that can be used to prevent or slow coastal erosion."
Critics of the DoD's partnership with BioMADE say that U.S. troops should not be used as test subjects for lab-grown meat products that are still in their experimental phase.
"Taxpayer dollars should not be used to fund the lab-grown meat sector," Jack Hubbard, executive director at the Center for the Environment and Welfare, a consumer group that analyzes emerging markets such as bioengineered meat. "Our troops deserve better than to be served lab-grown meat, produced in bioreactors with immortalized cells and chemicals."
"Unfortunately," Hubbard said, "this effort is being driven by an agenda that is political and anti-farmer. Our soldiers should never be used as guinea pigs."
The Pentagon and its outside partners, as part of its push to fund "alt-protein projects," made up to $2 million available for such projects, according to the publication Alt-Meat.
Supporters of these efforts say U.S. national security hinges on addressing global change and pursuing new technologies that enable products like lab grown meat.
"One of the most immediate, politically feasible, and high-impact ways to do this [address climate change] is for the U.S. government to invest in and accelerate alternative ways to produce meat," Matt Spence, a former Defense Department official wrote in a 2021 Slate piece.
Recent studies, however, including one published by the University of California, Davis suggest that "lab-grown meat's carbon footprint [is] potentially worse than retail beef."
"If companies are having to purify growth media to pharmaceutical levels, it uses more resources, which then increases global warming potential," according to the report's lead author, Derrick Risner, a member of UC Davis's Department of Food Science and Technology. "If this product continues to be produced using the 'pharma' approach, it's going to be worse for the environment and more expensive than conventional beef production."
The Defense Department and BioMADE did not respond to Washington Free Beacon requests for comment.
Published under: Climate Change , Department of Defense , Government Spending , Military , Pentagon
'Detrans' Lets Transgender Survivors Tell Stories All Media Hide
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 13:49
If the Americans Mary Margaret Olohan writes about in Detrans weren't victims of Democrats, their plight would be all over Hollywood, ''60 Minutes,'' PBS, and all the rest. There's more than enough in the stories of young Americans reverting transgender body modifications and personas to attract entire teams of investigative reporters and creatives for years. It's at least as big as the Big Tobacco lawsuits, the abortion industry, the Oxycontin scandals, and child sex trafficking.
This lack of curiosity in a deep and dramatic story says a lot about our culture, our institutions, our media, and our rulers. It's not solely a lack of curiosity, either, as Olohan's reporting shows. It's a horrifying lack of empathy and lack of will to secure justice for some of the most vulnerable and mistreated people in our society.
Olohan's interviews with people who stopped identifying as transgender reveal a lot more than our cultural leaders' lack of empathy and concern for social justice. They also reveal the predatory nature of queer ideology and the people promoting it. Their stories show that all the glitter-covered propaganda about ''love'' and ''ending hate'' overlays horrifying realities.
Chest and genital wounds that constantly weep fluid and are susceptible to infection. Rage ever since she started taking testosterone that terrifies the girl expressing it into cutting her own body in self-torture. Autistic children and children with a history of rape being told that taking the hormones and cutting off attractive female parts will instantly transform their pre-existing emotional anguish into rainbows and unicorns, and finding out that was all a lie after it's too late to preserve their breasts and voices.
Olohan tells all these stories and more with journalistic delicacy, letting the facts and her interviewee's voices speak for themselves.
Internet Access for Kids Pushes Queer IdentitiesAs also confirmed in the groundbreaking 2018 Brown University study by Lisa Littman on ''rapid-onset gender dysphoria,'' the trans survivors who speak with Olohan note that social media exposed them to highly sexualized and queer content at young ages. Chloe Cole tells Olohan that Instagram exposure at age 11 intensified her normal body discomfort of puberty. Olohan notes research showing Meta knows their products damage girls' body image and increase suicidal ideation.
Indeed, social media sites such as Instagram host the spread and sale of pedophilic images, according to a 2023 Wall Street Journal investigation Olohan cites. Littman's study showed a direct correlation between young people spending more time online and queer identification. Essentially all of the detransitioners Olohan interviewed said social media played a part in pushing them into transgender extremism.
And gender ideology gives these big companies cover for profiting from the self-destruction of their users. It gives them a pass from the kind of social outcry and government oversight that would hit them like a tsunami if their products instead, say, introduced dangerous chemicals into children's lungs or encouraged kids to jump off high buildings. But apparently anything done in the name of queer politics is A-OK, up to and including allowing doctors to inflict open, weeping wounds on children's bodies for the rest of their lives.
Cole told Olohan her double mastectomy at age 14 still leaks, more than two years after the surgery. She doesn't know if it will ever close. Olohan quotes men who had their genitals amputated reporting the same. Men's never-closing wounds must be regularly probed to keep from worse complications, and some of these men now cannot urinate without leaking all over their clothing.
These sorts of abominations are not only allowed but funded by the White House, multiple states, the U.S. Congress, and almost every other major U.S. institution. No wonder they fight so hard to hide their atrocities.
Pornography Pushes Queer IdentitiesAbusers show children pornography to desensitize them to abuse: ''Pretty much every transitioner I spoke with was exposed to pornography at an early age,'' Olohan notes.
Of course, these images depict women being slapped, spit on, tied down, and other unmentionably horrifying treatment. Girls who saw this through phones and tablets learned to hate women's bodies and fear that having a woman's body would make them vulnerable to similar treatment. Some of the detransitioners were physically raped, as well as emotionally raped by pornography.
''I got desensitized to highly sexualized and deviant topics like kinks and I just assumed that normal sexuality consisted of things that I now know most normal healthy adults would never want to engage in to have a fulfilling intimate relationship,'' Helena Kerschner tells Olohan in the book. ''To be stewing in all of this gross content at a time when I had never even flirted with somebody or come anywhere close to a real relationship confused me and my relationship to my body, sex, romance, and my self-image.''
As I detail in my new book, ''False Flag,'' prominent transgender activists like writer Andrea Long Chu and executives at PornHub outright affirm that pornography changes people's sexual orientation. A recent sting video indicated PornHub staff know that and inserts queer sexual behavior into ''straight'' porn on purpose '-- to attract kids and get its customers watching increasingly twisted videos as their usage turns into addiction.
Tech Titans Censor Trans People's True StoriesTo heal, the formerly transgender people Olohan interviews had to develop maturity and the ability to overcome trauma. Helena tells Olohan, ''To move through and overcome painful emotions, we must first acknowledge the core emotion that is occurring and have compassion towards ourselves for feeling the emotion'...Transitioning made my mental health much, much worse. Not better. It was a 'f-ck you' to the hurting child inside of me. It was telling her that she didn't matter. It was telling her that I hated her and wanted to annihilate her. It was an act of war against myself.''
A statement like that is ringing proof of the courage transgender desisters show in turning to face their serious pain, much of which is not their fault and has been inflicted on them by their families and strangers on the internet. It's a mark of maturity to notice and end the psychological avoidance tactics people use to dodge responsibility for their lives.
When the people in power are immature and psychologically undeveloped, they attack people who tell the truth. Transgender desistors are thus a model for us all for publicly testifying that the only way out of a problem is not to hide from it, but to acknowledge reality and deal with it, even if we're angry and afraid.
Like transgender ideology, censorship is a massive denial of reality. And every denial of reality makes things so much worse. It can turn hospitals into charnel houses for children's bodies and homes into haunted houses.
Detrans: True Stories of Escaping the Gender Ideology Cult came out May 28 and is available everywhere books are sold. An internet search for that title surfaced many pro-transgender sites but not Olohan's book, even though those sites did not include the unique word ''detrans.'' I found similar search difficulties when looking by name for my new book, False Flag: Why Queer Politics Mean the End of America.
That may be because internet censors that partner with governments such as the Global Disinformation Index, which also specifically targets The Federalist, censor anyone who questions gender extremism. So search for the full title at your favorite retailer or use the link above.
Joy Pullmann is executive editor of The Federalist. Her new book with Regnery is "
False Flag: Why Queer Politics Mean the End of America."A happy wife, and the mother of six children, her ebooks include "
Classic Books For Young Children," and "
101 Strategies For Living Well Amid Inflation." An 18-year education and politics reporter, Joy has testified before nearly two dozen legislatures on education policy and appeared on major media from Fox News to Ben Shapiro to Dennis Prager. Joy is a grateful graduate of the Hillsdale College honors and journalism programs who identifies as native American and gender natural. Her traditionally published books also include "
The Education Invasion: How Common Core Fights Parents for Control of American Kids," from Encounter Books.
Biotech companies are trying to make milk without cows | MIT Technology Review
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 13:13
The outbreak of avian influenza on US dairy farms has started to make milk seem a lot less wholesome. Milk that's raw, or unpasteurized, can actually infect mice that drink it, and a few dairy workers have already caught the bug.
The FDA says that commercial milk is safe because it is pasteurized, killing the germs. Even so, it's enough to make a person ponder a life beyond milk'--say, taking your coffee black or maybe drinking oat milk.
But for those of us who can't do without the real thing, it turns out some genetic engineers are working on ways to keep the milk and get rid of the cows instead. They're doing it by engineering yeasts and plants with bovine genes so they make the key proteins responsible for milk's color, satisfying taste, and nutritional punch.
The proteins they're copying are casein, a floppy polymer that's the most abundant protein in milk and is what makes pizza cheese stretch, and whey, a nutritious combo of essential amino acids that's often used in energy powders.
It's part of a larger trend of replacing animals with ingredients grown in labs, steel vessels, or plant crops. Think of the Impossible burger, the veggie patty made mouthwatering with the addition of heme, a component of blood that's produced in the roots of genetically modified soybeans.
