The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 does not outright ban residential mortgages with terms longer than 30 years. Instead, it establishes minimum standards for mortgage loans under Title 15 of the U.S. Code, specifically § 1639c, which requires lenders to make a reasonable, good-faith determination of a borrower's ability to repay before issuing a loan. To encourage safer lending practices, the Act creates a category called a "qualified mortgage" (QM), which provides lenders with legal protections (a "safe harbor" or presumption against liability) if the borrower later claims the lender didn't properly assess repayment ability.
For a loan to qualify as a QM, it must meet several criteria, including that "the term of the loan does not exceed 30 years," with limited exceptions (such as potential extensions in high-cost areas as determined by regulations from the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, or CFPB). Loans exceeding 30 years can still be offered by lenders, but they would be classified as non-QM loans. These non-QM loans do not receive the same protections, meaning lenders face higher legal risks if borrowers default and challenge the loan's origination, and they may also carry stricter underwriting requirements or higher costs for borrowers. This effectively discourages (but does not prohibit) longer-term mortgages in the mainstream market, as most lenders prefer the safeguards of QM status.
The CFPB, which implements and enforces these rules, has issued regulations further defining QMs, but the 30-year limit remains a core feature unless specifically adjusted. For example, recent discussions around proposals for 50-year mortgages highlight that such products would not currently qualify as QMs under Dodd-Frank without legislative or regulatory changes.