One of the milk innovators is Remilk, an Israeli startup founded in 2019, which has engineered yeast so it will produce beta-lactoglobulin (the main component of whey). Company cofounder Ori Cohavi says a single biotech factory of bubbling yeast vats feeding on sugar could in theory ''replace 50,000 to 100,000 cows.''
Remilk has been making trial batches and is testing ways to formulate the protein with plant oils and sugar to make spreadable cheese, ice cream, and milk drinks. So yes, we're talking ''processed'' food'--one partner is a local Coca-Cola bottler, and advising the company are former executives of Nestl(C), Danone, and PepsiCo.
But regular milk isn't exactly so natural either. At milking time, animals stand inside elaborate robots, and it looks for all the world as if they're being abducted by aliens. ''The notion of a cow standing in some nice green scenery is very far from how we get our milk,'' says Cohavi. And there are environmental effects: cattle burp methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and a lactating cow needs to drink around 40 gallons of water a day.
''There are hundreds of millions of dairy cows on the planet producing greenhouse waste, using a lot of water and land,'' says Cohavi. ''It can't be the best way to produce food.''
For biotech ventures trying to displace milk, the big challenge will be keeping their own costs of production low enough to compete with cows. Dairies get government protections and subsidies, and they don't only make milk. Dairy cows are eventually turned into gelatin, McDonald's burgers, and the leather seats of your Range Rover. Not much goes to waste.
At Alpine Bio, a biotech company in San Francisco (also known as Nobell Foods), researchers have engineered soybeans to produce casein. While not yet cleared for sale, the beans are already being grown on USDA-sanctioned test plots in the Midwest, says Alpine's CEO, Magi Richani.
Richani chose soybeans because they're already a major commodity and the cheapest source of protein around. ''We are working with farmers who are already growing soybeans for animal feed,'' she says. ''And we are saying, 'Hey, you can grow this to feed humans.' If you want to compete with a commodity system, you have to have a commodity crop.''
Alpine intends to crush the beans, extract the protein, and'--much like Remilk'--sell the ingredient to larger food companies.
Everyone agrees that cow's milk will be difficult to displace. It holds a special place in the human psyche, and we owe civilization itself, in part, to domesticated animals. In fact, they've left their mark in our genes, with many of us carrying DNA mutations that make cow's milk easier to digest.
But that's why it might be time for the next technological step, says Richani. ''We raise 60 billion animals for food every year, and that is insane. We took it too far, and we need options,'' she says. ''We need options that are better for the environment, that overcome the use of antibiotics, and that overcome the disease risk.''
It's not clear yet whether the bird flu outbreak on dairy farms is a big danger to humans. But making milk without cows would definitely cut the risk that an animal virus will cause a new pandemic. As Richani says: ''Soybeans don't transmit diseases to humans.''
Now read the rest of The CheckupRead more from MIT Technology Review's archive
Hungry for more from the frontiers of fromage? In the Build issue of our print magazine, Andrew Rosenblum tasted a yummy brie made only from plants. Harder to swallow was the claim by developer Climax Foods that its cheese was designed using artificial intelligence.
The idea of using yeast to create food ingredients, chemicals, and even fuel via fermentation is one of the dreams of synthetic biology. But it's not easy. In 2021, we raised questions about high-flying startup Ginkgo Bioworks. This week its stock hit an all-time low of $0.49 per share as the company struggles to make '... well, anything.
This spring, I traveled to Florida to watch attempts to create life in a totally new way: using a synthetic embryo made in a lab. The action involved cattle at the animal science department of the University of Florida, Gainesville.
From around the web
How many human bird flu cases are there? No one knows, because there's barely any testing. Scientists warn we're flying blind as US dairy farms struggle with an outbreak. (NBC)
Moderna, one of the companies behind the covid-19 shots, is seeing early success with a cancer vaccine. It uses the same basic technology: gene messages packed into nanoparticles. (Nature)
It's the covid-19 theory that won't go away. This week the New York Times published an op-ed arguing that the virus was the result of a lab accident. We previously profiled the author, Alina Chan, who is a scientist with the Broad Institute. (NYTimes)
Sales of potent weight loss drugs, like Ozempic, are booming. But it's not just humans who are overweight. Now the pet care industry is dreaming of treating chubby cats and dogs, too. (Bloomberg)
Measurements of methane and nitrous oxide in human breath and the development of UK scale emissions - PMC
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 12:29
Journal List PLoS One PMC10718453 As a library, NLM provides access to scientific literature. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, the contents by NLM or the National Institutes of Health.
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PMC Copyright Notice PLoS One. 2023; 18(12): e0295157.
Ben Dawson,
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1 Toby Roberts,
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1 Peter Levy,
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1 Mathew Heal,
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Nicholas Cowan,
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1,*Ben Dawson1UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
2The University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Julia Drewer1UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
Toby Roberts1UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
Peter Levy1UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
Mathew Heal2The University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Nicholas Cowan1UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
Dafeng Hui, Editor
1UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bush Estate, Midlothian, United Kingdom
2The University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Tennessee State University, UNITED STATES
Corresponding author.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Received 2023 Aug 29; Accepted 2023 Nov 15.
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
AbstractExhaled human breath can contain small, elevated concentrations of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), both of which contribute to global warming. These emissions from humans are not well understood and are rarely quantified in global greenhouse gas inventories. This study investigated emissions of CH4 and N2O in human breath from 104 volunteers in the UK population, to better understand what drives these emissions and to quantify national-scale estimates. A total of 328 breath samples were collected, and age, sex, dietary preference, and smoking habits were recorded for every participant. The percentage of methane producers (MPs) identified in this study was 31%. The percentage of MPs was higher in older age groups with 25% of people under the age of 30 classified as MPs compared to 40% in the 30+ age group. Females (38%) were more likely to be MPs than males (25%), though overall concentrations emitted from both MP groups were similar. All participants were found to emit N2O in breath, though none of the factors investigated explained the differences in emissions. Dietary preference was not found to affect CH4 or N2O emissions from breath in this study. We estimate a total emission of 1.04 (0.86''1.40) Gg of CH4 and 0.069 (0.066''0.072) Gg of N2O in human breath annually in the UK, the equivalent of 53.9 (47.8''60.0) Gg of CO2. In terms of magnitude, these values are approximately 0.05% and 0.1% of the total emissions of CH4 and N2O reported in the UK national greenhouse gas inventories.
IntroductionIt has been reported that exhaled human breath can contain the greenhouse gases methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) [1, 2], both of which have a much higher global warming potential than carbon dioxide (CO2) (34 and 265 for CH4 and N2O, respectively [3]). Where hydrocarbon chains (food types) are consumed by humans and turned into CH4 (and N2O from nitrogen intake), the global warming potential is no longer neutral, and human respiration has a net warming effect on the atmosphere. Due to their ruminant digestive system in which methanogenesis (biological production of CH4) occurs [4], herbivorous livestock (e.g., cattle) are known to emit large quantities of CH4 globally in the form of breath and flatus, accounting for approximately 20% of anthropogenic CH4 emissions [5, 6]. While the global biological mass of humans (390 Mt) is estimated to be similar in magnitude (~62%) to that of domesticated animals at the global scale [7], emissions of CH4 are assumed to be significantly smaller. However, few studies have been carried out to examine this explicitly, and no study to date has investigated emissions in breath of the UK population.
Methanogenic flora in the human gut produce CH4 that can be emitted via breath [1], flatus [8] and skin [9]. Humans are generally considered to be CH4 producers (MPs) if their breath concentration is more than 1 ppm above background concentration (~1.9 ppm [10]), and CH4 non-producers (MNPs) if not. However, there is evidence that all humans produce CH4 in breath to some extent [1] and those who do not exhale CH4 are still likely to release the gas in flatus [8]. Some studies have found that the propensity to produce CH4 in breath increases with age [11''13] and is higher among females [14''17], but there is contrary evidence for both these trends in the limited number of studies available. The highest reported proportion of MPs was found in African populations with up to 84% [15]. Proportions of MPs in Western populations vary from 25% [17] to 62% [18], while in Asian populations (such as Japanese) it can be as low as 15% [13]. The reasons for geographic, ethnic, diet, gender or age-based differences emissions of CH4 in human breath are not understood, and historical studies have likely suffered from issues such as poor detection limits of available analysers and limited sample populations (n < 100).
It is believed that N2O in human breath derives from the reduction of nitrates in food and water by denitrifying bacteria in the gut and oral cavity [2, 19, 20]. There is also evidence that endogenously produced nitric oxide (NO) is reduced to N2O by these bacteria [21]. Ingestion of nitrate-rich vegetables is reported to cause an increase in breath N2O concentration for up to 4 hours [19]; Petersen et al. (2015) [22] similarly highlighted that increasing nitrate in the diet of cattle can substantially increase N2O emissions in cattle breath. The number of studies on human N2O production is small, and thus there is no information on geographical or ethnic variation in breath concentrations, although an increase in concentration with age after childhood has been observed [20].
The predicted total emissions of these gases from humans is very small when compared to global emissions. Polag and Keppler (2019) [11] estimated that the global emission of CH4 from 7.5 billion people would be 0.41 ± 0.11 Tg CH4 yr''1. Mitsui (1997) [2] estimated that the global emission of N2O from 5.8 billion people would be up to 12 Gg N2O yr-1. This is the equivalent of approximately 0.11 and 0.16% of global anthropogenic emissions of CH4 and N2O, respectively (according to global estimates [6, 23]). Therefore, emissions of these gases are generally ignored in most environmental monitoring or inventory work as they are considered negligible. However, there are reasons to study these emissions further. The factors that affect human emissions of CH4 and N2O are not well understood and the impacts of an aging population and shifting diets is still relatively uncertain. Converting from high meat and protein content diets to higher fibre vegetarian options to mitigate emissions of greenhouse gases from meat production potentially results in higher production of gases in the human gut [24], and an element of pollution swapping could occur. In the UK, greenhouse gas measurements are carried out using top-down and bottom-up methods for validation purposes. Top-down measurements include the use of a ''tall-tower'' network where inverse modelling can be used to assess emissions of gases at a national scale [25]. The eddy covariance method is also used at tall urban tower sites to measure fluxes at large scales [26]. These measurement methods will observe emissions from a mixture of sources within their large footprints, and human breath is an unquantified factor that may add uncertainty to analysis, especially where human populations are dense. It is widely recognised that there is an offset between top-down and bottom-up emission inventories of greenhouse gases, believed to be as a result of missing or poorly quantified sources in bottom-up accounting methods [27]. Saunois et al. (2020) [6] report a difference greater than 20% between top-down and bottom-up estimates of global CH4 emissions.
The objectives of this study are (i) to quantify emissions of CH4 and N2O in human breath in the UK population, and (ii) to investigate factors that might affect the magnitude and variations in these concentrations. This study aims to identify patterns in emissions from individuals that may alter emission estimates in national scale accounting and provide a realistic national emission for the UK in particular.
MethodStudy participationA total of 328 breath samples were collected indoors in the city of Edinburgh from 104 volunteer participants between 12/12/2022 and 10/03/2023. All volunteers gave written consent to use the data and to publish the data in an anonymised format (Ethics approval was obtained from UKCEH Human Research Ethics Committee, HREC0009). Age, sex, dietary preference, and smoking habits were recorded for every participant ( Table 1 ). The mean age of the participants across all samples collected was 30.2 and 35.8 years for males and females respectively. Information on the time of day, and whether participants had brushed their teeth, eaten, smoked, or exercised within 1 hour prior to measurement was available for 248 of the samples. Participants were asked if they had consumed meat, vegetables, fruit, salad, wheat, pulses, rice, egg, soya, oats, dairy, onion or garlic, potato and dried fruit. Details on the foods eaten within the 24 hours prior was collected for 170 samples. Forty-two participants gave more than one sample on different dates.
Table 1A summary of male and female participants for age groups, dietary preferences, and smoking habits.
FactorNumber of MalesNumber of FemalesTotalAge 18''29 yr412364Age 30''39 yr81119Age 40''49 yr4711Age 50''59 yr527Age 60+ yr123Meat-eaters331851Vegetarians10717Flexitarians*162036Smokers628Undefined Diet5945104Breath analysisFor the collection of breath samples, 3 L Tedlar® gas-sampling bags were used. Participants were required to take in a deep breath and hold it for 5 s, then exhale approximately 80% of their lung capacity into the bag. Some participants needed to give a second breath to fill the sample bag. All bags were flushed with either 100% research grade nitrogen or with the participant's breath prior to each sample collection. The double needle technique [28] was used to flush a 20 mL glass vial with 100 mL of breath sample extracted from the gas-sampling bags within 24 h of collection. These samples were analysed on an Agilent 7890B gas chromatograph (GC) with a flame ionisation detector (FID) and a micro electron capture detector (μECD) with nitrogen carrier gas, using an Agilent 7697A Headspace Autosampler for sample loading (Agilent, Santa Clara, CA, United States). Twenty-four atmospheric background measurements were taken across all locations at which breath samples were collected. Background concentrations of CO2, CH4 and N2O were defined as 1050, 2.0 and 0.34 ppm, respectively. Breath MPs were defined as 1 ppm above background concentration (3 ppm), as consistent with previous literature [29, 30].
Statistical analysisData was analysed using the statistical software R, version 4.1.0 (R Core Team, 2021 [31]). Where data has a Gaussian distribution, uncertainties are reported as the 95% confidence interval around the mean. Where data are log-normally distributed, the method detailed by Zou et al. (2008) [32] is used to estimate the mean (Zou's mean) with asymmetric 95% upper and lower confidence intervals, as implemented in the R package EnvStats [33]. Analysis was conducted using the exhaled breath concentrations minus the mean background concentration (negative values kept so as not to systematically bias data). All data referred to in the text is this concentration enhancement unless quoted as emitted concentration.
Estimated annual emissions from humans were calculated using an average breathing rate of 16 breaths per minute [34], an average lung tidal volume of 0.5 L [35], the ideal gas law under standard conditions, and the approximate current populations of 68.2 million for the UK and 8 billion for global estimates.
Ethics statementThis study was reviewed by UKCEH's Ethical Review Committee an approval was granted. Research was conducted in accordance with the principles embodied in the Declaration of Helsinki and in accordance with local statutory requirements. All participants have given written consent to collect and use the data collected in the study to publish this manuscript. All participants were over the age of 18 and consent from parents or guardians was not required.
ResultsConcentration enhancement of CO2 in the breath of the participants ranged from 26.5 to 63.4 parts per thousand (2.65''6.34%) following a Gaussian distribution, with an arithmetic mean of 4.35 (4.29''4.43) % ( Fig 1A ). All participants exhaled CO2, and while the data distribution skewed slightly towards higher values, overall, the data was relatively symmetrical around the mean. Concentration enhancement of CH4 in breath varied from -0.56 to 49.6 ppm, following a log-normal distribution with an arithmetic mean concentration of 5.08 and Zou's mean of 4.26 (3.37''5.54) ppm ( Fig 1B ). While the lowest of these values is negative (emitted concentration below the 2 ppm background), the precision of the GC instrument is approximately 0.04 ppm (Drewer et al., 2021), thus the small number of negative values is likely to be instrumental noise as 55% of the concentration differences were less than the instrument precision. The distribution of concentration enhancement of CH4 are heavily skewed towards higher values, with a large number of concentrations near zero. A total of 32 (31%) of the participants were classed as MPs (single or mean concentrations in breath measurements exceeded the 3 ppm threshold). The arithmetic mean concentration enhancement of all samples measured from the MPs was 17.1 ppm and the Zou's mean was 15.0 (11.9''19.9) ppm. The arithmetic emitted mean of the concentration enhancement among NMPs was -0.1 ppm, with most samples reporting breath concentrations around the precision limit of the GC instrument (results from NMPs were essentially instrumental noise around zero). Therefore, it is approximated that 31% of people emitted a mean concentration of 15.0 (11.9''19.9) ppm CH4 in their breath, while the rest emit effectively none. Concentration enhancement of N2O in the breath of the participants also followed a log-normal distribution, ranging from 0.11 to 0.88 ppm with an arithmetic mean of 0.33 and a Zou's mean of 0.329 (0.315''0.342) ppm ( Fig 1C ). The skew in the distribution of N2O concentrations was more towards higher values than the CO2 distribution, but not as extreme as that of CH4 concentrations. No concentration enhancements of N2O in breath were below background levels, indicating that while there is a large variation in observed N2O concentrations, all participants emitted at least some N2O.
Density plots of (a) CO2, (b) CH4 and (c) N2O concentration enhancement in the breath of all participants, with mean concentrations shown as a green dashed line. (e, f) Concentration enhancement of gases in breath vs age, with linear fit and statistics (g-i) Concentration enhancement of gases in breath of female and male groups, presented as box & whisker plots with median and 25th and 75th percentiles.
Impact of demographicsThe majority of the participants (62%) in the study were below the age of 30 (n = 64), though each decadal age grouping contained several participants ( Fig 1D''1F ). No strong relationships were observed between age and emission of CH4 and N2O in breath between age and gas concentrations, though due to a lack of participants in the later age groups, we cannot prove this definitively with this data set. Due to the potential bias of having a larger number of younger participants and the impact of the log-normal distribution of data, we split the data into groupings to clarify comparisons in age. When the participants were split into two groupings, either side of a 30-year-old threshold (arbitrary split to balance age groups with n = 64:40), a difference in CH4 emissions was observed between the groups. The relative ratio of MPs in the 30yr+ group (total n = 40) was 40%, larger than the number of the 25% observed in the <30yr group. The Zou's mean concentrations observed in the <30yr and 30yr+ age groups was 4.3 (3.1''5.5) ppm and 10.4 (5.9''14.8) ppm, respectively, and Zou's mean concentrations in the breath of the MPs only in these groupings was 10.7 (8.7''13.8) ppm and 19.14 (13.5''30.6) ppm, respectively. Emissions of N2O showed no correlation with age (p = 0.74).
There were no clear differences between mean emissions from male and females ( Fig 1G''1I ). The proportion of female and male participants classed as MPs was 38% and 25%, respectively. However, there was no obvious difference between the measured mean concentrations for each sex overall or among MPs. Only 9 of the participants were smokers which prevented meaningful statistical analysis with the other participants; however, no notable differences in emissions of the three GHGs investigated were observed in these samples.
Impact of dietSamples from participants in this study were separated into three dietary groupings: those who ate meat regularly (meat eater, sample n = 119), those who eat meat up to twice a week (flexitarian, sample n = 145) and those who ate no meat at all (vegetarian, sample n = 64). No trends were observed between the emissions of all 3 greenhouse gases with any of the three dietary groupings in this study ( Fig 2 ). Further investigation into foods consumed 24 h prior to breath sampling also provided no trends with observed emissions ( Fig 3 ). Many of these groups overlapped due to dietary variation over a 24 h period. When split into MP and NMP populations ( Fig 3A ), there is still no strong correlation between diet and observed CH4 emissions. A reduction of approximately 20% in N2O emissions was observed in the breath of participants who had provided breath samples prior-to and shortly after brushing teeth; however, reductions were inconsistent and dependent upon the magnitude of the emissions from the participant.
Concentrations of gases in breath (above background) of different dietary groupings, presented as box plots, with median and 25th and 75th percentiles.
Concentrations of gases (above background) in the breath of participants who had consumed the listed food type in the 24 h prior to sampling.Data is presented as box plots, with median and 25th and 75th percentiles. In (b), the emissions of methane are split into MP and NMP categories.
DiscussionAssessment of sampling methodAt rest, the normal CO2 concentration in human breath is around 4.0% [36], which is slightly lower than the concentration observed in this study of 4.4 (4.3''4.5) %. However, the breath collection method in this project was designed for measuring CH4 and N2O concentrations consistently, not for CO2 respiration rates. The likely cause for the skew in CO2 concentrations on the higher end of the scale is that some participants took slightly longer to blow into the bag than others, increasing the CO2 in breath which was held longer as a result. To test if the skew in N2O and CH4 concentration enhancement was due to the sampling method, a CO2 correction was applied as a check. Here, the CH4 and N2O concentrations were multiplied by the ratio of the mean measured CO2 concentration divided by the CO2 measured in individual samples. The skew in CH4 and N2O concentrations remained relatively unchanged by the correction, hence the concentrations were not correlated with longer breath holding and the skew in both data sets is real. There was also no correlation between the concentration enhancement of any of the gases with each other, suggesting that samples with highly skewed concentrations were independent of the method and representative of real differences between individuals.
Impact of demographicsEmissions of CH4 in breath from a given human population depends largely on the number of MPs present in the demographic. The percentage of MPs identified in this study (31%) is at the lower end of literature values for western populations (25''62% [8, 17, 18, 37]). One reason for this may be the lack of participants in older age groups in this study. The 25% of MPs in the <30 yr age group is consistent with percentages reported for similar age groups in the west [14, 38]. The higher percentage of MPs in the older age group is also consistent with the literature, with most previous studies finding an overall increase in the percentage of MPs with age [14, 38]. While previous studies have identified higher ratios of MPs in older age groups, most prior studies have either not reported concentration trends within MPs with age or have found no trend [12]. The finding of higher breath concentration of CH4 among MPs in the 30 yr+ grouping in this study has not been previously observed.
The results reported in this study are consistent with most previous studies that found a higher percentage of MPs in females (38%) when compared to males (25%) [12, 14, 16, 17]. It is also consistent in not finding any difference between the mean concentrations among MPs of both genders. It appears that females are more likely to be MPs, but those who are MPs do not exhale more CH4 than male MPs. We are unable to offer a reason for the difference in proportion of MPs between genders in this and other studies.
It has been reported in previous studies that region of birth or ethnicity is a strong indicator of the likelihood to be an MP, with African populations [15] much more likely to be MPs than Asian populations [13]. It was a limitation of this study that information on ethnicity or place of birth was not collected, but this data is the only reported from a population within the UK since McKay et al. (1985) [8]. There is evidence that MP status is determined in early childhood [16], and that the mother's MP status is a strong indicator [38], but that the familial link is not genetic [16]. MP status may be determined in early childhood through acquiring the methanogenic bacteria via diet or breast milk, but it appears that it takes time for the bacteria to reach a critical population and thus for the MP status to develop, which is the reason for an increase in the percentage of MPs with age [39]. Our finding of increased breath concentration in older MPs also fits this theory, because if methanogenic bacteria become more established in the digestive system throughout a lifetime, then breath CH4 concentration would also increase. It may be that this is limited by a number of other factors, such as food consumption, individual health and other impacts that affect breath CH4 concentration enhancement.
The mean breath N2O emission concentration enhancement of 0.33 ppm is consistent with some previous studies (Mitsui et al., 1997, Mitsui and Kondo, 1998). Some studies classified people as breath N2O producers and non-producers in the same way as is done for CH4, with a cut-off of 0.1 ppm above background concentration (Mitsui et al., 1997, Mitsui and Kondo, 1999). However, in this study none of the samples given were below this cut-off and thus every person would be an N2O producer. Given the evidence that humans endogenously produce NO (Palmer et al., 1987), it is plausible that all humans emit N2O through reduction of NO by denitrifying bacteria in their gut and oral cavity, but the concentration enhancement was too small to be detected by previous instruments.
There have been no previous reported differences in breath N2O concentration between sexes in previous studies, which is consistent with our findings. Higher concentration enhancements have been found in older people in Japan (Mitsui et al., 1997, Mitsui and Kondo, 1998, Mitsui and Kondo, 1999); however, the results of this study show no such trend.
Impact of dietThis study attempted to identify foods that affect breath CH4 and N2O concentration enhancement without interfering with typical dietary behaviour; however, no trends were identified. Breath CH4 concentration has been reported to increase on ingestion of lactulose [18] and have a positive correlation with total dietary fibre [38]. This study found no increase in breath CH4 concentration of those who had eaten dairy and did not collect information on dietary fibre intake. Mitsui and Kondo (1999) [19] reported increased breath N2O concentrations for 4 h after ingestion of nitrate-rich vegetables. In this study, difference in concentration of N2O related to any of the foods tested was found. Due to the magnitude of the random variance in emissions measured form the participants in this study, it is highly likely that a full investigation into whether particular diets have an impact on CH4 and N2O emissions requires a dedicated experiment on each food type with a large number of participants and strict diet regimes. Another limitation of the study design in this case is that measurements were taken during winter months only, and diet or other unforeseen seasonal environmental factors may alter human breath emissions to some extent. The purpose of this study was exploratory, to determine if certain generic diets had an overall impact on an individual's emissions of these gases, which does not seem to be the case. Concentration enhancement of both CH4 and N2O in the breath of vegetarians and meat consumers are similar in magnitude. Based on these results, we can state that, when estimating emissions from a population within the UK, diet or future diet changes are unlikely to be important when estimating emissions across the UK as a whole.
UK and global-scale emissionsThe results in this study suggest that when considering CH4 production in human breath in larger populations, only age and gender are relevant factors in determining the quantity of MPs, and thus the total CH4 emissions. The number of people below 30 years of age accounts for 35.5% of the UK population, which is currently 68.2 million. An estimated 51% of people below the age of 30 are male, and 49% of people above the age of 30 are male [40]. As no demographic or dietary factors were found to correlate with N2O emissions in breath, a single population factor was used to calculate N2O emissions. Based on estimates of approximately 4205 m3 of breath exhaled per person and using the ratio of MPs in each grouping in this study multiplied by demographics of the UK, we estimate emissions for the UK ( Table 2 ). We estimate a total emission of 1.04 (0.86''1.40) Gg of CH4 and 0.069 (0.066''0.072) kt of N2O in human breath annually in the UK, the equivalent of 59.39 Gg of CO2. In terms of magnitude, these values are approximately 0.05% and 0.1% of the total emissions of CH4 and N2O reported in the UK national greenhouse gas inventories [41].
Table 2Estimates of CH4 and N2O emissions from breath of all inhabitants of the UK.Demographic data sourced from ONS, 2023. Global warming potential of 34 and 265 used to estimate CO2eq for CH4 and N2O, respectively; Sixth Assessment Report, IPCC 2022 [3].
GasAgeGenderPop (x106)MP (%)MP Pop (x106)Breath Conc. (ppm)Emission (Gg)CO2 equivalent (Gg)CH4<30 yrFemale11.8394.610.7 (8.7''13.8)0.14 (0.12''0.19)5.0 (4.0''6.4)30+ yrFemale22.6419.219.14 (13.5''30.6)0.52 (0.37''0.84)17.9 (12.6''28.7)<30 yrMale12.3243.010.7 (8.7''13.8)0.09 (0.07''0.12)3.2 (2.6''4.2)30+ yrMale21.4224.719.14 (13.5''30.6)0.26 (0.19''0.43)9.1 (6.4''14.6)Total CH41.04 (0.86''1.40)35.4 (29.3''47.6)N2OAllAll68.20.329 (0.315''0.342)0.069 (0.066''0.072)18.4 (17.7''19.2)Total All53.9 (47.8''60.0)Based on the mean concentrations of 15.0 (11.9''19.9) ppm in the breath of MPs, which accounted for 31% of participants in this study, a global total emission of 0.11 (0.09''0.15) Tg yr-1 of CH4 is very approximately estimated for breath emissions at a global scale (assuming a population of 8 billion). This is considerably lower than some previous estimates (e.g. 0.4 Tg yr-1 reported by Polag and Keppler, 2019) [11], which may be due to the relatively low number of MPs in the participant group in this study. The variation geographically and demographically of the ratio of MPs is still not understood, and there remain large areas of the world with no data. Polag and Keppler (2019) [11] predict 1.2 Tg yr-1 of CH4 in human emission by the year 2100 using a weighted estimation on age, sex, and geographical variance in population and MP percentage. If the finding here of an increase in breath concentration with age among MPs is also true, this value may be higher.
With a population of 8.9 million people, it could be assumed that CH4 emissions in human breath in the greater London area is approximately 0.14 Tg CH4 yr-1. With an area coverage of 1569 km2 we estimate an average annual flux of 0.09 tons CH4 km-2 yr-1, which is negligible compared to the 72 tons CH4 km-2 yr-1 reported by Helfter et al. (2016) [26] for the region. While there is an extremely high concentration of people in cities compared with more rural areas, the emissions of CH4 associated with fossil-fuel burning, gas leaks and wastewater leakage in cities are several orders of magnitude greater than that from breath. Natural soils can be a source or sink of CH4 in the UK, with typical grasslands emitting approximately 0.1 tons CH4 km-2 yr-1 (0.19 nmol m''2 s''1) on average [42]. For comparative purposes only, if the Greater London area were a managed grassland, the soil emissions of CH4 would be equivalent to that of human breath in the same area.
The estimated annual global emissions of N2O of approximately 0.01 Tg yr-1 is similar in value to the 0.012 Tg yr-1 estimated by Mitsui et al. (1997) [2]. While total emissions of N2O in breath are relatively negligible, the drivers behind the large spread in observed concentrations remains poorly studied and unexplained. Human flatus has been found with CH4 content of up to 29% [43], but very little is known about how this varies. Based on some opportunistic lab work that was carried out in this study, we know that flatus can contain extremely high concentration of N2O (greater than 30 ppm), but this has never been properly studied or reported in literature for humans. While flatus from livestock is commonly measured, there are barriers when performing experimentation on humans, primarily the embarrassment of participants and the inability to secure funds to carry out such research which carries with it some stigma due to the nature of the task. As the estimates of CH4 and N2O presented in this study do not account for flatus, we represent only the lowest possible emission from humans, and the true value of our own bodily emissions are likely significantly higher as a species.
Petersen et al. (2015) [22] reported that 2.7 mg hr-1 of N2O was emitted per head of cattle based on experimental evidence. Based on livestock unit (LSU) conversions of 0.1 for sheep and 0.8 for pigs, we can attribute a hypothetical N2O emission rate of 0.27 and 2.16 mg hr-1 for sheep and 0.8 for pigs, respectively. In the UK, a total of 9.6 million cattle, 22 million sheep and 5 million pigs are recorded [44], which using the previous estimates would generate approximately 0.37 Gg of N2O per year. Based on pet number estimates of 11 million dogs and 11 million cats [45] we can estimate more N2O in breath and flatus, though this has never been measured. Further wild mammal population such as deer, badgers, foxes and rodents would also add to this total, though these values are also unknown. While each of these individual sources is small, combined it is possible that emissions add up, and could exceed 1% of total N2O emissions in the UK (approximately 0.7 Gg N2O). Emissions of N2O in breath and flatus of mammals is not included in any greenhouse gas inventory or model as it is assumed to be negligible, but this may not be the case. The addition of nitrates to animal diets has been shown to reduce CH4 emissions, but these dietary changes could drastically increase N2O in the breath of livestock [22]. We recommend further exploratory work to quantify and understand N2O emissions from breath and flatus in the livestock sector, especially in regard to feeding nitrates to animals to reduce CH4 emissions, which is considered one option to reducing the carbon footprint of cattle in particular [46, 47].
ConclusionsThe measurements carried out in this study allow us to estimate UK-scale emissions of approximately 1.04 (0.86''1.40) Gg of CH4 and 0.069 (0.066''0.072) Gg of N2O emitted in the form of human breath. Based on a sample population of 104 volunteers, we estimate that the methane producing (MP) population in the UK is 25% for those aged less than 30 years, and 40% for those aged over 30 years of age. We have found no correlation between diet and emission of CH4 and N2O in breath and recommend if future studies wish to assess this in more detail, that rigid dietary regimes are implemented to reduce the effect of heterogeneity of emissions in a given population. While emissions of CH4 and N2O account for only 0.05% and 0.1% of the total emissions in the UK national greenhouse gas inventories, respectively, we would urge caution in the assumption that emissions from humans are negligible. We report only emissions in breath in this study, and flatus emissions are likely to increase these values significantly, though no literature characterises these emissions for people in the UK. Assuming that livestock and other wild animals also exhale emissions of N2O, there may still be a small but significant unaccounted for source of N2O emissions in the UK, which could account for more than 1% of national-scale emissions.
AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank all of the participants who volunteered to take part in this experiment.
Funding StatementThe analysis was funded by the UK NERC grant E/S003614/2 'Detection and Attribution of Regional greenhouse gas Emissions in the UK (DAREUK)'. We acknowledge contribution from UKSCAPE Programme, funded by the Natural Environment Research Council as National Capability (award number NE/R016429/1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Data AvailabilityThe data that support the findings of this study can be found in the Supporting Information files.
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We calculated the UK's greenhouse gas emissions from people breathing out '' here's what we found
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 12:26
The UK population collectively breathes out about 1,100 tonnes of the greenhouse gases methane and nitrous oxide every year. That's one key finding from our new research.
Those breath emissions are a mere 0.05% and 0.1% of the UK's total human-generated emissions of the two gases respectively. Their overall contribution to the country's collective carbon footprint of course pales in comparison to fossil fuel burning and other major sources of emissions.
If you're looking to reduce your climate impact, don't hold your breath.
Yet an exercise like this is still very useful for atmospheric scientists like us. The research was lead by Ben Dawson, who was an MSc student at the University of Edinburgh at the time. We were Ben's supervisors and we helped him turn his master's project into a full academic study.
The project appealed to us because, while we know about most greenhouse gas emissions that are a result of human activities, we also know we are missing many small emission sources that are required to complete our understanding of global processes.
Even if these contributions are very small, dozens of these diffuse sources can add up to a significant omission from greenhouse gas estimates at the national or global scale, which ultimately lead to higher uncertainties in models that predict the future impacts of climate change.
Carbon dioxide is the most important greenhouse gas but it's not relevant to this research since the CO'‚‚ in human breath is essentially ''carbon neutral''. As part of the respiration process, we consume fuels like sugars and fats, converting them into water and the carbon dioxide we then breathe out.
This aligns with photosynthesis, where plants convert sunlight and CO'‚‚ into the food we eat. Carbon in and carbon out are balanced, so our exhalation contributes no more to climate change than we mitigate through growing crops.
However, the story takes a turn when we consider other less common but more potent greenhouse gases, notably nitrous oxide and methane (which alone is responsible for about a third of global warming). Both are produced by microbes within our digestive system and so any we breathe out results in a net increase in the amount in the atmosphere.
Moo for methane. gfduntThe same process happens on a much larger scale in livestock like cows and sheep. In fact, around 15% to 20% of the methane emitted by human activities is produced in the guts of these animals, and is released when they breathe out or break wind.
Although humans release these gases too, albeit to a lesser extent, it's a topic that has received scant attention from scientists before now '' perhaps because the question of ''what can we do about it?'' looms large.
Why some breathe methane and others don'tThis is why our student Ben conducted his study, which involved assessing the methane and nitrous oxide emissions from the breath of over 100 volunteers. Each volunteer was asked to breathe into an inert plastic bag, from which Ben was able to extract a sample of breath for analysis.
Ben found that only 31% of participants exhaled methane, but all emitted small and variable quantities of nitrous oxide.
The investigation delved into various factors, including diet and participant demographics, to why some people breathe out more greenhouse gases than others.
Volunteers were categorised as meat-eaters, flexitarians or vegetarians, to test the hypothesis that a shift from a carnivorous to a plant-rich (and more cow-like) diet might increase methane emissions.
Contrary to expectations, the study revealed no correlation between diet and emissions for either gas, suggesting that transitioning to a plant-based diet does not significantly elevate methane emissions from human breath.
The study corroborated previous findingsindicating that people under 30 years old were less likely to be methane exhalers (25%) compared to those above 30 (40%). Additionally, men were slightly less likely to exhale methane (25%) than women (38%).
However, with a limited population size from which to sample from, more research would be required to prove if this was consistent across the entire population, or just the volunteers in this study.
Other factors like exercise routines, alcohol intake and general gut health are all likely to contribute to the variation in methane exhalation, but they were beyond the scope of this study.
Using demographic data, we were able to estimate that the UK population (68.2 million) releases a total of 1,040 tonnes of methane and 70 tonnes of nitrous oxide through breathing each year. That's about 15 grams of methane per person per year.
The impact of both gases combined works out to a total of 53,900 tonnes of ''carbon dioxide equivalent'', the metric used for most greenhouse gases, which isn't much compared to the UK's overall emissions of 417 million tonnes a year.
If you want to be responsible for releasing less greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, you'd be better off breathing as normal and focusing on other more manageable activities.
Don't have time to read about climate change as much as you'd like?Get a weekly roundup in your inbox instead. Every Wednesday, The Conversation's environment editor writes Imagine, a short email that goes a little deeper into just one climate issue. Join the 20,000+ readers who've subscribed so far.
New Stable Diffusion 3 release excels at AI-generated body horror | Ars Technica
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 12:08
unstable diffusion '-- Users react to mangled SD3 generations and ask, "Is this release supposed to be a joke?" Benj Edwards - Jun 12, 2024 7:26 pm UTC
Enlarge / An AI-generated image created using Stable Diffusion 3 of a girl lying in the grass.
On Wednesday, Stability AI released weights for Stable Diffusion 3 Medium, an AI image-synthesis model that turns text prompts into AI-generated images. Its arrival has been ridiculed online, however, because it generates images of humans in a way that seems like a step backward from other state-of-the-art image-synthesis models like Midjourney or DALL-E 3. As a result, it can churn out wild anatomically incorrect visual abominations with ease.
A thread on Reddit, titled, "Is this release supposed to be a joke? [SD3-2B]," details the spectacular failures of SD3 Medium at rendering humans, especially human limbs like hands and feet. Another thread, titled, "Why is SD3 so bad at generating girls lying on the grass?" shows similar issues, but for entire human bodies.
Hands have traditionally been a challenge for AI image generators due to lack of good examples in early training data sets, but more recently, several image-synthesis models seemed to have overcome the issue. In that sense, SD3 appears to be a huge step backward for the image-synthesis enthusiasts that gather on Reddit'--especially compared to recent Stability releases like SD XL Turbo in November.
"It wasn't too long ago that StableDiffusion was competing with Midjourney, now it just looks like a joke in comparison. At least our datasets are safe and ethical!" wrote one Reddit user.
An AI-generated image created using Stable Diffusion 3 Medium.
An AI-generated image created using Stable Diffusion 3 of a woman lying in the grass.
An AI-generated image created using Stable Diffusion 3 that shows mangled hands.
An AI-generated image created using Stable Diffusion 3 of a woman lying in the grass.
An AI-generated image created using Stable Diffusion 3 that shows mangled hands.
An AI-generated SD3 Medium image a Reddit user made with the prompt "woman wearing a dress on the beach."
An AI-generated SD3 Medium image a Reddit user made with the prompt "photograph of a person napping in a living room."
AI image fans are so far blaming the Stable Diffusion 3's anatomy failures on Stability's insistence on filtering out adult content (often called "NSFW" content) from the SD3 training data that teaches the model how to generate images. "Believe it or not, heavily censoring a model also gets rid of human anatomy, so... that's what happened," wrote one Reddit user in the thread.
Advertisement Basically, any time a user prompt homes in on a concept that isn't represented well in the AI model's training dataset, the image-synthesis model will confabulate its best interpretation of what the user is asking for. And sometimes that can be completely terrifying.
The release of Stable Diffusion 2.0 in 2022 suffered from similar problems in depicting humans well, and AI researchers soon discovered that censoring adult content that contains nudity could severely hamper an AI model's ability to generate accurate human anatomy. At the time, Stability AI reversed course with SD 2.1 and SD XL, regaining some abilities lost by strongly filtering NSFW content.
Another issue that can occur during model pre-training is that sometimes the NSFW filter researchers use to remove adult images from the dataset is too picky, accidentally removing images that might not be offensive and depriving the model of depictions of humans in certain situations. "[SD3] works fine as long as there are no humans in the picture, I think their improved nsfw filter for filtering training data decided anything humanoid is nsfw," wrote one Redditor on the topic.
Using a free online demo of SD3 on Hugging Face, we ran prompts and saw similar results to those being reported by others. For example, the prompt "a man showing his hands" returned an image of a man holding up two giant-sized backward hands, although each hand at least had five fingers.
An SD3 Medium example we generated with the prompt "A woman lying on the beach."
A nSD3 Medium example we generated with the prompt "A man showing his hands."
Stability AI
An SD3 Medium example we generated with the prompt "A woman showing her hands."
Stability AI
A SD3 Medium example we generated with the prompt "a muscular barbarian with weapons beside a CRT television set, cinematic, 8K, studio lighting."
A SD3 Medium example we generated with the prompt "A cat in a car holding a can of beer."
Stability's troubles run deepStability announced Stable Diffusion 3 in February, and the company has planned to make it available in various model sizes. Today's release is for the "Medium" version, which is a 2 billion-parameter model. In addition to the weights being available on Hugging Face, they are also available for experimentation through the company's Stability Platform. The weights are available for download and use for free under a non-commercial license only.
Advertisement Soon after its February announcement, delays in releasing the SD3 model weights inspired rumors that the release was being held back due to technical issues or mismanagement. Stability AI as a company fell into a tailspin recently with the resignation of its founder and CEO, Emad Mostaque, in March and then a series of layoffs. Just prior to that, three key engineers'--Robin Rombach, Andreas Blattmann, and Dominik Lorenz'--left the company. And its troubles go back even further, with news of the company's dire financial position lingering since 2023.
To some Stable Diffusion fans, the failures with Stable Diffusion 3 Medium are a visual manifestation of the company's mismanagement'--and an obvious sign of things falling apart. Although the company has not filed for bankruptcy, some users made dark jokes about the possibility after seeing SD3 Medium:
"I guess now they can go bankrupt in a safe and ethically [sic] way, after all."
The UN Cybercrime Draft Convention is a Blank Check for Unchecked Surveillance Abuses - Activist Post
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 12:03
By Katitza Rodriguez
This is the first post in a series highlighting the problems and flaws in the proposed UN Cybercrime Convention. Check out our detailed analysis on the criminalization of security research activities under the proposed convention.
The United Nations Ad Hoc Committee is just weeks away from finalizing a too-broad Cybercrime Draft Convention. This draft would normalize unchecked domestic surveillance and rampant government overreach, allowing serious human rights abuses around the world.
The latest draft of the convention'--originally spearheaded by Russia but since then the subject of two and a half years of negotiations'--still authorizes broad surveillance powers without robust safeguards and fails to spell out data protection principles essential to prevent government abuse of power.
As the August 9 finalization date approaches, Member States have a last chance to address the convention's lack of safeguards: prior judicial authorization, transparency, user notification, independent oversight, and data protection principles such as transparency, minimization, notification to users, and purpose limitation. If left as is, it can and will be wielded as a tool for systemic rights violations.
Countries committed to human rights and the rule of law must unite to demand stronger data protection and human rights safeguards or reject the treaty altogether. These domestic surveillance powers are critical as they underpin international surveillance cooperation.
EFF's Advocacy for Human Rights SafeguardsEFF has consistently advocated for human rights safeguards to be a baseline for both the criminal procedural measures and international cooperation chapters. The collection and use of digital evidence can implicate human rights, including privacy, free expression, fair trial, and data protection. Strong safeguards are essential to prevent government abuse.
Regrettably, many states already fall short in these regards. In some cases, surveillance laws have been used to justify overly broad practices that disproportionately target individuals or groups based on their political views'--particularly ethnic and religious groups. This leads to the suppression of free expression and association, the silencing of dissenting voices, and discriminatory practices. Examples of these abuses include covert surveillance of internet activity without a warrant, using technology to track individuals in public, and monitoring private communications without legal authorization, oversight, or safeguards.
The Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association has already sounded the alarm about the dangers of current surveillance laws, urging states to revise and amend these laws to comply with international human rights norms and standards governing the rights to privacy, free expression, peaceful assembly, and freedom of association. The UN Cybercrime Convention must be radically amended to avoid entrenching and expanding these existing abuses globally. If not amended, it must be rejected outright.
How the Convention Fails to Protect Human Rights in Domestic SurveillanceThe idea that checks and balances are essential to avoid abuse of power is a basic ''Government 101'' concept. Yet throughout the negotiation process, Russia and its allies have sought to chip away at the already-weakened human rights safeguards and conditions outlined in Article 24 of the proposed Convention.
Article 24 as currently drafted requires that every country that agrees to this convention must ensure that when it creates, uses, or applies the surveillance powers and procedures described in the domestic procedural measures, it does so under its own laws. These laws must protect human rights and comply with international human rights law. The principle of proportionality must be respected, meaning any surveillance measures should be appropriate and not excessive in relation to the legitimate aim pursued.
Why Article 24 Falls Short?1. The Critical Missing PrinciplesWhile incorporation of the principle of proportionality in Article 24(1) is commendable, the article still fails to explicitly mention the principles of legality, necessity, and non-discrimination, which hold equivalent status to proportionality in human rights law relative to surveillance activities. A primer:
The principle of legality requires that restrictions on human rights including the right to privacy be authorized by laws that are clear, publicized, precise, and predictable, ensuring individuals understand what conduct might lead to restrictions on their human rights.The principles of necessity and proportionality ensure that any interference with human rights is demonstrably necessary to achieving a legitimate aim and only include measures that are proportionate to that aim.The principle of non-discrimination requires that laws, policies and human rights obligations be applied equally and fairly to all individuals, without any form of discrimination based on race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth, or other status, including the application of surveillance measures.Without including all these principles, the safeguards are incomplete and inadequate, increasing the risk of misuse and abuse of surveillance powers.
2. Inadequate Specific Safeguards Article 24(2) requires countries to include, where ''appropriate,'' specific safeguards like:
judicial or independent review, meaning surveillance actions must be reviewed or authorized by a judge or an independent regulator.the right to an effective remedy, meaning people must have ways to challenge or seek remedy if their rights are violated.justification and limits, meaning there must be clear reasons for using surveillance and limits on how much surveillance can be done and for how long.Article 24 (2) introduces three problems:
2.1 The Pitfalls of Making Safeguards Dependent on Domestic LawAlthough these safeguards are mentioned, making them contingent on domestic law can vastly weaken their effectiveness, as national laws vary significantly and many of them won't provide adequate protections.
2.2 The Risk of Ambiguous Terms Allowing Cherry-Picked SafeguardsThe use of vague terms like ''as appropriate'' in describing how safeguards will apply to individual procedural powers allows for varying interpretations, potentially leading to weaker protections for certain types of data in practice. For example, many states provide minimal or no safeguards for accessing subscriber data or traffic data despite the intrusiveness of resulting surveillance practices. These powers have been used to identify anonymous online activity, to locate and track people, and to map people's contacts. By granting states broad discretion to decide which safeguards to apply to different surveillance powers, the convention fails to ensure the text will be implemented in accordance with human rights law. Without clear mandatory requirements, there is a real risk that essential protections will be inadequately applied or omitted altogether for certain specific powers, leaving vulnerable populations exposed to severe rights violations. Essentially, a country could just decide that some human rights safeguards are superfluous for a particular kind or method of surveillance, and dispense with them, opening the door for serious human rights abuses.
2.3 Critical Safeguards Missing from Article 24(2)The need for prior judicial authorization, for transparency, and for user notification is critical to any effective and proportionate surveillance power, but not included in Article 24(2).
Prior judicial authorization means that before any surveillance action is taken, it must be approved by a judge. This ensures an independent assessment of the necessity and proportionality of the surveillance measure before it is implemented. Although Article 24 mentions judicial or other independent review, it lacks a requirement for prior judicial authorization. This is a significant omission that increases the risk of abuse and infringement on individuals' rights. Judicial authorization acts as a critical check on the powers of law enforcement and intelligence agencies.
Transparency involves making the existence and extent of surveillance measures known to the public; people must be fully informed of the laws and practices governing surveillance so that they can hold authorities accountable. Article 24 lacks explicit provisions for transparency, so surveillance measures could be conducted in secrecy, undermining public trust and preventing meaningful oversight. Transparency is essential for ensuring that surveillance powers are not misused and that individuals are aware of how their data might be collected and used.
User notification means that individuals who are subjected to surveillance are informed about it, either at the time of the surveillance or afterward when it no longer jeopardizes the investigation. The absence of a user notification requirement in Article 24(2) deprives people of the opportunity to challenge the legality of the surveillance or seek remedies for any violations of their rights. User notification is a key component of protecting individuals' rights to privacy and due process. It may be delayed, with appropriate justification, but it must still eventually occur and the convention must recognize this.
Independent oversight involves monitoring by an independent body to ensure that surveillance measures comply with the law and respect human rights. This body can investigate abuses, provide accountability, and recommend corrective actions. While Article 24 mentions judicial or independent review, it does not establish a clear mechanism for ongoing independent oversight. Effective oversight requires a dedicated, impartial body with the authority to review surveillance activities continuously, investigate complaints, and enforce compliance. The lack of a robust oversight mechanism weakens the framework for protecting human rights and allows potential abuses to go unchecked.Conclusion
While it's somewhat reassuring that Article 24 acknowledges the binding nature of human rights law and its application to surveillance powers, it is utterly unacceptable how vague the article remains about what that actually means in practice. The ''as appropriate'' clause is a dangerous loophole, letting states implement intrusive powers with minimal limitations and no prior judicial authorization, only to then disingenuously claim this was ''appropriate.'' This is a blatant invitation for abuse. There's nothing ''appropriate'' about this, and the convention must be unequivocally clear about that.
This draft in its current form is an egregious betrayal of human rights and an open door to unchecked surveillance and systemic abuses. Unless these issues are rectified, Member States must recognize the severe flaws and reject this dangerous convention outright. The risks are too great, the protections too weak, and the potential for abuse too high. It's long past time to stand firm and demand nothing less than a convention that genuinely safeguards human rights.
Check out our detailed analysis on the criminalization of security research activities under the UN Cybercrime Convention. Stay tuned for our next post, where we'll explore other critical areas affected by the convention, including its scope and human rights safeguards.
Source: EFF
Katitza Rodriguez is EFF's Policy Director for Global Privacy. She concentrates on comparative policy of global privacy issues, with special emphasis on emerging technology, augmented and virtual reality, and cross-border data flows. Katitza's work also focuses on cybersecurity and government access to data held by the private sector at the intersection of international human rights law and standards. Katitza also supervises EFF's growing Latin American team. She was an advisor to the UN Internet Governance Forum (2009-2010). KIn 2018, CNET named Katitza one of the 20 most influential Latinos in technology in the United States. In 2014, she was also named one of ''The heroes in the fight to save the Internet.'' Katitza also seats the board of Article19-Mexicana and Central-American office.
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Facial recognition for train passengers in use in Chiba Prefecture - The Japan Times
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 11:53
Chiba '' A boarding system using a facial recognition technology was introduced at the Yamaman Yukarigaoka Line, a train service in the city of Sakura, Chiba Prefecture, on Saturday.
According to Yamaman, the operator of the line, it is the first time that a facial recognition-based boarding management system for general passengers has been put into practical use at a public transportation system in the country.
After registering their face photo data and credit card information in advance on a dedicated website, passengers can board trains, without buying tickets, via cameras installed at the ticket gates at stations that recognize their faces. Passengers with commuter passes can also use the system.
Yamaman also introduced the system also to its bus service the same day.
The company expects to see an increase in the number of users of the facial recognition system as commuters are seen opting for the system when they renew their passes.
An official of Yamaman, which also runs a real estate business, said that the company wants to introduce the system to the whole community.
Facial recognition systems, including for train ticket gates, are being tested in many parts of the country.
Osaka Metro, which offers subway services mainly in the city of Osaka, has introduced a facial recognition system for its employees on a trial basis.
It plans to start using it for passengers by the end of fiscal 2024.
Substack Has Gone Woke - Emerald Robinson's The Right Way
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 11:52
The Right Way is the #1 conservative blog on Substack '-- recommended by over 264 other Substack authors!
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This year, the number of paid subscribers signing up on my Substack has declined '-- a lot. I've talked with several people who also run popular blogs on Substack, and they are noticing the same trend.
One of the reasons for this decline is that the leftists who run the Substack platform have herded most of America's most prominent dissidents into a new subcategory they call: ''health politics.''
Why was this strange move made unilaterally, and without the consent of the re-categorized?
All the better to censor the dissidents and restrict their traffic in an election year '-- of course.
Meanwhile, the old leaderboard category where most of us previously belonged (''Top U.S. Politics'') has been remade into a smorgasbord of left-wing fools and notorious liars so that the range of opinion has been narrowed to the bandwidth between neo-liberalism and communism.
Just feast your eyes on this rancid baloney.
Substack editors actually want you to think that Mehdi Hasan is the fifth most popular Substack author alive '-- even though he started his blog last month.
That's not even remotely possible.
These same people also want you to believe that Mary Trump is the 12th most popular Substack author in the world.
Most of the world is blissfully unaware that the disgruntled lesbian wing of Donald Trump's family tree is even alive.
Joyce Vance? Dan Rather? Robert Reich? Judd Legum? Steve Schmidt?
Who are they kidding? The entire category now appears to be manipulated. Heavily manipulated. It's a list of whores for the Biden regime (with the exception of Matt Taibbi) all the way down. The problem should be obvious: Joe Biden is the least popular tyrant to ever illegally occupy the White House according to public polling data. So how's it possible that his third-rate chorus of shills are so popular that they dominate Substack?
Who did Substack hire to ''organize'' their platform: Michelle Obama?
It sure seems that way.
It's easy to verify the manipulation on this list too. The failed poet and communist cuckoo-bird Seth Abramson sits at #18 on the Politics leaderboard with 82,000 free subscribers '-- while Roger Stone sits at #127 with 95,000 free subscribers.
Another example: the ex-CNN buffoon Chris Cilizza is #54 on this list with just 14,000 free subscribers while the anti-woke powerhouse Libs of TikTok is #66 with 127,000 free subscribers.
How about the little known pro-Biden comedian Jay Kao at #16 on the Politics leaderboard with his free subscriber numbers hidden from public view while Mike Huckabee sits at #24 with 300,000 free subscribers?
The Substack editors are not just putting their thumbs on the scale '-- but also their feet, their shoulders, and their asses. It's painfully obvious what they've done '-- and they've done it while congratulating themselves publicly on being a free-speech platform .
Why has Substack lost its way recently? All the dissidents are gone. All the vaccine skeptics are missing. All the real journalists have been exiled. The real world '-- where half of America votes for Republican politicians '-- has been permanently banished.
Why did Substack sell out '-- and who's in charge now? Because this list reminds me of a government operation like the Russiagate Hoax. Just look at the names: Malcolm Nance (#67), Joyce Vance (#6), Dan Pfeiffer (#22), Neal Katyal (#47).
It's an ''Operation Mockingbird'' fever dream.
This looks like a leaderboard created by the Biden Regime's CIA.
You know what's going on here '-- because you've already seen it happen in America's newspapers and television news networks.
Substack has gone ''woke.''
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UK Requires Residents To Register Chickens '' War On Farming | Armstrong Economics
Sat, 15 Jun 2024 12:53
The Great Reset requires those in power to usurp our ability to farm and cultivate our own food. What better way to control the masses than to have complete control on their ability to survive. The World Economic Forum has proposed a ban on farming, a ban on gardening, and bans on any attempt to live off the land that already provides us with all we need as humans. Nations are slowly implementing laws to restrict our access to food. In the UK, anyone owning a chicken must register with government.
Beginning in the fall of 2024, anyone in the UK who owns a single chicken in England and Wales will be required to register their bird before October 1, 2024. Those in Scotland have until September 1, 2024, to register. The previous law required anyone with 50 or more birds to register, but the government now wants to know who may have access to eggs and meat. Poultry keepers must renew their registration every 12 months.
The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) claims that they are simply attempting to prevent diseases from spreading. Are the people who own a handful of chickens really contributing to the spread of the bird flu? Why should people who own a single bird be required to maintain a permit with the federal government? This is government overreach at its finest. Next, they will expect an egg tax or require poultry owners to vaccinate their birds with an experimental substance.
Make no mistake about it '' these measures are intended to control the food supply. Will the people of the UK protest or fail to adhere to this asinine law? Germany already requires citizens to register their chickens, and other nations will follow the WEF agenda.
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VIDEO - 'No U-turn' and 'No cruising' signs in Silver Lake used to target LGBTQ+ community in the '90s removed - ABC7 Los Angeles
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 13:28
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The Silver Lake Neighborhood Council voted to dismantle the signs in 2011 - but there were still some left. Now, they're gone.
Tuesday, June 11, 2024 5:31PM
The last remaining street signs that were used to target the LGBTQ+ community in the 90s were removed Monday in Silver Lake.
SILVER LAKE, LOS ANGELES (KABC) -- The last remaining street signs that were used to target the LGBTQ+ community in Silver Lake in the '90s were removed Monday.
City leaders along with local LGBTQ+ organizations and community members gathered near Griffith Park Boulevard and Hyperion Avenue to take down the last several "No U-Turn" and "No Cruising" signs, which were installed in the '90s when neighbors complained about a gay bar in the area. They were essentially used to prevent people in the gay community from meeting up with other gay people.
"I was also surprised that these U-turn signs were still up, and at first, they seem a little ... 'Oh, ok, it's just a no U-turn sign,' but when you learn the history of it, and you realize that these were used to profile gay people, it's so important that we have these removed," said Silver Lake Neighborhood Councilmember Maebe A. Girl.
The Silver Lake Neighborhood Council voted to dismantle the signs in 2011.
Copyright (C) 2024 KABC Television, LLC. All rights reserved.
VIDEO - Morning Wire: G7 Supports Ukraine & Ozempic Lawsuits | 6.15.24 on Apple Podcasts
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 13:10
Daily News The G7 nations meet while Russia sends ships to Cuba, Ozempic lawsuits increase, and prosecutors seek harsh penalties for damaging LGBT street murals. Get the facts first with Morning Wire.Birch Gold: Text "WIRE" to 989898 for your no-cost, no-obligation information kit.
Episode Website More Episodes The G7 nations meet while Russia sends ships to Cuba, Ozempic lawsuits increase, and prosecutors seek harsh penalties for damaging LGBT street murals. Get the facts first with Morning Wire.Birch Gold: Text "WIRE" to 989898 for your no-cost, no-obligation information kit.
Episode Website More Episodes
VIDEO - How The Epoch Times Became One Of Trump's Biggest Supporters | NBC News Now - YouTube
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 12:52
VIDEO - Newest Insanity From CNN - It's a Conspiracy Theory to Say That America is a Republic and Not a Democracy (VIDEO) | The Gateway Pundit | by Mike LaChance
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 11:29
The United States of America is a constitutional republic, but don't say that to anyone at CNN or they might label you a conspiracy theorist.
The far left network recently did an entire segment about the fact that Trump supporters and other people on the right insist (correctly) that we are not a democracy.
The left has repeated their canned line about 'our democracy' so many times that CNN is now trying to rewrite history to suit the Democrat party.
NewsBusters reported:
CNN Scandalized By The Idea America Is a Republic, Not a Democracy
With President Biden arguing that former President Donald Trump is a threat to democracy, CNN's Donie O'Sullivan decided it would be a good idea to try to help make that case. On Friday's CNN News Central, O'Sullivan was seen on the road with Trump voters, where he was aghast at the idea that they view America as a republic, not a democracy.
In one clip, O'Sullivan was speaking to a couple when he declared, ''Obviously, there's a lot of criticisms of Trump that he is bad for democracy. That he's bad for American democracy.''
A woman interrupted him to assert, ''Can I say something? We are a republic. We're not a democracy,'' while a man echoed her sentiment, ''We are a republic. We're a representative republic. We're not a democracy.''
CNN throws in a few clips of Republican leaders talking about democracy as if this changes history and proves their point:
The clips of Reagan and Bush were juxtaposed with Speaker Mike Johnson, and Fox News hosts Will Cain and Pete Hegseth claiming America is a republic, not a democracy.
The whole premise is silly. Reagan and Bush were using democracy as an antonym for dictatorship, whereas others use democracy in a more literal sense, where the rights of the people are not protected from the emotions of the masses or of the legislature of the day.
Watch the video below:
CNN is scandalized by the idea that some say America is a republic and not a democracy. Donnie O'Sullivan: "I've heard a lot of conspiracy theories'... to hear'...people who would describe themselves as patriots '-- say that America is not a democracy'' that stopped me in my tracks" pic.twitter.com/EgbuJN83ZM
'-- Alex Christy (@alexchristy17) June 14, 2024
So to recap'... If you have a proper and correct understanding of American history and our official form of government, you're a conspiracy theorist, according to CNN.
Our media is so broken and corrupted.
VIDEO - Saudi Arabia To Terminate Its 50-Year-Old Petrodollar Deal With United States | N18V | CNBC TV18 - YouTube
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 11:20
VIDEO - "They Control Billions Of People" Michael & Google's Worst Nightmare | Dr. Epstein - YouTube
Sun, 16 Jun 2024 11:09

Clips & Documents

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'No cruising' signs in Silver Lake used to target LGBTQ+ community in '90s removed.mp3
ABC WNT - Whit Johnson - another $1.5B for Ukraine.mp3
ABC WNT - Whit Johnson - peace summit for ukraine.mp3
BBC - iranian swedish prisoner swap.mp3
BBC - mouse jigglers.mp3
BBC - pope swaps jokes.mp3
BBC - vladimir putin peace terms slammed at ukraine summit.mp3
Better TRT Report - G7 threatens to sanction China over Russia support.mp3
Bird Flu report 2.mp3
Bird Flu report 3.mp3
Bird Flu report ONE npr.mp3
Boeing accused of using fake titanium parts; FAA investigating.mp3
CBC - calgary water shortage.mp3
CBS - Dr. Celine Gounder (1) bird flu 'here we go again'.mp3
CBS - Dr. Celine Gounder (2) how widely can it spread.mp3
CBS - Dr. Celine Gounder (3) what are we doing to prepare.mp3
CBS - Dr. Celine Gounder (4) frankenstein flu.mp3
CBS E - Elise Preston - L.A. bridge in dark after copper thieves -fire hydrants.mp3
CBS E - Omar Villafranca - Alex Jones ordered to sell assets.mp3
CBS FTN (1) Margaret Brennan - Bill Gates - TerraPower.mp3
CBS FTN (2) Bill Gates - how many plants do you plan to build.mp3
CBS FTN (3) Bill Gates - when the public hears nuclear they think 3-mile.mp3
CBS FTN (4) Bill Gates - low enriched Uranium.mp3
CBS FTN (5) Bill Gates - how long before US can rely on its own energy.mp3
CBS FTN (6) Bill Gates - will presidential election affect this project.mp3
CBS FTN (7) Bill Gates - Donald Trump.mp3
CBS FTN (8) Bill Gates - creates jobs in red states.mp3
CBS FTN (9) Bill Gates - less regulation in red china.mp3
CDC Tracking Drug-Resistant Flu Strains H1N1.mp3
CNN brits with Trumpers Domocracy vs Republic - Anne Applebaum - two weak sisters of course.mp3
CNN This Morning - Kasie Hunt - 'tiny hands' lawsuit.mp3
CNN This Morning - Kasie Hunt - milwaukee is horrible.mp3
CNN This Morning - Kasie Hunt, Cory Mills -1- J6 insurrection.mp3
CNN This Morning - Kasie Hunt, Cory Mills -2- J6 insurrection.mp3
CNN This Morning - Kasie Hunt, Cory Mills -3- J6 insurrection.mp3
Daily Wire Ozemoic Lawsuits -1- Intro.mp3
Daily Wire Ozemoic Lawsuits -2- The number sof lawsuits.mp3
Daily Wire Ozemoic Lawsuits -3- wht are the issues and are the provable.mp3
Elder abuse 1 ntd.mp3
Elder abuse 2.mp3
French elections pbs.mp3
Gates builds a nuke TWO.mp3
Gates builds a nuke.mp3
GAY NEW U-turn signs.mp3
Gays and cancer 2PBS.mp3
Gays and cancer.mp3
Gaza update Haj PBS.mp3
HF on Hunter verdict 1.mp3
HF on Hunter verdict 2.mp3
ISO Thank you.mp3
ISO True.mp3
Jim Rickards explains how the G7 is stealing the Russian money.mp3
Lawyer Brad Bernstein on Biden immgration announcement Tuesday - c'min in y'all.mp3
Masked Pelosi takes responsibility for not calling out National Guard.mp3
Mayor Pete on Flag Gate.mp3
Mira Murati says the AI models that OpenAI have in their labs are not much more advanced than those which are publicly available.mp3
Morning Joe - opening the show with a couple of tall boys of milwaukee's best - drinking on the job.mp3
NATO operation for Ukraine to be located in Germany DW News.mp3
NBC N - Gabe Gutierrez - G7 in Italy -Ukraine.mp3
NBC N - Maggie Vespa - telehealth execs arrested in ADHD drug scheme.mp3
NBC Now - Ellison Barber - Dyson spheres 'alien megastructures'.mp3
NBC on Epoch TImes -1- Backgrounder and TRUMP.mp3
NBC on Epoch TImes -2- More Trump and right wing support and growing.mp3
NBC on Epoch TImes -3- Hate gays and pop music nut love TRUMP.mp3
NBC Today - Peter Alexander - 10 year security deal with ukraine.mp3
News Nation Cuomo Filler BIRD FLU -1- Intro.mp3
News Nation Cuomo Filler BIRD FLU -2- Redfield talk gain of function and it's easy.mp3
News Nation Cuomo Filler BIRD FLU -3- spreads just liek covid - anyone can make it happen.mp3
Nicole Solis Mom of Child sued.mp3
NPR Up First - elon musk tesla pay package 1.mp3
NPR Up First - elon musk tesla pay package 2.mp3
NPR Up First - microsoft cybersecurity -solar winds- 1.mp3
NPR Up First - microsoft cybersecurity 2.mp3
NPR Up First - microsoft cybersecurity 3.mp3
NPR Up First - mifepristone and telehealth.mp3
NPR Up First - vulnerable healthcare systems 1.mp3
NPR Up First - vulnerable healthcare systems 2.mp3
Oeace summit PBS.mp3
Pelosi responds to revitionist hostory of National Guard on Jan 6.mp3
Peter Dutton (Australia's Elmer Fudd) promises if elected within the first 100 days he'll make it unlawful for anyone under 16 to use social media [vocals].mp3
Reuters - pentagon's anti-vax campaign 1.mp3
Reuters - pentagon's anti-vax campaign 2.mp3
Reuters - pentagon's anti-vax campaign 3.mp3
Robert Epstein 1.mp3
Robert Epstein 2.mp3
Robert Epstein 3.mp3
Robert Epstein 4.mp3
Robert Epstein 5 rigging.mp3
Robert Epstein 6.mp3
Robert Epstein 7.mp3
Robert Reich on SCOTUS 1.mp3
Robert Reich on SCOTUS 2.mp3
Saudi Arabia To Terminate Its 50-Year-Old Petrodollar Deal With United States.mp3
Teen vape crises TWO.mp3
Teen vape crises.mp3
The View - kevin spacey and al franken.mp3
TRT - Will the dominance of the US dollar decline after the expiry of the petrodollar deal.mp3
VAX Ryan Cole epidiologist 1.mp3
VAX Ryan Cole epidiologist 2.mp3
{3x3} ABC WNT - Selina Wang - first pope to address G7 summit - 24-06-14.mp3
{3x3} CBS EV - Nancy Cordes - pope urges world leaders to take action on A...-06-14.mp3
{3x3} NBC NN - Gabe Gutierrez - biden meets with pope francis at G7 summit...-06-14.mp3
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